Abstract Legal research in Indonesia and Malaysia continues to evolve amid growing demands for methodological transparency and analytical rigor. However, the dominance of doctrinal approaches has limited the adoption of empirical and mixed methods in regional legal scholarship. This study aims to examine the implementation of data analysis methods in Scopus-indexed law journals from both countries between 2019 and 2024. Using a comparative qualitative approach supported by content analysis, 60 research articles were systematically reviewed from four selected journals. The findings reveal that qualitative methods remain predominant (78 %), while mixed methods are emerging gradually, especially in Malaysian publications. Quantitative techniques are used minimally (3 %), indicating persistent reliance on document-based normative research. Differences between Indonesia and Malaysia are influenced by academic traditions, legal education systems, and editorial policies. This study is original in mapping the methodological patterns of legal research in two Southeast Asian jurisdictions through an empirical review of Scopus-indexed publications. The results contribute to the enhancement of methodological literacy and highlight the need for integrating normative and empirical approaches in legal studies. Strengthening mixed-method applications is essential to advancing evidence-based legal scholarship and aligning Indonesian and Malaysian legal research with global academic standards.

The article is devoted to the study of a fundamental problem of jurisprudence – the correlation between judicial interpretation and judicial law-making. The relevance of the topic is driven by the necessity to rethink the role of the judge amid the transformation of the national legal system associated with its integration into the European legal space. Through the lens of the transition from the classical positivist paradigm to the doctrine of the rule of law, the role of the court in creating legal reality is explored. The necessity of a shift from a narrow understanding of the court’s role exclusively as the «mouth of the law» (la bouche de la loi) in favor of a model of an active subject of interpretation is substantiated. The thesis is elaborated that judicial interpretation serves as a mechanism for adapting the law to changing social demands. It is proven that judicial interpretation acts not only as a technical means of clarifying the content of a norm but also as an instrument for overcoming legal uncertainty. It is proposed to view this process as a dynamic «discovery» of law, ensuring the stability of the legal system while maintaining its flexibility. The article analyzes existing approaches in legal doctrine to the interpretation of the phenomenon of judicial law-making, which arises at the junction of filling legislative gaps, overcoming conflicts of laws, and resolving exceptional legal problems. Based on the analysis of scholarly approaches, potential risks of excessive judicial law-making and its impact on legal certainty are identified. The dualistic nature of the legal positions of the Supreme Court is revealed, which, despite the lack of official recognition of judicial precedent, are effectively characterized by signs of «soft normativity.» It is established that the legal positions of higher judicial instances do not merely clarify the content of the law but also supplement it, revealing and forming additional stable algorithms of law enforcement. It is argued that the boundary between interpretation and law-making should be determined by the limits of legal certainty, the principle of «judicial restraint,» and the unconditional priority of protecting human rights over the formal legislative text. The vision of judicial law-making is substantiated as an exceptional property of justice, arising when ensuring fundamental human rights and equity outweighs the requirements of the principle of separation of powers. The study was conducted using the methods of philosophical hermeneutics, systemic-structural analysis, and the comparative legal method, which allowed for the analysis of judicial interpretation as a multi-level process. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the combination of the theoretical foundations of legal hermeneutics and the analysis of the current procedural practice of higher judicial instances.

ABSTRACT The rapid growth of digital legal documents has created a need for automated and accurate classification systems. Legal texts often belong to multiple overlapping legal domains, making single-label classification approaches inadequate. Traditional machine learning models struggle to capture the complex language and contextual structure of legal documents. This project proposes a Multi-Label Legal Document Classification System using Legal-BERT, a transformer model pretrained on large-scale legal corpora. The system preprocesses legal text, generates contextual embeddings using Legal-BERT, and applies a sigmoid-based classification layer to predict multiple legal categories simultaneously. Model performance is evaluated using precision, recall, and F1-score. A Streamlit-based web application enables real-time document classification with confidence scores. The results demonstrate improved accuracy and practical usability for automated legal document analysis. Keywords: Multi-Label Classification, Legal NLP, Legal-BERT, Transformer Models, Deep Learning, Streamlit, Legal Document Analysis

The article is devoted to the study of the essence and signs of asset securitization, as well as determining its place in the legal system of Ukraine. It is determined that in recent years, when the national economy is at the stage of active search for means to attract large-scale investments, asset securitization is considered not only a financial mechanism, but also a strategic legal category. Making changes to the rights of claim in liquid securities allows business entities to mobilize resources, which plays a critically important role in the restoration of the housing and infrastructure sector. However, the legal significance of this process is still debatable, repeatedly creating legal uncertainty between the usual assignment of the right of claim (cession) and factoring. In general, the need to study asset securitization from the point of view of legal science is associated with comprehensive changes in the financial system of Ukraine, the need to attract investments for the purpose of post-war economic recovery and the dynamic development of digitalization. It is worth noting that the development of the digital economy leads to the emergence of new challenges, in particular the need for a legal definition of securitization of virtual assets and the use of «blockchain technologies». In turn, this requires a reassessment of the features of securitization. Securitization should be considered a complex legal institution, which includes an interdisciplinary complex of legal norms and stock market law. Therefore, a clear understanding of its place will make it possible to unify legal norms and ensure stable development of the capital market. We have determined that asset securitization in Ukraine should be considered the process of transforming future cash flows from assets (in particular, loans) into securities, which allows the originator (creditor) to obtain financing by selling rights to such flows to investors through a specially created institution (SPV). It has been established that securitization should be considered not only as an economic process, but also as a complex legal structure, which involves the assignment of the right of claim to a specially created institution (SPV) and the subsequent issuance of securities. The main features of securitization are identified, in particular, the separation of the originator’s property pool; the presence of a special entity (SPV); the change of rights of claim into financial instruments.

The phenomenon of wrongful conviction in contemporary legal systems underscores the effectiveness of mechanisms for restoring violated human rights and the responsibility of the state for judicial errors. In the context of increasing attention to fair trial standards, the institution of rehabilitation of wrongfully convicted persons acquires particular significance not only as a procedural legal means of overturning unjust judgments, but also as a complex legal and criminological instrument aimed at safeguarding human dignity and restoring social justice. The subject of the research is the institution of rehabilitation of wrongfully convicted persons within the human rights paradigm, with an emphasis on its criminological nature, functional purpose, and role in the system of guarantees for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The purpose of the study is to develop a criminological concept of rehabilitation based on an analysis of its genesis, normative content, and doctrinal approaches, taking into account international human rights standards. The methodological framework of the research is based on general scientific and special legal methods of cognition, including analysis and synthesis, the systemic-structural method, the formal legal method, the comparative legal method, and the criminological method, which ensure a comprehensive understanding of rehabilitation as a multidimensional legal phenomenon. The relevance of the study is determined by the persistence of structural risks of wrongful conviction even in states with well-developed legal institutions, as well as by the insufficient conceptualization of rehabilitation within the criminological dimension. The scientific novelty of the research lies in substantiating rehabilitation as an independent criminological category that integrates restorative, compensatory, and preventive functions. The results of the study demonstrate that wrongful convictions have a complex criminological nature and are caused by a combination of procedural violations, institutional dysfunctions, and evidentiary deficiencies. The expediency of distinguishing between a narrow (procedural) and a broad (socio-legal) interpretation of rehabilitation is substantiated. An original conceptual approach to the grounds for rehabilitation is proposed, defining them as a set of legally significant and socially conditioned circumstances, the establishment of which confirms the unlawfulness or groundlessness of criminal prosecution and gives rise to a positive obligation of the state to ensure the full restoration of the legal and social status of the individual. The practical significance of the findings lies in their potential application to improving criminal procedural legislation, law enforcement practice, and the formation of criminological policy in the field of preventing judicial errors and protecting human rights. It is concluded that the effective functioning of the institution of rehabilitation serves as a criterion of the democratic maturity of a rule-of-law state and as a necessary condition for the humanization of criminal justice.

It is indicated that in November 1995, Ukraine joined the Council of Europe. This fact should be recognized as a necessary and important episode in strengthening the positions of our state as a subject of international legal relations. But this event also had another important significance for Ukraine in positioning it as a full member of the family of democratic countries - upon accession, it undertook to comply with its general obligations under the Statute of the Council of Europe, namely pluralistic democracy, the rule of law and the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms of all persons under its jurisdiction. The article provides a comprehensive scholarly and legal analysis of free legal aid as one of the key institutional guarantees for ensuring the right to a fair trial and equal access to justice. The relevance of the study is обусловлена the persistence of systemic problems in the implementation of the right to defence, the high number of applications lodged against Ukraine before the European Court of Human Rights, as well as the need for further improvement of the national mechanism for providing free legal aid in the context of the transformation of the legal system and the growing social vulnerability of a significant part of the population. Based on the analysis of international legal instruments, the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, it is demonstrated that the State’s obligation to ensure effective legal assistance cannot be limited exclusively to criminal proceedings, but must also extend to other types of jurisdictional procedures in which an individual risks substantial restrictions of their rights and freedoms. On the basis of statistical data and the results of international and national monitoring studies, the authors substantiate the conclusion that negative trends persist in the sphere of observance of the right to defence and the principle of equality of arms, which confirms the necessity of further development and strengthening of the institutional and procedural foundations of the free legal aid system. The scientific novelty of the article lies in substantiating an approach to understanding free legal aid as a system-forming element of the state-legal, primarily administrative-law, mechanism for ensuring the right to a fair trial. The conclusions formulated in the article create a theoretical basis for further scholarly research aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the free legal aid system in Ukraine.

ABSTRACT This article examines how international criminal law (ICL) concepts, particularly the doctrine of Command Responsibility (CR), can shape domestic prosecutorial strategies in Sri Lanka, despite the absence of formal incorporation of ICL into its legal system. Using several recent indictments filed by the Attorney General as central examples of this prosecutorial strategy, it analyses how prosecutors have relied on domestic liability theories to approximate the attribution of responsibility to high-ranking officials. Through doctrinal analysis, case review, and insights from prosecutorial interviews, the author argues that while Sri Lanka’s legal framework does not explicitly recognize CR, its core elements can be adapted to support accountability for systemic crimes. The article explores how existing provisions of the Penal Code, combined with interpretative practices and an openness to ICL principles, offer a pragmatic, if still evolving, pathway to bridge a domestic accountability gap.

Racial prejudice during the selection of jurors continues to impair the impartiality and fairness of the legal system, with far-reaching effects on judicial decisions as well as public confidence. Though legal reforms like Batson v. Kentucky have sought to de-emphasize explicit discrimination, unconscious racial prejudices remain, frequently unalleviated by conventional legal systems. This research examines how intercultural communication approaches based on communication theories of framing theory, narrative persuasion, and critical discourse analysis can help address systemic racial differences in jury formation proceedings. Through redefining the problem from a legal perspective to a communication-oriented research inquiry, this research addresses how juror decision-making is shaped by cultural stories, cognitive biases, and mediation representation of race and justice. Following a qualitative approach, the current research utilizes a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that adheres to the PRISMA guidelines. The 50 identified studies yielded eight that qualified and were included based on inclusion criteria and analyzed via thematic analysis. The results identify three main themes: (1) the persistent persistence of racial discrimination in jury formation throughout jurisdictions; (2) the contribution of intercultural communication to providing culturally competent juridical atmospheres; and (3) the effect of structural reforms, which include intercultural training and diverse compositions of juries, to induce fairness. Moreover, this research compares global outlook, examining jury selection procedures and communication-oriented interventions within Europe, South America, and Asia. The implications support institutional incorporation of intercultural communication tactics towards countering racial bias and increasing the legitimacy of legal decision-making world-wide.

This essay examines how Michel de Montaigne’s Essays reflect his philosophical view of experience and reality through their unique literary form. Written during the turbulence of the 16th-century France, Montaigne’s informal, digressive, and conversational style enacts his skepticism toward abstract reasoning and universal truths. Emphasizing personal experience, the subjective self, and the diversity of human life, Montaigne challenges rigid legal, philosophical, and rhetorical systems. Drawing on one of his key chapters “On Experience,” this essay explores how Montaigne’s structure, tone, and method of composition mirror his belief that knowledge emerges through lived experience and reflective self-exploration. The paper situates Montaigne within his historical and intellectual context, and concludes that the Essays offer a radically humanistic model of knowledge grounded in everyday life.

Abstract Considering that a circular economy is a European Union’s priority (EU); that pay-as-you-through systems (PAYT) are a key economic tool to achieve it; that Spain lags behind in meeting waste management goals; and that the municipal fee on waste in Barcelona, based on water consumption, does not appear to comply with these requirements, our purpose is to determine, on the basis of regulations, doctrine, and case law, whether the current wording of Barcelona’s fee aligns with the PAYT systems mandated by the EU and the Spanish legal system. We first outline the main elements of Barcelona’s fee, and then analyze the relevant regulations, doctrines, and case law. Our conclusions apply not only to Barcelona’s fee and its controversial “waste generation-water consumption” relationship, but also to any European municipality where the tax rate is calculated based on estimations rather than the actual amount of generated waste.

ABSTRACT International research indicates that military veterans who encounter the criminal justice system have distinct needs and experiences. This article draws on 51 life history interviews detailing the personal journeys of Australian Defense Force (ADF) veterans incarcerated in Australia. Findings demonstrate that criminal behavior after leaving the military was often preceded by difficulties reintegrating into civilian society. Incarcerated veterans reported that they felt stereotyped and stigmatized in the legal system, had physical, mental, and social needs that were not met in prison, and that there was inadequate support upon leaving prison and returning to civilian life. A range of implications and practical recommendations stems from these findings.

Current school level practices and policies reproduce and reify carceral logics in schools through the disproportionate exclusion, removal, policing, and surveillance of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous students from low-income backgrounds. Given the link between school-based discipline and youth incarceration, we sought to understand how young people experience and respond to inequitable discipline practices in educational settings. In this two-part study, we conceptually explore the mechanisms by which schools function as an extension of the carceral system through inequitable disciplinary practices and seek to empirically understand how students perceive and experience school-level carceral logics and the processes that lead students into the juvenile legal system. Study 1 consisted of three focus groups (N = 24) with high school students from historically marginalized backgrounds and explored youth perceptions of and experiences with discipline. Study 2 consisted of six focus groups (N = 28) with community college students who were incarcerated as youth, to understand their trajectories and educational experiences before, during, and following their incarceration. Taken together, the studies illuminate the intersection of schools and prisons as complex systems that historically marginalized students must navigate to access their education, leveraging skills and collective resilience to do so.

Reproductive health consequences of criminal legal involvement for women who use drugs in Taiwan.

Mental Health Nursing and a Culture of Safety, Prevention, and Management: A Perspective from a Forensic Lens.

The Indian judicial system faces many challenges which slow down legal document preparation because of the complex procedures that is present in judicial system, numerous cases and language differences. The process of manual transcription of different languages, extraction of entities and court standard compliance formatting needs help of lawyers to spend a lot of time which results in late and incorrect work. The research states that we have done evaluation of 20 academic papers from 2017 to 2025 which aims to investigate Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Natural Language Processing (NLP) and transfer learning models for legal systems. The research shows that Whisper ASR models achieve a high level performance with help of 55.2% error reduction from previous models but these improvements focus on Western regions that use languages with a lot of resources. Our current state-of-the-art models show very low applicability for Indian legal systems because they were developed for Western jurisdictions with high-resource languages. The current systems does not have essential features because they do not handle issues like overlapping speech and they do not integrate multiple techniques like multilingual transcription, speaker diarization, legal entity extraction and jurisdiction- aware template generation. The Indian judicial system requires solutions to these problems because they create problems for the public access to justice and prevent judicial advancements.

This research examines the conceptual differences between Indonesian fiduciary security and security interest in the common law system, focusing on ontological foundations, publicity mechanisms, creditor priority structures, and the regulation of dynamic assets. Indonesian fiduciary law is grounded in the transfer of ownership by trust, requiring notarial deeds and administrative registration to establish a proprietary security right with executorial force. In contrast, the common law security interest is based on a contractual security right strengthened by a notice filing system and priority determined by time of registration. The absence of explicit floating charge regulation, limited transparency in priority information, and inconsistencies in insolvency integration reveal structural gaps within the Indonesian framework. Through normative and comparative analysis, this study argues for legislative reform that integrates open notice filing, clearer priority rules, explicit recognition of dynamic and digital assets, and harmonization with cross-border insolvency principles. Such reform aims to enhance legal certainty, transactional efficiency, and equitable protection while maintaining the fundamental characteristics of the national legal system.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly become embedded in core domains of international concern, from autonomous weapons and cyber operations to biometric border control, digital trade, and financial regulation.While existing debated in international law tend to focus on discrete questions-such as the legality of lethal autonomous weapons or the human rights implications of algorithmic surveillance-much less attention has been paid to whether the international legal system, as a structure, is ready to govern AI as a cross cutting phenomenon. This article offers a structural readiness assessment of international law for artificial intelligence. It develops a three part framework centred on normative coverage (the extent to which existing rules and principles apply to AI mediated conduct), institutional capacity (the ability of international bodies to interpret, monitor, and enforce those norms), and adaptive flexibility (the systems capacity to adjust to rapid technological change without constant crisis driven reform). Drawing on doctrinal analysis and case studies relating to autonomous weapons, AI enabled surveillance, and cross border algorithmic regulation, the article argues that international law is normatively rich but institutionally thin and procedurally slow in AI sensitive areas, producing fragmented, reactive, and often ad hoc responses. It concludes that meaningful readiness for AI will depend less on drafting entirely new AI treaties and more on clarifying responsibility for AI mediated harm,strengthening oversight mandates of existing institutions, and developing interpretive principles tailored to algorithmic opacity,explainability,and systemic risk.

Digital technologies and artificial intelligence, which are increasingly used to address general tasks across all areas of society, may also serve as technical means for enforcing the rights of children and separatelyliving parents to maintain contact with one another. Delineating the internationally recognized conceptual model of “virtual parenting” as an additional means of communication between a child and a parent residing separately, the study substantiates the possibility of applying such a model to the construction of family relationships and corresponding regulation at the conflict stage within the Russian legal framework. Using a formal legal methodology, the author provides a comparative legal review of the application of contemporary foreign applications (software programs) designed to ensure a neutral digital environment for such communication. Due to the need for “fine-tuning” interpersonal relationships within the framework of the family, representing one of the most complex social institutions, works from other disciplines—primarily psychology and sociology—were also analyzed. The need to develop and implement a state-run online platform—provisionally entitled “The Territory of Family Communication and Trust”— powered by artificial intelligence for enabling virtual communication between a child and a parent is outlined. An examination of law enforcement and judicial practice demonstrates that, despite modern legal systems formally granting a separately residing parent the right to communicate with—and participate in the upbringing of—a child, in cases of resistance by the other parent, the practical realization of this right becomes difficult and, in some cases, impossible. It is argued that, in certain cases, access to such a platform should be granted to state authorities (for example, bailiffs), and that digital reports generated by the platform should be endowed with evidentiary legal force. It is concluded that, in the digital era, it is necessary to leverage the capabilities of technologies and artificial intelligence to support family and society institutionally through a more flexible mechanism for enforcing the right to family communication and preventing potential abuses by one of the parents.

As African economies pursue economic growth under increasing environmental pressure, the role of institutional frameworks in promoting environmental sustainability has become increasingly important. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of economic and regulatory institutions on environmental sustainability in 33 African countries between 2008 and 2022. Using data from the World Governance Indicators, the World Economic Freedom Database, the Global Footprint Network, and the World Development Indicators, the analysis applies the System Generalized Method of Moments to address endogeneity and dynamic persistence. The findings indicate strong persistence in environmental sustainability outcomes. Economic institutions such as government size, legal systems and property rights, sound money, and freedom to trade have a positive and statistically significant effect on environmental sustainability, whereas foreign direct investment is associated with negative environmental outcomes. Regulatory institutions including control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and the rule of law further improve environmental performance. The interaction results show that the effectiveness of economic policies depends heavily on governance quality. Beyond economy wide implications, the findings are also relevant for environmentally sensitive and highly regulated sectors such as civil aviation, where weak institutional capacity can limit the implementation of sustainable aviation policies and alignment with global initiatives such as the International Civil Aviation Organization’s CORSIA framework.

This study examines how rural women in Michoacán, Mexico understand and navigate intimate partner violence (IPV) amid poverty, limited state presence, and institutional promotion of legal intervention. Drawing on 64 qualitative interviews and embedded observation, the findings show a disconnect between institutional and community definitions of harm, strategic disengagement from legal systems, and reliance on relational, community-based responses often shaped by extended kin. Reframing the Dispute Pyramid through feminist criminology and decolonial feminist theory, the study highlights how survivors weigh competing harms and underscores the need for culturally grounded, non-carceral approaches aligned with local realities.