Legal Status Research Articles (Page 1)

Abstract Introduction Cannabis legalization enables greater access to commercial cannabis among adults. Little is known about the extent to which demand for cannabis is met by licit or illicit markets among states with medical-only or recreational cannabis laws, or no legalization. Methods Annual sales values of medical and recreational tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), illicit THC, hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) THC were estimated for 2024 in 12 US states by combining and triangulating data from national- and state-level public sources, Euromonitor’s Passport database, in-store audits (n=142), retailer interviews (n=78), and expert interviews (n=10) of cannabis industry stakeholders. States were classified into three types of cannabis legalization status. Results State-level THC market size was substantial, accounting for ≥90% of the combined cannabis market value of THC and CBD, regardless of legalization status. However, the composition of THC markets—across legal recreational, medical, illicit, and hemp-derived segments—varied considerably, even among states with the same legalization status. Conclusions The emergence of hemp-derived THC in both legal and non-legal markets alongside the persistence of illicit THC sales in legal markets highlight regulatory gaps and challenges in market oversight. These findings underscore the need for integrated policy approaches that align enforcement strategies with public health objectives and consumer education.

The transfer of State-Owned Assets (BMN) in the form of land is a legal process that must comply with administrative and land law regulations. The issue of an authentic deed by a Land Deed Official (PPAT) is an essential instrument in the transfer of land rights. This study seeks to analyze the legal ramifications of conducting the process without a PPAT deed and to assess the importance of PPAT in validating property rights transfers, including BMN. The applied research methodology is normative juridical, utilizing a statutory and case study approach. The results demonstrate that the conveyance of land rights does not comply with the legal stipulations set forth by national land laws in the absence of a deed executed by a PPAT, which may lead to disputes and financial losses for the state. This report promotes the strengthening of regulations mandating PPAT involvement in all BMN land transfers to ensure legal certainty and protect state interest.

Guardianship has an important role in supervising minors, including the management of their parents' inherited property as stipulated in Article 51 paragraph (3) of the Marriage Law. However, the practice shows that there is an abuse of authority by the guardian, who controls and even transfers inheritance not for the benefit of the child. This research aims to examine the legal consequences of the transfer of the inheritance of minors to guardians as well as the forms of legal protection available, with a case study of the Banten High Court Decision Number 89/Pdt/2015/PT BTN. The method used is normative legal research with legislative, conceptual, analytical, and case approaches, and uses legal consequences theory from R. Soeroso and legal protection theory from Satjipto Rahardjo. The results of the study show that the control of property by the guardian can cause the loss or escape of the child's inheritance, especially if there is no strict supervision and regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to affirm the legal status of children's inheritances, regulate the authority of guardians more strictly, and apply effective legal sanctions to prevent abuse. The litigation route is an important instrument in legal protection so that children can regain their rights fairly. This research contributes to strengthening the guardianship legal system in Indonesia, especially in the context of protecting children's rights to inheritance.

ABSTRACT This article examines the interplay between lived and legal citizenship through the metaphor of a Cage, illuminating the complex dynamics experienced by refugee youth whose everyday belonging diverges from formal legal status. Drawing on the compelling narrative of Salma, a 15-year-old Syrian refugee girl living in Turkey, the study explores how she navigates systemic constraints – including racism, economic hardship, and gendered discrimination – while asserting political presence, agency, and resilience. Using a geosocial methodology informed by feminist geography and situated intersectionality, the research combines in-depth interviews, participatory techniques, digital mapping, and creative artefacts to foreground Salma’s lived experiences. The Cage functions both as an analytical metaphor and an expression of structural confinement, revealing how Salma reclaims space for self-definition through acts of creative resistance, storytelling, and co-research. Her interpretive agency challenges dominant narratives of victimhood and reframes citizenship as an embodied and performative practice shaped by youth subjectivity. In centring a child’s voice and political presence, the study contributes to critical debates on refugee childhoods and lived citizenship, showing how metaphorical analysis and participatory narrative methods can reimagine the geographies of young people living under constrained legal regimes.

This study aims to analyze the legal status of the Deed of Decision of the Foundation's Board of Trustees Meeting which was made not in accordance with the meeting agenda, identify legal problems arising from procedural defects, and examine the legal responsibility of notaries and foundation trustees as reflected in the Decision of the Bandung District Court Number 389/Pdt.G/2019/PN Bdg. The method used is normative juridical with a case approach and statute approach. Primary data was obtained from the court decision, while secondary data came from Law Number 28 of 2004 concerning Foundations, its implementing regulations, and related legal literature. The results of the study indicate that the deed of decision of the board of trustees meeting which was not in accordance with the meeting agenda in this case was declared invalid and not binding because it contained procedural defects and was contrary to the principle of justice. As a result, various legal problems arose, such as unlawful acts, flawed meeting decisions, notarial deeds that lost their force, and potential sanctions for notaries. Legal responsibility in this case rests with both the notary and the foundation's trustees, who can be held civilly liable for damages and immaterial losses.

Cloud farming is an emerging online farming model where owners remotely participate in raising animals or plants without direct contact. The commercialized cloud farming economy represents an innovative development of traditional agriculture leveraging internet technology, characterized by strong online attributes. This paper will conduct an in-depth study on the criminal regulation of online cloud farming economy activities. In recent years, many criminals have exploited the guise of agricultural innovation, breeding numerous crimes within the cloud farming economy sector. These activities exhibit characteristics such as conceptual hype and deviation from the inherent nature of the agricultural industry, involving issues related to illegal fundraising crimes. Challenges include disputes over factual determinations, debates over the legal characterization between the crimes of illegal absorption of public deposits and fundraising fraud, and complexities in identifying participants' legal statuses. To refine the criminal regulatory framework for online cloud farming economy activities, a criminal policy of strict prevention, strict control, and strict suppression. should be advocated. This involves enhancing the criminal classification system at the legislative level, strengthening regulations against behavioral patterns such as promising high returns without genuine business support, and promoting cross-departmental collaborative governance. Moving forward, further refinement of adjudication standards based on judicial practice is needed to enhance the effectiveness of criminal regulation in this domain.

ABSTRACT In Poland, doctoral education remained outside the mainstream of public policy interest for many years. The 2018 reform is the first major change in the systemic approach to education at this level. Significant deregulation at the national level has introduced new requirements for conducting doctoral education and the need for its new organisation. The reform aimed to decrease the number of doctoral candidates while enhancing the quality and effectiveness of PhD education. For the first time in history, doctoral education has begun to be subject to a real external evaluation of its quality, too. The legal status of PhD candidates was also redefined, aligning them more closely with young researchers. The 2018 Act granted universities considerable autonomy in organising doctoral schools, resulting in diverse structural solutions and management models. Doctoral education is also influenced by the new rules of scientific evaluation and the instability of rules in this area; financing of the science and higher education sector; and first experience in conducting doctoral schools. The paper analyses the adopted system solutions against the background of policy changes in Europe. It also presents the initial conclusions from the implementation of new systemic solutions.

The article highlights the issues of intellectualization of administrative law through the prism of introducing artificial intelligence into the public administration system. We believe that the use of innovative technologies can radically transform the processes of decision-making, control and provision of administrative services, while simultaneously reducing the level of bureaucracy and increasing the transparency of interaction between the state and citizens. In our opinion, the key challenge is the need for a comprehensive update of the legislative field, taking into account the ethical, organizational and technical aspects of the use of algorithms. In particular, the question arises of who will be responsible for incorrect or discriminatory decisions of artificial intelligence systems, as well as how the protection of personal data will be guaranteed in the digitalized public administration environment. It should be emphasized that the experience of different countries indicates the presence of positive results from the implementation of digital solutions in the field of administrative services, in particular, reducing the time for processing documents, simplifying access to services and reducing the burden on civil servants. However, modern research emphasizes the importance of proper change management, including staff training, defining a clear legal status for electronic solutions, and ensuring cybersecurity of state registries. In this context, the intellectualization of administrative law can act as a catalyst for the modernization of the entire public administration system, creating a basis for improving the quality, efficiency, and accountability of government to society.

Background The European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science (E-RIHS), recently granted with European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) legal status, aims to advance research by facilitating access to cutting-edge scientific services and tools in the domain of heritage science. One of the major challenges and achievements during its implementation phase (2022–2024, G.A. 101079148) was the creation of the Catalogue of Services (CoS)—a digital platform that helps users find, request, and manage access to both physical and digital services offered by E-RIHS partners. Method This paper introduces the concept, design, and development of the E-RIHS CoS, emphasising how it follows FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) and Open Science principles. Built with a strong focus on real research needs, the platform features a flexible and scalable architecture. It includes tools like semantic search, automated workflows, and customized dashboards based on user roles. The paper also places the CoS in the broader context of similar platforms from other research infrastructures, and point out its novel features—such as a recommendation engine, multilingual support, and advanced data analytics. Results and Conclusions Now, the E-RIHS CoS is online, providing a single access entry to E-RIHS ERIC services and making easy to find and select the most adequate scientific services based on the users’ research questions. It is a solid and forward-thinking digital tool designed to support high-quality research, foster collaboration, and make heritage science more inclusive and accessible.

The phenomenon of marriages that are only carried out religiously without state registration still occurs a lot in Way Kenanga District, West Tulang Bawang Regency, causing unclear legal status of families and limited access to civil rights. This study aims to analyze the impact of the practice of marriage confirmation on family status from the perspective of Maslahah mursalah in Islamic law. The study used a qualitative method with case studies, data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation, and was analyzed using a deductive approach using the theory of Maslahah mursalah as the main foundation. The results of the study indicate that marriage confirmation is effective in providing formal legality, strengthening family civil rights, and increasing the social legitimacy of married couples. This practice also fulfills the principles of maqashid al-syari’ah, especially in maintaining offspring and protecting individual rights. The study recommends the need to increase legal socialization programs, simplify marriage confirmation procedures, and provide financial support from the government for low-income communities, in order to expand the benefits of marriage confirmation for the welfare of society in a sustainable manner.

Coastal cadastre management increasingly demands advanced models capable of addressing the spatial and temporal complexities inherent in dynamic coastal environments. This study proposes a 3D temporal cadastral framework based on the ISO-compliant Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), tailored to enhance the management of coastal property rights, jurisdictional boundaries, and land–sea interface governance. The model integrates three-dimensional spatial data with temporal attributes, enabling precise tracking of changes in shoreline positions, marine parcels, and maritime zones over time. Structured within a spatial database environment, the proposed framework ensures interoperability with GIS platforms and supports integration with web-based monitoring tools for real-time applications. This approach offers practical solutions to challenges such as shoreline migration, overlapping land–sea rights, and evolving legal statuses of coastal and marine spaces. From a legal and policy perspective, the model facilitates the harmonisation of land and marine tenure systems, promotes regulatory compliance, and supports effective dispute resolution and jurisdictional coordination. The implementation of an LADM-based 3D temporal cadastre enhances legal certainty, supports adaptive governance in coastal zones, and contributes to more sustainable and equitable management of coastal and marine resources. The findings underscore the necessity of a legally integrated, spatially accurate cadastral system to support long-term coastal development and marine spatial planning.

ABSTRACT The article tracks the debates on the legal status of homosexuality in the post-revolutionary years in socialist Yugoslavia, from 1945 until 1951. Two divergent solutions emerged from the discussions between the communist-led institutions and various legal experts. The first, based on the Marxist drive towards egalitarianism and socialist modernity, proposed a complete decriminalization of same-sex sexual acts. The second, marked by similar ideological underpinnings, but emphasizing collectivist and populist aspects of Communism, called for keeping homosexuality illegal. After an extensive and lengthy debate, the latter perspective prevailed in the 1951 Criminal Code and ‘unnatural fornication’ remained illegal. Nevertheless, important steps were made in decreasing the repressive policies against homosexuality. During this period, major anti-homosexual trials took place in Zagreb and other cities, marking those years as the most repressive against homosexuals in the entire Yugoslav twentieth century.

ABSTRACT While some (progressive) cities have been proactive in forced migrants' reception and integration policy formulation, the central state is ultimately the chief architect of migration policy and the legal framework. Legal status considerably shapes all facets of forced migrants' lifeworlds and thus has significant implications for policy and integration. The Italian government has recently made significant changes to its migration system, affecting asylum‐seekers and refugees' legal status and subsequent city‐level integration efforts. This article thus investigates the interplay between asylum‐seekers' legal status, national migration policy framework and local integration programme. Employing the concept of legal uncertainty and qualitative exploration of a local integration project in Bergamo, it problematises the state's institutional production of uncertain and precarious migration status and how this shapes the prospects of asylum‐seekers' integration processes. It is shown that the city's efforts to integrate asylum‐seekers, starting from their arrival, are stifled by the national migration legal framework.

State Decision-Making Approaches in Seriously Ill People With Intellectual/Developmental Disability.

This article examines how the insecure and precarious legal status of adoptees gives rise to vulnerabilities, with a particular focus on the citizenship of foreign-born adoptees. The primary objective of this work is to identify vulnerabilities associated with U.S. citizenship rules. While adoption is often assumed to guarantee both familial belonging and a legal status of citizenship, the U.S. legal framework frequently reveals gaps that leave adoptees in vulnerable positions. By tracing how administrative requirements, adoptive parents’ lack of due diligence, and fragmented legal pathways create insecurity, this article shows that the law itself may generate or exacerbate vulnerabilities it purports to resolve. Drawing on the concepts of vulnerability and navigating the intersection of family law and immigration law, the analysis highlights how citizenship is more than a legal status, affecting deeper issues of identity-building and belonging. The article concludes by underscoring the need for a protective, adoptee-centered, coherent approach to citizenship rules, one that offers better legal permanence for adoptees.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the cross-border cattle trade along the Myanmar – Thailand border, where live cattle are transformed into “lively commodities” (Collard and Dempsey 2013) through a complex infrastructure of quarantine, classification, and care. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with cattle caretakers, traders, quarantine station owners, and veterinarians, this paper elucidates how cattle arrive as potential disease carriers and are rendered healthy, legal, and trade-ready through documentation and certification, culminating in the issuance of a bo(a)rdering pass that reclassifies them as Thai oxen. In parallel, cattle traders employ informal practices of sorting and valuation, relying on embodied expertise to anticipate an animal’s growth potential and market value. Migrant caretakers provide labor-intensive, affective care sustaining the animals’ health while in quarantine. These intersecting practices produce the “square,” meaty ox, a figure of commodity perfection destined for sale in China. The paper argues that cattle mobility does not simply traverse the border but actively participates in its making, reshaping its function, infrastructure, and significance. Conversely, the border transforms the meaning, legal status, and the physiology of the animals that pass through it. The entanglement of animals, humans, and border practices give rise to and enact a bovine border that is not merely crossed but also continually reassembled.

A longitudinal investigation of sports betting legalization's influence on problem gambling.

Introduction. In the context of the rapid development of digital technologies and their integration across various spheres of public life, the issue of legally regulating the delegation of legally significant decisions to artificial intelligence systems (hereinafter – AI) has become particularly important and urgent. At present, there is a noticeable gap in the legal framework regarding the delegation of authority to AI systems for making legally significant decisions; questions of liability and the legal status of AI also remain unresolved. Materials and methods. The methodological foundation of this research comprises both general scientific and specialized approaches: the method of systemic analysis; formal‑legal and comparative legal methods. Results of the study. The authors have examined AI system characteristics that bear legal significance, including autonomy, self‑learning capability, complex architecture, and algorithmic opacity. They consider approaches to the legal status of AI, including the concepts of “electronic person” and AI as merely an instrument. The necessity of adopting a risk‑oriented approach to the legal regime of AI is substantiated. It is established that Russian legislation lacks mechanisms for challenging and reconsidering decisions made based on AI or by AI systems themselves, as well as mechanisms to control such decisions. Special attention is paid to the need to ensure transparency, explainability, and logging of decisions made by AI systems. Discussion and conclusion. The article argues for the development of a comprehensive normative approach to the delegation of legally significant decisions to AI systems. The authors propose directions for improving Russian legislation. In particular, they suggest: creating mechanisms for review and appeal of automated decisions; establishing a specialized authority to maintain registers of AI systems and assess the lawfulness of their decisions; and mandating the obtaining of consent from any person whose rights or lawful interests are affected by a decision delegated to AI systems.

Nursery: impact of the child's legal status on their development

INTRODUCTION: The legal status of a physician — a passenger on a civil aircraft when providing medical assistance and/or first aid to other passengers or the crew is not fully regulated. OBJECTIVE: Assess the legal regulation of first aid and medical assistance by a physician who is a passenger on a civil aircraft. The article presents analysis of Federal Laws, orders, a review of literature. MAIN PART: According to Federal Law No 323-FZ, first aid is not considered medical assistance, but first aid kits and sets approved by orders of the Russian Ministry of Health are equipped with medical devices and pharmaceutical preparations. In a passenger aircraft, flight attendants are required to provide first aid according to their job descriptions, are required to provide first aid, using medical devices and pharmaceutical preparations from a first aid kit, as regulated by an order of the Russian Ministry of Transport. No other persons are required to provide first aid on a passenger aircraft, including passengers registered with the airline as a “physician on board”. This service is intended to identify passengers who, according to the order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, have medical competencies and can use medical devices and pharmaceutical preparations both from the first aid kit and first aid set when providing first aid. The conditions for which first aid is provided are approved in the list of the First Aid Procedure of the Russian Ministry of Health, but they do not list natural childbirth and many life-threatening conditions for the relief of which first aid sets are equipped. The use of medical devices and pharmaceutical preparations from the first aid set and pharmaceutical preparations from the first aid kit, except for those prescribed to the passenger by the attending physician in accordance with the Procedure, do not refer to first aid, but to medical assistance provided without a licensure, which falls under the administrative and criminal liability in the Russian Federation. CONCLUSIONS: A medical professional may provide first aid on board a civil aircraft. To regulate the relationship of an aircraft passenger with a medical diploma, valid accreditation in any specialty with other passengers or the crew of the aircraft in case they have developed conditions that are imperative to provide not only first aid, but also medical assistance, it is necessary to urgently adopt the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of orders on the provision of extended first aid by physicians with a more complete list of life-threatening conditions and measures to eliminate them, management of natural childbirth and the ability to use all medical devices and pharmaceutical preparations from first aid kits and first aid sets approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.