Nowadays, artificial intelligence is used in various spheres of life, including state operations. Security is one of such domains. New technologies should be used universally across the entire sphere of security. This also applies to artificial intelligence which allows us not only to respond to existing threats but also to anticipate and prevent them (i.a., through the analysis of large data sets over a short time). However, artificial intelligence should be applied in a responsible manner, so that its use does not constitute threats to security but rather contributes to its protection. The objective of this paper is to analyze the possibility to apply artificial intelligence in the security environment that needs to be open to new solutions, so that it is possible to protect our societies and states more effectively than at present. The author’s thesis can be expressed in the statement that artificial intelligence may contribute to security enhancement, provided that it is used responsibly and is properly supervised. This paper is based on the doctrinal legal research method and the law theory method.

The administrative silence is constructed as a legal fiction that originated as a negative (silence as refusal) and has since developed into a positive (silence as acceptance). In European administrative law, no system operates exclusively based on one legal fiction. Both negative and positive fictions are employed with defined limitations, as in France. Conversely, in Indonesia, these fictions are considered conflicting and override each other due to complex regulations and undefined limitations, leading to ambiguity. Therefore, this article aims to reformulate the concept of administrative silence in Indonesia through a comparative doctrinal legal research approach. The findings proved that both fictions have distinct conceptual origins and should be applied in their respective contexts. Although as fiction, their implementation, particularly in cases of positive fiction, should reflect the principle of administrative law that a decision is an expression of ``will.'' Consequently, Indonesia should reformulate its approach by applying both fictions simultaneously with defined limitations, based on the decision type: declarative or constitutive, rather than treating them as a dichotomy. Ultimately, this article contributes to comparative administrative law by examining administrative silence in Indonesia through the relationship between negative fiction, positive fiction, and decision typology based on comparison with the French model.

This article challenges the Constitutional Court's rigid formalist doctrine of legal standing by critically analysing the position of the Papuan People's Assembly (MRP) in judicial reviews of the Papua Special Autonomy Law. Currently, the Court's strict taxonomy of applicants paradoxically disenfranchises the MRP, creating a dogmatic tension between the asymmetric constitutional guarantees of indigenous rights (Article 18B of the 1945 Constitution) and actual access to constitutional justice. This study aims to expand existing standing doctrines by proposing a theoretical reconstruction of the MRP. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, the study demonstrates that the MRP cannot be treated as a mere product of ordinary legislation. The analysis reveals that the MRP operates as a "functionally constitutional state institution" and a "hybrid constitutional proxy." Its authority is not merely delegated statutory power, but constitutionalised authority essential for protecting the collective rights of Indigenous Papuans (OAP). Restricting its access based on structural formalism constitutes a direct impairment of these constitutional rights. The study concludes with specific policy implications: de lege lata, the Constitutional Court must progressively reinterpret Article 51 of the Constitutional Court Law to accommodate hybrid cultural organs; de lege ferenda, targeted amendments to the Constitutional Court and Special Autonomy Laws are required, alongside the introduction of a limited constitutional complaint mechanism, to permanently secure the MRP's standing and institutionalize a constitutional pathway for indigenous peoples' defense

This paper investigates the effectiveness of Indonesian government e-participation platforms developed after the Constitutional Court Decision 91/PUU-XVIII/2020. The central question is whether these digital portals fulfill the Court’s new ‘meaningful participation’ mandate, which comprises the rights to be heard, considered, and explained, or if they merely represent ‘digital tokenism.’ This study employs a normative legal research methodology, combining a statute approach, analysis of the Court’s legal reasoning, and a conceptual framework of participation. A qualitative gap analysis was performed on government case study platforms. The findings reveal that the ideal juridical standard requires a two-way, auditable system with features for submission tracking, public feedback, and response. However, the existing platforms are legally ineffective. They only satisfy the superficial right to be heard via simple submission forms but completely lack the mechanisms to verify the right to be considered or fulfill the right to be explained. The study concludes that this practice is a form of digital tokenism, creating a procedural ritual that fails the constitutional mandate. This failure constitutes a significant formal procedural defect, placing the resulting legislation at high risk of constitutional challenge.

The establishment of the complementary infrastructures Medical Informatics Initiative (MII) and the Network of University Medicine (NUM) has significantly advanced the medical research landscape in Germany. Both infrastructures focus on the cross-institutional integration of health data as the basis for strengthening medical research, with the MII focusing on the standardization and integration of routine university clinical data and the NUM representing a central infrastructure for clinical studies and data sharing. Within the project 'NUM Routine Data Platform' (NUM-RDP), a federated record linkage approach was implemented across 34 affiliated German university hospitals. Accordingly, a federated Trusted Third Party (fTTP) performed pseudonymization and privacy-preserving record linkage across all the participating sites. This work aims to extend the established fTTP approach to managing consent and withdrawal while considering the current legal frameworks and research initiatives for the use of health data. A concept for an extended fTTP, termed 'fTTP Consent', is proposed to bridge communication gaps between different sites, facilities and components. This allows for central coordination for the implementation of patients' consent decisions regarding the storage, transfer and scientific use of their health data in a uniform manner. Two practical use cases for an 'fTTP Consent' have been identified and conceptualized. First, the cross-site improvement of workflows and automated processes should be performed to ensure that consent data are correct in formal, legal, semantic and syntactic terms. Second, the cross-site improvement of automated notification processes for new or updated consent data, including respective withdrawal- and objection-processes, should be performed. In this study, the 'fTTP Consent' has been proposed to reduce communicatory and personnel efforts. The correct and up-to-date realization of data subject rights should be ensured using the NUM-RDP as an example. The designed concept could help to overcome challenges in different consent scenarios (opt-in, opt-out). Furthermore, it could streamline communication and data linkage processes between institutions and countries in future research projects.

The absence of a law specifically regulating the Presidential Institution makes this institution the only one without its own regulations. However, according to the 1945 Constitution, the President of Indonesia is a High State Institution. This study aims to determine further regulations regarding the president's authority based on the Constitution's mandate, through analysis using normative legal research methodology. The results of this study indicate that there is no specific law for the presidential institution, so further regulations regarding the president's authority, obligations, and rights can be found scattered across several laws. In the future, it is hoped that the President will have a law that specifically regulates him, as other institutions with equal standing according to the 1945 Constitution, such as the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the House of Representatives (DPR), the Regional Representative Council (DPD), the Judicial Commission (KY), the Supreme Court (MA), the Constitutional Court (MK), and the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK), each of which has laws as a reference to limit the abuse of power between institutions and the implementation of checks and balances in the administration of the Republic of Indonesia.

The legal sector is undergoing a rapid transformation driven by automation and digital technologies. Some traditional legal tasks, such as contract drafting, document sorting, legal research, case management, and legal data analysis, can now be performed using smart systems and specialized software. The impact of automation is no longer limited to expediting procedures; it has extended to reshaping the role of the lawyer, the nature of the relationship between the lawyer and the client, and the limits of professional responsibility when using technological tools. This research discusses the impact of automation on lawyers in the digital environment. It examines the concept of legal automation, its practical applications, advantages, and professional and ethical challenges, focusing on the Saudi legal environment, particularly regarding client data confidentiality, personal data protection, and restricting the provision of legal services to licensed professionals. The research concludes that automation does not eliminate the role of the lawyer, but rather redefines it. The modern lawyer is no longer merely an executor of traditional procedures; they are now required to understand technology, manage its risks, and utilize it in a way that preserves their professional independence, the rights of their clients, and the quality of legal services.

There is a regulation regarding oil and gas business activities that includes criminal sanctions is Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas as amended by Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation in conjunction with Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Preparation of Work and Budget Plans. Which explicitly regulates that every downstream business activity, including transportation, storage, trade, and processing, must have government permission, and that the trade in subsidized fuel can only be conducted by businesses with a trade license. Violations of these provisions are subject to criminal sanctions, indicating that the state takes the misuse of subsidized fuel management and distribution seriously. Although the law has prohibited and threatened heavy penalties and a regulatory framework is available, in reality, many people still engage in the misuse of transportation and trade licenses for subsidized diesel fuel. The purpose of this research is to explain the application of criminal penalties against subsidized solar traders without a business license in court rulings. The research method used is empirical juridical, which is legal research conducted by examining legal events in the field. The research results show that the application of criminal penalties against subsidized diesel traders without a business license in the court decisions reviewed reflects the state's commitment to protecting public interests, securing state finances, and creating order in the subsidized fuel distribution system. However, the effectiveness of criminal penalties as an instrument of law enforcement will only be optimally achieved if it is balanced with consistency in the imposition of sanctions, strengthening the supervision of subsidized fuel distribution in the field, and the continuous enhancement of public legal awareness.

Child marriage remains a legal and social issue in Indonesia despite the enactment of Law Number 16 of 2019, which sets the minimum marriage age at 19 years. This study aims to analyze the regulation of underage marriage requirements and the judges’ considerations in granting marriage dispensation in the Decision of the Depok Religious Court Number 0094/Pdt.P/2020/PA.Dpk. The research method used is normative legal research with a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials analyzed systematically. The results indicate that although positive law has established a minimum marriage age, the existence of a dispensation mechanism creates loopholes that contribute to the persistence of child marriage practices. In the examined case, the judge granted the dispensation by considering juridical, social, and benefit aspects to prevent greater harm. Therefore, the judicial decision reflects not only legal certainty but also justice and utility for the parties involved.

The phenomenon of juvenile recidivism presents significant legal challenges due to the absence of explicit provisions governing the criteria, indicators, and legal consequences of recidivist status for children under Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. This regulatory gap generates legal uncertainty and creates a tension between the imperative of law enforcement and the protection of children’s rights. This study aims to examine the requirements for determining juvenile recidivist status within the Indonesian criminal law system and to analyze judicial considerations of reoffending in Decision Number 17/Pid.Sus-Anak/2025/PN Jkt.Pst. Employing a normative legal research method, the study adopts statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches, supported by qualitative, descriptive, and prescriptive analysis. The findings indicate that the regulation of juvenile recidivism remains characterized by a normative vacuum, thereby rendering its implementation highly dependent on judicial interpretation. The examined decision demonstrates that a developmental approach continues to be prioritized through placement in the Child Special Development Institution (LPKA) as a mechanism for child protection and rehabilitation.

The istishna contract is widely used in the development of Sharia housing in Indonesia. However, its implementation may create Sharia compliance problems when it is not supported by an adequate understanding of fiqh muamalah principles and positive legal regulations. This article aims to formulate a conceptual sharia compliance model for istishna contracts as an effort to strengthen consumer protection in sharia housing development. This study uses normative legal research with conceptual and statutory approaches. The legal materials include DSN-MUI fatwas, relevant laws and regulations, and literature on Islamic economic law. The results show that sharia compliance in istishna contracts must be established through fulfillment of the pillars and requirements of the contract, clarity of object specifications, transparency of price and delivery time, proportional risk allocation, and systematic sharia supervision. The proposed model is arranged into four stages, namely pre-contract, contract formation, implementation, and post-handover. The model is expected to serve as a normative basis for developing fair, transparent, and sharia-compliant istishna practices in sharia housing.

Human trafficking is a transnational organized crime that poses a serious threat to human rights and frequently involves multiple actors with varying degrees of participation, including accomplices (medeplichtigheid). However, the legal interpretation of aiding and abetting and the corresponding scope of criminal liability continue to present challenges in law enforcement practice. This study aims to analyze the legal determination of aiding and abetting in human trafficking offenses under Indonesian criminal law and to formulate the limits of criminal liability for individuals who fulfill this element, while emphasizing victim protection as a primary objective. The study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches. The findings indicate that aiding and abetting in human trafficking requires the existence of actual assistance, intentional participation, and a functional connection between the assistance provided and the exploitation of the victim. Criminal liability should therefore be assessed based on the degree of culpability and the extent of an accomplice’s contribution to the trafficking network. The study concludes that clearer legal standards regarding aiding and abetting can strengthen efforts to combat human trafficking while enhancing the protection, recovery, and fulfillment of victims’ rights.

This study examines the role of exposure as the decisive variable in determining the effectiveness of deterrence in corruption law enforcement, particularly in policy corruption cases in Indonesia. Using a doctrinal legal research method with statute, conceptual, and case approaches, this research analyzes Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code and Decision Number 34/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PN Jakarta Pusat concerning the sugar trade case. The study employs GONE Theory (greed, opportunity, need, and exposure) to identify criminogenic factors, positioning exposure not solely as a supporting element but as a structural and epistemic condition that determines the visibility and enforceability of anti-corruption law. It is found that low exposure prevents penal threats from being perceived as credible risks, thereby weakening deterrence even when legal elements are formally fulfilled and sanctions are imposed. This condition is reinforced by a formalistic, result-oriented enforcement approach that prioritizes state financial loss while under-articulating abuse of authority as a breach of public trust. The findings suggest that deterrence failure should be reconceptualized as resulting from low exposure rather than insufficient punishment severity. Accordingly, it proposes a reconstruction of criminal liability through strengthening official culpability and operationalizing dolus eventualis, supported by transparent, consistent, and communicative judicial reasoning to enhance the preventive and normative functions of criminal law.

Customary mediation is a dispute resolution mechanism based on local wisdom values ​​that has long been practiced in Indonesian customary law communities, particularly in resolving family disputes. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of customary mediation as an alternative for resolving family disputes within the national legal system, identify the structural and cultural barriers encountered, and formulate an appropriate integration model between customary law and state law. This study uses normative legal research methods with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results show that customary mediation has proven effective in creating post-dispute relational harmony and has a high level of compliance because it is based on communal agreements respected by all parties. However, customary mediation faces challenges in terms of legal certainty, guaranteeing the protection of individual rights, and formal recognition in the judicial system. Integrating customary mediation into national law through a structured legal pluralism mechanism is a strategic step to strengthen access to justice for indigenous communities.

The Indonesian Criminal Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana/KUHP) has legitimized the applicability of customary criminal law across various regions in Indonesia. The legal basis for this recognition is found in Article 2 of the KUHP, which acknowledges the existence of law that lives within society (living law). Therefore, the implementation of living law becomes essential in realizing substantive justice grounded in local wisdom, as well as in preventing legal vacuums. The existence of Article 2 integrates customary law into the national legal system, ensuring that the law is not merely written but also responsive to the community’s sense of justice. The research problems addressed in this study are: (1) what types of customary offenses and legal sanctions are regulated under Bengkulu City Regional Regulation Number 29 of 2003; and (2) whether such types of customary offenses remain relevant in accommodating living law. This study employs a normative legal research method. The findings indicate that, first, the types of customary offenses stipulated in Bengkulu City Regional Regulation Number 29 of 2003 remain applicable in Bengkulu City and are consistent with the values of Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, human rights principles, and general principles recognized by the community of nations. The provisions concerning customary criminal sanctions are divided into two forms: customary sanctions with a maximum fine equivalent to Category II as regulated in the KUHP, and action-based sanctions adjusted to the customary law community in Bengkulu City. Second, the types of customary offenses regulated in Bengkulu City Regional Regulation Number 29 of 2003 remain relevant in accommodating living law. Therefore, the government needs to synergize with customary institutions and traditional leaders in fostering and rehabilitating offenders.

Acting Governors (Pj Governors) in Indonesia, including in West Papua, are temporary officials appointed to fill vacancies in regional head positions based on statutory provisions. Their existence is crucial to ensure the continuity of local governance. However, in practice, the role of Acting Governors often raises issues concerning political legitimacy, governance effectiveness, and the legal implications of their authority. This study analyzes the legal basis and scope of authority of the Acting Governor of West Papua, examines its implementation in regional governance practice, and formulates recommendations for improving effective, transparent, and accountable governance. This research employs empirical legal research with a juridical-normative and conceptual approach, supported by qualitative descriptive analysis through legislation review, interviews, and documentation. The findings show that the authority of Acting Governors is normatively well-regulated, yet its implementation still faces challenges such as limited technical regulations, weak institutional capacity, and local political pressures influencing decision-making processes. Therefore, strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing transparency and accountability, and optimizing coordination between central and regional governments are necessary. These efforts are expected to ensure more stable, effective, and balanced governance between national and regional interests, while also supporting sustainable development and improving public service quality in West Papua in particular effectively.

The rapid expansion of digital commerce and the growing reliance on shipping services have resulted in shipping companies processing substantial volumes of consumers’ personal data, thereby increasing the risk of data misuse and security breaches. This development underscores the need for robust legal protection mechanisms and clear standards of accountability concerning the management of personal data by business actors. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing the protection of consumers’ personal data in shipping services and to examine the legal liability of business actors for personal data breaches under Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection. Employing a normative legal research method, the study utilizes statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches through an examination of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that personal data protection in Indonesia has been comprehensively regulated through the Personal Data Protection Law and its supporting regulations. Furthermore, the legal responsibilities of business actors encompass preventive measures, breach-response obligations, as well as civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities. The study concludes that shipping service providers must implement accountable and transparent data protection governance to ensure legal certainty, strengthen consumer protection, and maintain public trust in the digital economy.

Antitrust law plays a critical role in ensuring fair competition, yet its effectiveness varies across different legal and institutional contexts. This paper examines the comparative regulation and implementation of antitrust law in Indonesia, Uzbekistan, and Russia, with particular attention to the role of legal advocacy and legal services in enhancing compliance and enforcement. The objective is to analyze how these three countries, with distinct political and economic systems, construct and operationalize their competition law frameworks to promote healthy market competition. Employing a normative legal research method with a comparative approach, the study relies on statutory texts, institutional documents, case law, and scholarly literature. Data were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-comparative analysis. The findings reveal that Indonesia has developed a comprehensive legal framework through Law No. 5/1999, yet its enforcement remains inconsistent due to institutional limitations and judicial resistance. Uzbekistan has adopted modern competition principles in its 2012 Competition Law, but enforcement is hindered by state dominance in the economy and limited legal capacity. Russia, in contrast, possesses a mature regulatory framework and a powerful Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS), though enforcement often reflects political considerations. Across all three contexts, legal advocacy and professional legal services significantly influence compliance by educating businesses, guiding merger notifications, and shaping litigation strategies. This study contributes to comparative competition law scholarship by highlighting the interplay between regulation, enforcement, and advocacy in shaping effective competition regimes. The conclusion underscores that building effective antitrust law requires not only robust statutes but also active advocacy and accessible legal services. Recommendations include strengthening compliance mechanisms in Indonesia through KPPU’s DPKPU guidelines, enhancing legal education in Uzbekistan to foster a bottom-up competition culture, and encouraging FAS Russia to sustain transparency in digital markets.

Medan City Customs and Excise Supervision and Services (KPPBC) in the implementation of Bonded Zone facilities as an instrument for increasing investment and strengthening the competitiveness of national industry. The problem in this study focuses on how the implementation of services and supervision of Bonded Zone facilities by KPPBC Medan City and various legal and administrative challenges faced in supporting increased investment. Although Bonded Zone facilities provide various fiscal incentives and procedural conveniences that are proven to be able to increase exports and attract investment, there are still obstacles in the form of complexity of supervision, lack of synchronization of legal regulations, lack of norms related to inspection and assistance mechanisms, limited supervisory resources, and potential injustice for industries outside the Bonded Zone. The research method used is normative legal research with an approach to legal principles, legal systematics, legal synchronization, and laws and regulations related to Bonded Zones. The results of the study indicate that KPPBC Medan City has carried out its service and supervision role quite effectively through the provision of fiscal facilities, simplification of electronic-based customs procedures, fast licensing services, technical assistance to business actors, and risk management-based supervision. This policy has had a positive impact on company operational efficiency, increased exports, and investment growth in Medan City. However, various challenges remain, including regulatory inconsistencies, legal gaps in certain oversight mechanisms, limited resources, and the need for a more balanced oversight model that balances facilitation and law enforcement functions. Therefore, strengthening regulatory harmonization, improving the quality of assistance, optimizing inter-agency coordination, and developing risk-based oversight are necessary to create legal certainty and a more conducive investment climate.

This study aims to juridically analyze the criminal act of sexual abuse against children committed by Indonesian National Army officers and assess the application of the principle of the rule of law in military justice based on Decision Number 88-K/PMT-BDG/AL/X/2024. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a case approach, using secondary data obtained through literature studies and analysis of court decisions, then analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study showed that the perpetrator's actions had fulfilled the elements of criminal offenses, namely sexual acts, intentional elements, and physical, psychological, and moral losses experienced by child victims. The military court's decision in the case reflects the application of the principle of the rule of law and equality before the law because the perpetrators are still processed and sentenced to death without any special treatment despite their status as state officials. However, there are still weaknesses in the aspect of victim protection, especially related to psychological recovery and transparency of the military justice process. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen child protection mechanisms, increase the accountability of military law enforcement officials, and more firm and consistent law enforcement to ensure justice and legal certainty.