Women in their 20s and 30s are particularly vulnerable to technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV). Such victims often perceive their circumstances as uncontrollable and one-sided, which may lead to hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Despite increasing awareness of the harmful psychological effects of TFSV, limited research has explored the mechanisms underlying its association with suicidal ideation. This study aimed to examine whether hopelessness mediates the relationship between TFSV and suicidal ideation, and whether this mediated association is moderated by childhood trauma experiences (CTE) based on the hopelessness theory of depression. A total of 390 South Korean women in their 20s and 30s participated in the study, with 55.7% reporting experiences of TFSV at least once. Results indicated that participants with a history of experiencing TFSV reported significantly higher levels of suicidal ideation. Mediation analysis using bootstrapping revealed that hopelessness partially mediated the relationship between TFSV and suicidal ideation. Moreover, the mediating effect of hopelessness on the relationship between TFSV and suicidal ideation was more pronounced among individuals with high levels of CTE. These findings underscore the cumulative impact of past and present trauma and highlight the need for trauma-informed interventions that address hopelessness among women affected by TFSV. Screening for childhood trauma may help identify those at heightened risk of severe psychological outcomes, including suicidal ideation. To effectively reduce the mental health burden of TFSV, both individual-level and systemic strategies such as stronger legal protection and increased public awareness of TFSV are essential.

This study explores the legal protections for workers with disabilities in Indonesia, highlighting the importance of ensuring equality, inclusivity, and welfare in the workplace. Despite existing laws that safeguard their rights, persons with disabilities still face discrimination, limited job opportunities, and inadequate workplace accommodations. Indonesia has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and enacted Law Number 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities and Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower. However, enforcement remains weak due to poor implementation, lack of supervision, and limited sanctions for non-compliance. Using a normative juridical research approach, this study employs legislative and conceptual methods to review relevant laws, regulations, and literature and assess their effectiveness. Results show that, although legal norms promote equal employment rights, practical challenges persist because of structural and cultural barriers. Institutions like the Disability Service Unit (ULD) and initiatives such as DNetwork play vital roles in improving accessibility and fostering inclusive employment. Additionally, some local inclusive enterprises in South Tangerang demonstrate how community efforts can empower persons with disabilities in the workforce. The study concludes that strong legal protections require not only comprehensive laws but also effective enforcement, cooperation between the government and the private sector, and ongoing public awareness campaigns to combat stigma. Developing inclusive employment policies and adaptable work environments is essential for achieving social justice and advancing the welfare and productivity of workers with disabilities in Indonesia.

Children and adolescents have special and comprehensive protection granted by the 1988 Federal Constitution and by the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA), which also includes emotional and affective support. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the legal consequences of emotional neglect and its legal implications. This is a narrative review that compiles academic literature on the subject, the Brazilian legal framework, particularly the ECA, the 2002 Civil Code, and the recent Law No. 15,240/2025, which established emotional neglect as a civil offense, as well as case law from the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) and state courts. The research found that such conduct is subject to compensation for moral damages, based on Articles 186 and 927 of the Civil Code, provided that damage, causal link, and fault or intent are proven. It was also verified that Law No. 15,240/2025 reinforced legal protection by including in the ECA the obligation of affective assistance and the explicit provision for reparation due to emotional neglect, in addition to expanding the applicable administrative measures. Case law, especially since Special Appeal No. 1,159,242/SP, confirms the possibility of civil liability. Therefore, it is concluded that the new legislation strengthens the legal protection of childhood affectivity and consolidates understandings already recognized by Brazilian courts.

The growing gig economy in Indonesia presents serious challenges in legal protection for workers, including online motorcycle taxi drivers. They are vulnerable because they face double risk: being both victims of traffic accidents and those without adequate employment protection. This double victimization arises from a legal vacuum regarding the employment relationship between drivers and app companies, which has traditionally been constructed as a partnership. Consequently, drivers are excluded from formal protection as stipulated in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of the Government Regulation in Lieu of the Job Creation Law into Law. This legal uncertainty also makes it difficult for drivers to access social security, including BPJS Ketenagakerjaan (Employment Social Security Agency), which is supposed to provide protection against workplace accidents. From a criminological perspective, online motorcycle taxi drivers experience multiple victimization processes, not only because they are vulnerable to traffic accidents in public spaces, but also because legal policies favor the interests of app companies over field workers. Therefore, regulations are needed that explicitly recognize the status of gig economy workers, including requiring app companies to register drivers in employment social security schemes. A criminological approach can form the basis for formulating fairer policies must protect drivers as legal subjects, not simply positioned as business partners.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are legal protections granted to creators for their original intellectual efforts. These rights cover a wide range of human creativity—such as inventions, artistic works, software, brand identities, industrial designs, and traditional products. By giving creators exclusive control over their work, IPR encourages innovation, supports economic growth, and promotes fair competition in society.

Privacy harms have expanded alongside rapid technological change, challenging the adequacy of existing regulatory frameworks. This systematic review (1990–2025) systematically maps documented privacy harms to specific legal mechanisms and observed enforcement outcomes across jurisdictions, using PRISMA-guided methods and ROBIS risk-of-bias assessment. We synthesize evidence on major regimes (e.g., GDPR, COPPA, CCPA, HIPAA, GLBA) and conduct comparative legal analysis across the U.S., E.U., and underexplored regions in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Key findings indicate increased recognition of data subject rights, persistent gaps in cross-border data governance, and emerging risks from AI/ML/LLMs, IoT, and blockchain, including data breaches, algorithmic discrimination, and surveillance. While regulations have advanced, enforcement variability and fragmented standards limit effectiveness. We propose strategies for harmonization and risk-based, technology-neutral safeguards. While focusing on the U.S. sectoral and E.U. comprehensive models, we include targeted comparisons with Canada (PIPEDA), Australia (Privacy Act/APPs), Japan (APPI), India (DPDPA), Africa (POPIA/NDPR/Kenya DPA), and ASEAN interoperability instruments. This review presents an evidence-based framework for understanding the interplay between evolving harms, emerging technologies, and legal protections, and identifies priorities for strengthening global privacy governance.

It is indicated that the institute of advanced training of lawyers is the subject of the author’s previous research. Continuous professional training of lawyers, being their fundamental duty, ensures the implementation of the constitutional right to professional legal assistance and effective protection of the rights and freedoms of clients. This article is aimed at studying the issues of introducing specialization of lawyers in Ukraine, which remains an insufficiently regulated aspect of modern Ukrainian legal practice. The current Ukrainian legislation regulating the practice of law is analyzed, with an emphasis on its gaps in terms of consolidating the specialization of lawyers. An analysis of scientific approaches to determining the essence of specialization as a means of improving the qualifications of lawyers, as well as its impact on the quality and efficiency of providing legal assistance, is conducted. Attention is also paid to the disclosure of the experience of the countries of the European Union, where specialization of lawyers is already a normatively defined institution. The position is argued according to which, in order to improve the quality of providing professional legal assistance, it is necessary to introduce specialization of lawyers in Ukraine, which provides for: determining the list of areas of specialization of lawyers (similar to the practice of European countries within twenty such areas of law); establishing minimum requirements for lawyers (in particular, at least five years of legal experience); establishing a clear mechanism for assigning such a specialization, which will provide for the need to confirm the presence of both special practical experience and theoretical knowledge, including through an appropriate qualification assessment. The article outlines the key advantages of introducing specialization, such as increasing professional competence, improving legal practice and strengthening client trust. Attention is also drawn to the fact that obtaining the status of a «specialized lawyer» should be associated with mandatory and regular advanced training (at least half of the minimum required credit points for advanced training should relate to the chosen qualification).

The article examines the deontological principles of a lawyer’s activities in cases of domestic violence, in particular the influence of legal ethics on the effectiveness of legal aid. The features of the protection of victims and defendants are considered, the boundaries of professional behavior are determined, which ensure a balance between the rights of the client and respect for the dignity of the other party. It is emphasized that a lawyer in this category of cases must combine a high level of professional competence with the principles of empathy, tact and moral responsibility, preventing secondary traumatization of victims and not going beyond the evidentiary base when forming the defense position. The key principles of legal ethics are indicated: respect for human rights, confidentiality, professional competence, special sensitivity to the psychological state of the client, balance of interests of the parties and continuous professional improvement. The emphasis is on the need to observe ethical boundaries when interacting with victims, accused, the court and law enforcement agencies, as well as on avoiding behavior that may discredit the legal profession or cause additional harm to the participants in the process. The features of the work of a lawyer in cases of domestic violence are given, in particular, in terms of minimizing re-traumatization, correct preparation of evidence and ensuring the implementation of the procedural rights of the parties. The importance of combining the legal and psychological competence of a lawyer, as well as systematic advanced training in the field of gender equality and international standards for the protection of human rights, is especially emphasized. The material is of practical importance for the formation of methodological recommendations for the training of lawyers, scientists, teachers and students of legal specialties, as well as for improving legal practice in the field of combating domestic violence. Compliance with deontological norms allows for effective legal protection, fair trial, and building public trust in the legal system.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of the combat immunity institution in Ukraine in the context of legal adaptation to NATO standards and increasing the efficiency of the defense sector under ongoing military aggression. The author justifies the relevance of the research by highlighting the need to harmonize national legislation with international humanitarian norms, ensure compatibility with the military management systems of NATO member countries, and guarantee legal protection for military personnel and civilians. The current state of regulatory provisions for combat immunity is examined, distinguishing issues such as the lack of a clear definition, uncertainty regarding the range of subjects, procedural shortcomings in documenting combat decisions, and insufficient training of command staff in international humanitarian law. Significant attention is given to the analysis of NATO countries’ experience – specifically the USA, United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Germany – where combat immunity operates either through case law or codified statutes, is applied within strict boundaries, and is never extended to war crimes, with its realization supported by oversight mechanisms and adherence to the principle of proportionality. The comparative analysis demonstrates different legal models: from the American approach shaped by jurisprudence and balancing military necessity with human rights protection, to the British “combat immunity” doctrine in civil law which limits tort liability for combat operations but does not provide immunity for systemic negligence. Separate consideration is given to the legal practices of France, Canada, and Germany, where immunity is regulated by military codes and executive documents (Rules of Engagement), which impose severe sanctions for violations of international humanitarian law. Using the example of Ukrainian judicial practice, particularly the Supreme Court decision in the case of General V. Nazarov, the development of the concept and its application within armed conflict is illustrated. The author emphasizes the necessity of legislative unification of norms, legal specification of immunity boundaries, distinction between criminal and civil liability, establishment of standardized mechanisms for recording combat decisions, and systematic training of military personnel and judges. The author proposes a comprehensive model of combat immunity that integrates adapted NATO practices and Ukrainian realities, enabling effective protection for participants in defense operations, preventing impunity for offences, and strengthening the legal foundations of national security. The conclusions highlight that the successful implementation of combat immunity depends on the combination of legislative reform, procedural standards, and educational components, which together will ensure greater defense capability and legal resilience of the state in wartime challenges.

It is indicated that the right to liberty and personal integrity is one of the basic principles of a democratic state based on the rule of law, which is directly related to the recognition and protection of human dignity. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the right to freedom and personal integrity as one of the fundamental constitutional human rights enshrined in Article 29 of the Constitution of Ukraine. It emphasizes that this right constitutes the foundation of human dignity, autonomy, and the ability to freely exercise other rights and freedoms. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to comprehend the modern constitutional doctrine of Ukraine in light of the decisions of the Constitutional Court, which establish the standards of permissible limitations on freedom, the principles of judicial control, and guarantees of protection against state arbitrariness. The article clarifies the content, essence, and mechanisms for the implementation of the right to freedom and personal integrity through the prism of the Constitutional Court’s practice, identifies the stages of the formation of the national constitutional doctrine, and determines its correlation with international legal standards. The methodological basis of the study comprises formal-legal, systemic, comparative- legal, and analytical methods, which made it possible to comprehensively examine the evolution of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine’s approaches to interpreting Article 29 of the Constitution. As a result, it is established that the Constitutional Court of Ukraine consistently upholds the rule of law, the principle of proportionality, the prohibition of arbitrariness, and the mandatory nature of judicial control as the central mechanism for guaranteeing personal freedom. The Court’s case law demonstrates the integration of European standards into the national legal framework, particularly in the context of ensuring the legality of arrest, detention, and hospitalization of incapacitated persons. It is proven that even during martial law, the state remains obliged to observe constitutional guarantees that prevent arbitrary deprivation of liberty. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the systematization of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine concerning the realization of the right to freedom and personal integrity and in revealing their significance for shaping national standards of legal protection of the individual.

This scientific article clarifies the substantive and essential features of such a form of complicity in the commission of criminal offenses as transnational military organized crime, and also formulates the author’s version of the specified legal concept. It is also stated that according to the formal features that are characteristic of the accomplices of organized criminal activity defined at the legislative level, the specified subject of research should be attributed to its special type, taking into account the high level of social danger of transnational military organized groups and the socially dangerous consequences that arise as a result of their illegal activities. Based on the results of the study, the need is proven at all levels of international cooperation (political, regulatory, doctrinal, etc.) to develop special both international and national legislation that would relate to the prevention and counteraction to transnational military organized crime. The dialectical relationship between this type of criminal offense and war crimes has been determined, as well as with other socially dangerous and punishable acts committed by transnational military organized groups, both in a particular country and in the world as a whole. It has been proven that in combating this form of organized crime, an important place should be played by interaction between states that have become victims of the illegal activities of transnational military organized groups, as well as the activation of joint efforts of law enforcement agencies and generally recognized international structures (Interpol, Europol, NATO, etc.) in this process. It has been stated that due to its socio-political and illegal nature of origin, the great public danger of real encroachments not only and not so much on objects of legal protection in the field of military security, but also on the national security of Ukraine in general, it seems quite logical to establish at the legislative level criminal liability for the creation, leadership, financing, etc., as well as participation in transnational military organized criminal formations.

Domestic violence is one of the most acute socio-legal problems of modern Ukraine, which significantly affects the safety, health and well-being of citizens. Its spread is systemic and goes beyond the private sphere, directly affecting the social structure of society, the level of trust in law enforcement agencies and the effectiveness of legal protection. The article conducts an analytical and legal study of the trends and dynamics of criminal convictions under Article 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine for the period 2020–2025. The results of the study indicate a steady trend towards an increase in the number of criminal convictions for domestic violence: from 853 convictions in 2020 to 2,177 in 2024 and 1,465 in the first nine months of 2025. The share of such sentences in the overall structure of court decisions also gradually increased from 1.24% in 2020 to 2.64% in 2024. This dynamics demonstrates not only the growth of the official response of the state, but also the increase in public attention to the problem. However, a significant number of cases remain latent due to the fear of victims, economic dependence and distrust of protection institutions. In order to deepen the analysis, Ukrainian statistics were compared with international data. In particular, in England and Wales in 2024, 851,062 crimes related to domestic violence were registered, and 51,183 criminal prosecutions were registered. Such an example demonstrates the effectiveness of systematic data collection, the stability of law enforcement practice and developed response mechanisms. French statistics reveal a particularly tragic dimension of the problem: in 2021, 143 deaths related to domestic violence were recorded, 85% of the victims were women, and in 19% of cases children were present. The generalization of the results obtained shows that domestic violence is complex in nature, and effective counteraction requires a combination of criminal law, preventive and social instruments. In Ukraine, positive dynamics of law enforcement are observed, but further improvement of the policy should be aimed at developing preventive mechanisms, strengthening the system of protection of victims and ensuring transparent statistical monitoring. The experience of other European countries can become the basis for the formation of a holistic and effective strategy to combat domestic violence at the national level.

The article examines the role of environmental whistleblowers in the process of Ukraine’s European integration and their contribution to strengthening the rule of law. The significance of the activities of environmental whistleblowers is substantiated both in view of the environmental challenges and dangers that Ukrainian society faces today, and in terms of establishing effective and efficient democracy. Information today serves as the basis of all competencies and orientations in life situations. Providing its citizens with complete and reliable information, generated or stored by the state, is an integral part of both respect for them and recognition of national sovereignty. Information issues are directly correlated with the state’s guarantee of effective implementation of the rule of law, and therefore with issues of European integration. Ensuring environmental security is one of the most important tasks of modern state policy. The activities of environmental whistleblowers in this case become an important mechanism for preventing violations of environmental norms, combating corruption, and building citizens’ trust in state institutions. An important component of the whistleblower institution is the creation of internal and external channels of communication, ensuring confidentiality and prohibiting the persecution of informants. This determines the right of citizens to access environmental information, participation in decision-making and access to justice in the environmental sphere. It has been established that environmental whistleblowers play a key role in identifying and preventing violations in the field of environmental protection, increasing transparency and accountability of government bodies. In Ukraine, the whistleblowing mechanism is provided for by the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption”, but the environmental sphere remains virtually outside its regulatory influence. A positive moment for the national legal system was the accession to the Aarhus Convention and the introduction of environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment procedures. However, the system of legal protection of environmental whistleblowers has not yet been created. The latter often face pressure and persecution that restrain their activity. Ukraine should use the experience of the European Union and its member states to create its own model of protection of environmental whistleblowers as a component of environmental and national security.

This article discusses the application of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), especially patent protection, to the results of processing haminjon sap into perfume products as a form of innovation based on local wisdom. Haminjon sap, a non-timber forest product typical of North Sumatra, has high economic potential if processed into value-added products, such as perfume. However, the protection of this innovation still faces various legal and practical obstacles. Based on Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patents, every invention that meets the elements of novelty, inventive steps, and can be applied in industry is entitled to legal protection. However, the implementation of this protection in the small business sector is still limited due to low IPR literacy, minimal access to information, and relatively high patent registration costs for small businesses. This condition causes many small business actors to not understand the importance of exclusive rights to their inventions, thereby risking losing ownership rights and the economic value of the results of their innovations. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase legal awareness, technical assistance, and affirmative policies from the government to facilitate access to patent protection for local products such as perfume made from haminjon sap, so that they can compete sustainably in the national and international markets.

The tax dispute resolution system in Indonesia plays a strategic role in maintaining a balance between the interests of tax authorities and the rights of taxpayers as part of the principle of legal justice in a country governed by the rule of law. However, the current system still faces various problems, including overlapping authorities between the Directorate General of Taxes and the Tax Court, the institutional dependence of the Tax Court on the Ministry of Finance, and a lengthy settlement process that often causes legal uncertainty for taxpayers. This situation indicates the need to reconstruct the tax dispute resolution system to make it more independent, efficient, and oriented towards substantive justice. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statute, conceptual, and comparative approach. The analysis is conducted on legal norms governing tax courts and dispute resolution practices in several comparative countries. The results show that the tax dispute resolution system in Indonesia does not fully reflect the principles of the rule of law and legal justice as mandated by Article 24 of the 1945 Constitution. Reconstruction is needed by strengthening the institutional position of the Tax Court under the Supreme Court, establishing an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanism for tax disputes, simplifying the objection and appeal processes, and digitizing tax court administration. Through these measures, it is hoped that the tax dispute resolution system in Indonesia can better guarantee certainty, fairness and legal protection for all parties.

This study examines the implementation of the juvenile criminal justice system, which prioritizes Restorative Justice and applies Diversion to resolve cases involving juvenile offenders. This approach emphasizes restoring social cohesion and relationships rather than imposing financial compensation. However, the lack of clear provisions within the legal framework has resulted in Restorative Justice being neither distinctly nor effectively regulated, despite its critical importance. This study aims to evaluate juvenile justice implementation, identify legal gaps, and propose regulatory reconstruction to enhance Restorative Justice effectiveness. This research employs a constructivist paradigm with a socio-legal approach, using descriptive methods and secondary data, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. Data collection was conducted through literature review and qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that legal protection for children as perpetrators remains insufficient, as current regulations focus on the child’s actions rather than the child as a subject of protection. Key weaknesses are identified in three aspects: legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. There are no specific provisions for Restorative Justice, law enforcement agencies lack coordination, and public understanding of Restorative Justice remains limited. The study recommends reconstructing regulations to align legal protection with the principles of justice, ensuring that the rights, rehabilitation, and reintegration of child offenders are fully protected.

This study aims to analyze the forms of default (breach of contract) committed by the government as the employer in the implementation of the Work Order (SPK) and to examine the legal remedies available for contractors to obtain legal protection. This research employs a normative juridical method using statute, case, and conceptual approaches. The legal materials used include primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, analyzed qualitatively through a descriptive-analytical technique. The results indicate that government default commonly occurs in the form of delayed payments, unilateral changes to the scope of work, and contract termination without legal justification. These actions cause losses to contractors due to their weak bargaining position in legal relations with the government. Legal protection for contractors can be pursued through warnings (somasi), civil lawsuits based on Articles 1243–1252 of the Indonesian Civil Code, and non-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation or arbitration as regulated under Law Number 2 of 2017 on Construction Services and Presidential Regulation Number 16 of 2018 on Government Procurement of Goods/Services. This study emphasizes the need to strengthen regulations and improve dispute resolution mechanisms to ensure legal certainty and fairness for contractors in the implementation of work orders.

Indonesia's legal efforts to prevent statelessness in children born to unregistered mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and foreign nationals (WNA) are an important concern because the unclear status of the marriage causes children to lose the administrative basis for obtaining citizenship. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and case approach, one of which is the case of Efa Maulidiyah in Malaysia. The results of the study show that children of Indonesian mothers still have civil relations based on Article 43 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 and Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010, so they are entitled to Indonesian citizenship based on the principle of ius sanguinis in accordance with Article 4 letter (d) of Law Number 12 of 2006. To overcome administrative obstacles, the Indonesian government implemented Permenkumham Number 6 of 2025 as a mechanism for confirming the citizenship status of children born to mixed marriages and strengthening legal protection for Indonesian children abroad.

ABSTRACT This article uses data from the 2010 China Women’s Social Status Survey to examine how work environments affect intimate partner violence (IPV) against employed women. While prior studies emphasize women’s economic empowerment as a deterrent to IPV, this study highlights the role of occupational hazards accompanying female labour participation. The analysis shows that exposure to chemical toxins, dust, noise, or excessive physical strain significantly raises the frequency and likelihood of IPV. To address endogeneity, we instrument workplace hazards with the number of provincial regulations on occupational disease prevention enacted before 2010 and estimate the relationship using two-stage least squares; the results are robust. Mechanism analyses indicate that harmful working conditions elevate IPV risk primarily through adverse health impacts rather than through earnings. Heterogeneity analyses further reveal stronger effects among higher-wage workers, older women, and those without health insurance, and weaker effects among women in higher-status occupations or in regions with stronger enforcement of women’s legal protections. These findings emphasize the critical need to address workplace conditions to reduce IPV and support women’s well-being both at work and at home.

The administration of Hajj and Umrah in Indonesia faces complex governance challenges, such as extremely long pilgrim queues, weak supervision of Umrah Travel Organizers (PPIU), and the increasing number of fraud cases that harm pilgrims. The repeated failures of travel agencies to properly facilitate or repatriate pilgrims highlight the urgent need to strengthen legal protection mechanisms. In response, the government has promoted the modernization of governance through digital innovation, aligning with Saudi Arabia’s vision of digital transformation. This digitalization serves a dual purpose: enhancing the efficiency and transparency of public services while simultaneously reinforcing the state’s regulatory and control functions over private organizers. This study aims to analyze the modernization of Hajj and Umrah governance through digital innovation, evaluate the effectiveness of digital systems such as the Integrated Hajj Computerization System (Siskohat) in improving services and oversight, and examine the adequacy of the legal framework particularly Law No. 8 of 2019 in providing legal protection for pilgrims. The research employs a normative juridical method, analyzing the legal framework governing Hajj and Umrah administration, including Law No. 8 of 2019, the Consumer Protection Act, and derivative regulations issued by the Ministry of Religious Affairs concerning PPIU standards and certification. Digital innovations such as Siskohat have successfully integrated registration, payment, and data validation processes, significantly improving efficiency and transparency. New platforms like SERAMBI facilitate online licensing and accreditation for PPIUs, transforming the traditional periodic-manual supervision model into a system of continuous digital surveillance. Normatively, Law No. 8 of 2019 provides a strong legal foundation, including severe criminal sanctions for organizers engaged in fraud or negligence. However, there remains a gap between the availability of data generated by digital systems and the effectiveness of law enforcement in practice, as fraudulent activities continue to occur. The governance of Hajj and Umrah is thus undergoing a transformation toward a data-driven model characterized by greater modernity and transparency. Despite robust digital innovations and a solid legal framework, the protection of pilgrims remains suboptimal due to weak law enforcement. It is therefore recommended that the Ministry of Religious Affairs establish a collaborative task force with the National Police to proactively utilize data from Siskohat and other digital systems for investigation and strict enforcement against problematic PPIUs, thereby ensuring that legal sanctions are applied effectively.