Abstract Despite Germany’s progressive constitutional and statutory commitments to animal protection, the effective enforcement of animal welfare norms remains limited by persistent structural deficits. This Article examines the legal and institutional barriers impeding judicial enforcement, with particular attention to restrictive standing doctrines—most notably the protective norm theory—and systemic disincentives within administrative practice. Drawing on comparative insights from environmental law, including association standing and rights of nature frameworks, the Article explores procedural innovations and institutional reforms that may enhance access to justice in the field of animal protection. It further assesses the potential of strategic litigation to expose systemic failures. Strategic litigation may prompt legal and political change, particularly where normative commitments remain unmet. The Article concludes by outlining reform pathways and situating the German experience within broader debates on access to justice and the evolving role of courts in advancing the legal protection of nonhuman interests.

Indonesia is a country with significant agricultural potential. Within the framework of national law, Indonesia has established regulations to protect farmers' rights. At the international level, Indonesia has also demonstrated its commitment by ratifying the CBD, ITPGRFA, and the Nagoya Protocol. However, despite the existence of normative bases regulating the protection of farmers' rights, the implementation of these provisions in practice remain suboptimal. Local farmers often do not receive adequate recognition for their contributions. The type of research used normative legal research. Normative legal research is a type of research that analyzes and examines secondary data or reference materials. The study's results indicate that the protection of farmers' rights in Indonesia remains weak due to the dominance of an individualistic approach to intellectual property, as reflected in the PVT Law, which does not adequately accommodate the collective contributions of farmers to local varieties. Traditional farmers' rights, such as seed breeding and exchange, are marginalized and even at risk of criminalization. Farmers' weak bargaining position is exacerbated by factors such as age, low educational levels, and a lack of regeneration due to the negative stigma associated with the farming profession. Although Government Regulation No. 56 of 2022 recognizes farmers' knowledge as communal wealth, the documentation requirements pose an obstacle. The Access and Benefit-Sharing principle has also been adopted in Law No. 65 of 2024, but it has not been supplemented with technical implementation regulations. Therefore, Regulatory reform is needed through a sui generis system that recognizes the collective rights of farmers, as well as a revision of the PVT Law and the issuance of technical government regulations to ensure fair and contextual legal protection.

Medical negligence is one of the most complex issues in Indonesia's criminal law system and healthcare services. This problem arises when medical actions do not meet professional standards, resulting in harm, serious injury, or patient death. This research aims to analyze criminal law regulations regarding doctors' liability in cases of medical negligence, identify juridical and normative constraints in proving it, and offer directions for legal reform to achieve a balance between legal protection for patients and legal certainty for medical personnel. This research uses a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The research results show that the criminal liability of doctors has been regulated in the old Criminal Code (Articles 359 and 360), the new Criminal Code (Article 474 of Law Number 1 of 2023), and Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health. However, there is no lex specialis that clearly distinguishes between professional negligence and medical malpractice, resulting in overlaps between ethical, disciplinary, and criminal violations. The main obstacles in proving the element of fault (culpa) lie in the difficulty of determining the causal relationship between medical actions and their consequences, weak medical record documentation, and lack of synchronization between professional ethical mechanisms and criminal law processes. Therefore, legal reform is needed to clarify the boundaries of criminal liability for medical personnel through the implementation of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), restorative justice, and professional liability insurance systems. Comprehensive legal reform is expected to create a fair, balanced health law system that provides legal certainty for all parties.

The article is devoted to the study of the development of the domestic criminal procedural form at the present historical stage by means of its differentiation. In the criminal procedural science, there is an increase in the number of critical assessments of the growing number of variable procedures, formalities and many conditions in differentiated forms. The absence of a single conceptual model and basic criteria for differentiation of the criminal procedural form, unjustified fragmentation of the general form can negatively affect the effectiveness of legal protection. The study is based on general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition, which made it possible to analyze sources on the selected topic and synthesize knowledge about the current state of the domestic criminal procedural form. The analysis of opinions presented in the criminal procedural science regarding the grounds (criteria) for differentiation of the criminal procedural form made it possible to formulate significant theoretical conclusions of the author of the manuscript on the issue under study. The author comes to the conclusion that it is important to maintain a balance between the general form and the features associated with differentiation. The main criterion for differentiating the criminal procedural form, according to the author, should be the subject’s feature, clearly formulated and excluding ambiguity, forming the need to increase the level of protection of rights. The content of the differentiating criterion should predetermine the content of the variable form. The findings are scientifically novel and of practical significance, since they contribute to the improvement of criminal procedural legislation and the development of the science of criminal procedural law.

Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) are a major public health concern worldwide. Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use have significantly improved survival outcomes. Police officers are often the first to arrive at the OHCA scene of and play a critical role in early intervention. In 2024, the New Taipei City Police Department launched a Police AED Program in collaboration with the Fire Department. Despite this initiative, concerns remain regarding officer preparedness and willingness to perform CPR and use AEDs when dispatched. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to December 2024 among 4,867 frontline police officers who received standardized CPR and AED training (15-minute lecture and 45-minute hands-on session). Before training, a 33-item validated questionnaire assessing demographics, knowledge, confidence, legal awareness, and willingness to be dispatched was completed. After excluding incomplete responses, 3,744 valid questionnaires (76.9%) were analyzed. Cronbach's alpha was 0.81. Statistical analyses included chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests, and stepwise logistic regression, with subgroup analysis by age and years of service quartiles. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Far Eastern Memorial Hospital (Approval No. 112212-E). Results: Among the 3,744 respondents, 2,785 (74.4%) were willing to be dispatched for CPR and AED use. Officers aged 28–32 showed higher willingness than those ≤27 (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01–1.63, p = 0.038), while those with 4–7 years of service were less willing than those with ≤4 years (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54–0.84, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in older groups. Barriers included legal concerns and low confidence, with younger officers citing workload and preference to help known individuals. Key facilitators were training, legal protection, and incentives, with patterns varying by age and experience. Conclusion: Our study revealed that most frontline officers were willing to be dispatched to perform CPR and to use AEDs; however, barriers such as legal concerns and low self-confidence persist. Tailored interventions such as legal protection, skill-focused training, and age-appropriate incentives are recommended to enhance police participation in prehospital resuscitation efforts.

High-quality brand development requires both innovation and legal protection. Although innovation and branding reinforce each other, companies must also prioritize legal safeguards to prevent brand image damage caused by infringement. Therefore, a city’s level of innovation and intellectual property protection jointly shapes its brand development potential. Green fiscal policies can incentivize enterprises to invest in eco-friendly technological R&D, thereby providing foundational support for brand development. This study utilizes trademark data (2005–2018) from 299 prefecture-level cities in China and employs a quasi-natural experiment based on the pilot program of “Comprehensive Demonstration Cities for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction.” A multi-period DID model is utilized to assess whether such fiscal policies enhance urban brand development potential. According to the findings, the policy substantially improves brand potential by raising awareness of intellectual property and restricting industrial energy use. Heterogeneity analysis reveals stronger policy effects in western and eastern urban areas, particularly in cities with more “Time-Honored Chinese Brands,” increased research and development investment, lower fiscal pressure, greater marketization, and non-resource-based economies. These results add to the literature on brand innovation and protection and provide empirical support for the role of green fiscal policy in promoting brand growth potential.

Background: Research indicates that domestic violence remains a social- and economy-driven problem in India, particularly in urban regions. This holds especially true for Lucknow, where domestic violence case numbers are particularly high. While some forms of abuse and neglect are addressed, the lingering impact of domestic violence from a psychological standpoint depression, anxiety, PTSD, and suicidal behaviour-are largely neglected. Nearly 18 years of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA, 2005),but also by, limited legal awareness and enforcement. Purpose: This studies the direct psychological impact of domestic violence in women located in Lucknow. Documented research suggests the primary and neglected PTSD symptoms-including suicidal tendency-need focused research. This is driven by a gap in research that fails to assess the impact of legislative measures on mental health, legal knowledge, and justice access on psychological distress. Methods: A mixed-method research framework was designed where 264 women were surveyed and qualitative interviews were conducted. Standardized mental health assessment tools (PHQ-9, GAD-7, PCL-5) were employed. Regression analysis domestic violence severity with mental health outcomes and qualitative experiences with legal measures were evaluated through thematic analysis. Results: High domestic violence abuse is correlated with high levels of depressive, anxious, and PTSD symptoms. Legal abuse in this format, and discrimination enforcement, along with delay dominance proved limiting in impact. Conclusion: Developing more mental health and legal support resources, enhancing police training, and increasing awareness must be a priority to help minimize psychological injury and bolster legal protections for women.

Abstract British people's relationships with birds changed at the turn of the 20th century. Killing birds for food, feathers, collections and sports started to give way to seeing birds as creatures that deserved the right to live their own lives in nature. Studying the historical campaign against using birds in fashion offers insights into present discussions on the value of nature and how to leverage values for broader sustainability transformation. The wearing of bird feathers by women was debated in the media, on the streets, in shopping environments and on many other occasions. The campaign against feather fashions was instrumental in creating the (Royal) Society for the Protection of Birds [(R)SPB] and an important issue for other conservation organisations. This study is based on an analysis of around 200 leaflets, reports, academic and popular science articles, letters and other documents, mostly associated with the (R)SPB, covering three decades from 1889 to 1921. The (R)SPB campaign and the broader debate on feather fashions exemplify early attempts to shape people's relationship with birds. The campaign focused on moving from the consumptive use of birds towards the appreciation of the birds' rights to live in the wild and for people to develop meaningful relationships with them. It emphasised relational values on top of intrinsic and instrumental ones. The campaign illustrates how clashing values led to a broader transformative change. It involved working with worldviews, in particular, reinterpreting the Christian foundation as a sense of responsibility for other God's creatures and avoiding cruelty and harm to them. It also involved other strategies for transformative change, notably arguing for a systemic change in the sector specifically responsible for bird loss and promoting the legal protection of nature. It featured arguments that were used in many other campaigns for nature conservation, most notably those recently framed as relational values. Policy implications . This case study shows that conservation is not a linear story of continuous improvement or refinement of ideas but rather a cyclical one, with the same arguments reappearing in new contexts, fitting into the broader system of socio‐economic priorities. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

This study discusses legal protection for victims of human trafficking disguised as job vacancies in Myanmar, which has affected hundreds of Indonesian citizens. This phenomenon shows a new mode of digital-based human trafficking through social media, offering fictitious high-paying jobs that ultimately lead to forced labor in the online scamming sector. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach, which examines Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, the 2000 Palermo Protocol, and a number of International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions related to forced labor and labor migration. The results of the study show that this case fulfills the elements of human trafficking as stipulated in Article 2 paragraph (1) of the TPPO Law, because there are elements of recruitment, fraud, confinement, and forced labor exploitation. From an international law perspective, these actions violate the provisions of the Palermo Protocol and the ILO convention on the elimination of forced labor. The Indonesian government has a legal and moral responsibility to provide protection and recovery for victims of TPPO, as well as to ensure the principle of non-criminalization. However, the implementation of protection is still hampered by weak supervision of digital recruitment, jurisdictional limitations, and suboptimal cross-border cooperation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the digital-based migrant protection system, enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation, and apply the principle of state due diligence in the prevention and enforcement of laws against cross-border TPPO.

This article aims to explore the significance of the European Union's digital sovereignty protection model as a representative model in the era of big data, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding national data security and sovereignty in the digital economy. The European Union has constructed a legal protection framework centered around the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and various policy documents, establishing itself as a leader in the global data protection field. The European Union's digital sovereignty protection model revolves around protecting personal data within the framework of the Digital Single Market and operates on two dimensions: internal and external. Internally, it focuses on creating a unified digital market and advancing digital technologies, while externally it aims to reduce dependence on data superpowers and enhance international influence. The European Union's efforts in digital sovereignty protection serve as an important example for global digital governance and personal privacy protection.

The practice of nikah sirri (unregistered marriage), which still occurs in several regions including Gampong Ajuen, Peukan Bada District, Aceh Besar Regency, raises serious issues, particularly regarding legal protection for women and children. This study aims to describe the practice of nikah sirri in Gampong Ajuen, analyze its impact on legal protection, and identify preventive, mitigative, and solution-oriented measures to minimize its negative consequences. The research applies a qualitative method with a sociological-empirical approach through field data collection. The findings show that nikah sirri creates various problems, such as wives losing their legal rights when abandoned, and children facing difficulties in obtaining birth certificates, legal recognition, and inheritance rights due to the absence of official marriage registration. This situation highlights the legal and social vulnerabilities experienced by women and children as a result of unregistered marriages. To address these issues, strategic measures are required, including public education on marriage registration through the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA), documentation of nikah sirri couples by village authorities, social assistance from DP3A and the Civil Registry Office, and marriage legalization through isbat nikah at the Sharia Court. The contribution of this research is expected to serve as a reference for formulating legal protection policies while strengthening the fulfillment of women’s and children’s rights at both local and national levels.

This research examines the framework of legal protection for children who are victims of psychological, emotional, and moral abuse in society. While physical and sexual abuse often receive the most public and legal attention, these non-physical forms of abuse have damaging and often invisible impacts that can fundamentally hinder a child’s development. This study analyzes existing legal instruments, both international and national, to identify the extent of available legal protection and the challenges in its enforcement. Theoretically, legal protection against non-physical abuse of children is rooted in the principles of child human rights, recognized in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and child protection laws in many countries. However, this research finds that legal implementation on the ground faces several significant challenges. These challenges include: 1) Lack of clear definitions: Psychological, emotional, and moral abuse are often difficult to define legally, making them challenging to prove in court. 2) Invisible nature: Non-physical forms of abuse leave no physical marks, which complicates evidence gathering and often leads to cases not being taken seriously. 3) Challenges in proving cases: The subjective nature of non-physical abuse makes proof complex, as it often relies on the testimony of a vulnerable child or indirect evidence. 4) Lack of awareness: There is a lack of awareness among the public, law enforcement officials, and even parents about the dangers of non-physical abuse to children. This study concludes that effective legal protection for children who are victims of non-physical abuse requires a multidisciplinary approach. It is crucial to enact legal reforms to provide clearer definitions and stronger sanctions, enhance training for law enforcement officials, and build robust psychological and social support systems for children. Additionally, public awareness campaigns are needed to change perceptions and encourage society to be more sensitive to these hidden forms of abuse, ensuring every child can grow up in a safe and supportive environment.

This study examines legal protection for vulnerable communities from the perspective of environmental justice and human rights in the era of climate change. Climate change exacerbates the vulnerability of marginalized groups, thus requiring a comprehensive legal approach. This study analyzes how existing legal and policy frameworks, both at the national and international levels, can effectively protect the rights of vulnerable communities affected by climate change. Environmental justice is the main focus of these frameworks, ensuring that environmental burdens are distributed fairly and do not disproportionately burden vulnerable groups. In addition, the study explores the role of corporate responsibility in climate change mitigation and adaptation, highlighting how business activities can impact the human rights of vulnerable communities. Stakeholder engagement, including consumers and investors, is considered essential in driving sustainable business practices. The study aims to identify gaps in current legal protections and propose policy recommendations to improve environmental justice and human rights for vulnerable communities in the era of climate change. It emphasizes the need for urgent action to protect groups most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, considering ethical, social, and economic dimensions to achieve equitable and sustainable solutions.

Introduction Labor trafficking is a widespread yet underreported form of exploitation that disproportionately affects migrant populations. Migrants often face coercion, deception, and abuse across various labor sectors, and these circumstances are often exacerbated by structural inequalities and legal protections. There is a pressing need to synthesize existing knowledge and integrate stakeholders’ perspectives to inform future prevention and policies. Objective This study examines the scope, nature, and thematic trends in the literature on labor trafficking among migrant populations and augments these findings with qualitative insights from stakeholders working directly with trafficked migrant populations. Methods A scoping review was conducted following A scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Nineteen peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2014 and 2024 were analyzed across four databases. In parallel, 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with service providers, researchers, and advocates experienced in labor trafficking. Structural violence theory guided the thematic analysis using Quirkos software. Results Seven major themes emerged: (1) informal recruitment networks, (2) hazardous and exploitative working conditions, (3) psychological and physical coercion, (4) economic and structural vulnerability, (5) gender-based vulnerabilities, (6) inadequate legal protections and enforcement gaps, and (7) mental health impacts. The qualitative data highlight the lived realities and systemic challenges trafficked migrants face and help validate and enrich the findings from the scoping review. Conclusion Labor trafficking among migrants is driven by economic, legal, and social vulnerabilities. Comprehensive, survivor-centered policies are urgently needed: reforms to recruitment practices, expanded mental health support, and stronger legal frameworks. The study findings call for cross-sectoral collaboration and the integration of migrant voices in program and policy design to combat trafficking for labor exploitation.

The development of digital technology has created serious challenges to the protection of citizens’ privacy rights. The rampant leakage and misuse of personal data by the public and private sectors shows the weakness of existing legal protection. Although Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection has been enacted, the effectiveness of its implementation is still in doubt, especially in ensuring justice for victims of privacy violations. This article analyzes the legal protection of privacy rights using the principle of justice approach, namely distributive, corrective, and procedural justice. The approach used is juridical-normative, complemented by case studies of personal data violations. The results of the study show that legal protection of privacy rights is still inadequate in substance. Therefore, the principle of justice needs to be used as the main foundation in the reconstruction of the legal system in the digital era.

Children as perpetrators of sexual violence crimes presents a complex dilemma in the Indonesian criminal justice system. On the one hand, there is a need to provide justice for victims and enforce the law, but on the other hand, the state is obliged to provide special protection for children involved in the law based on the Child Criminal Justice System Law (UU SPPA). Children in conflict with the law, whether due to coercion, ignorance, or environmental factors, require a different approach from adult perpetrators. This research is normative legal research using a statutory and conceptual approach. Data collection was carried out through a literature study of primary legal materials such as laws and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of books and scientific journals, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show that the legal system in Indonesia has adopted the principle of the best interest of the child through diversion and restorative justice mechanisms. Legal protection is provided at every stage of the trial, from investigation to post-decision guidance, with a focus on rehabilitation rather than retribution. Child perpetrators can be subject to action, not criminal sanctions in prison, which are adjusted to their age and level of guilt. However, its implementation still faces challenges such as social stigma, limited capacity of foster institutions, and harmonization between the rights of children as perpetrators and the rights of victims.

The development of the criminal justice system in Indonesia, which was previously implemented with a retributive system, has not been fully able to fulfill the sense of justice for the community. A policy was issued with a restorative justice system that is oriented towards justice, considering that victims of criminal acts can not only experience material losses but are very likely to experience immaterial losses. The definition of restorative justice is an effort to provide a restoration of relationships and redemption of mistakes that the perpetrator of the crime (his family) wants to do to the victim of the crime (his family) with peace efforts outside the court. The intent and purpose are that legal problems that arise as a result of the criminal act can be resolved properly by reaching an agreement between the parties so that there is no element of revenge. This research is a type of normative juridical research, with the specification of descriptive analysis research. It uses research methods obtained by researchers indirectly through intermediary media and using library techniques, in analyzing the formulation of the problem using the theory of law application and the theory of legal protection. Restorative justice is currently not only a concern of the police and the Attorney General’s Office, but also the Supreme Court and several agencies in the Criminal Justice System in Indonesia. This can be seen from the issuance of a Joint Memorandum of Understanding between the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia, the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 131/KMA/SKB/X/2012 Concerning the Implementation of the Application of Adjustments to the Limits of Minor Crimes, the Amount of Fines, Fast Examination Procedures, and the Application of Restorative Justice and Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2024 concerning Guidelines for Trying Criminal Cases Based on Restorative Justice. This requires special attention to the implementation of handling every criminal case that prioritizes restorative justice, because there is a conflict of norms in its application and handling since it is contrary to the Criminal Procedure Code. So, an ideal concept is needed in the criminal justice system in Indonesia, namely its handling by the law enforcement institution of the Attorney General’s Office.

The right to immunity is a form of legal protection for advocates that guarantees that advocates as legal defenders cannot be prosecuted criminally, civilly, and administratively in carrying out their duties. However, several recent cases have highlighted the application of advocate immunity rights that show inconsistencies with the regulations. The research method used in this paper is normative juridical and data were collected through literature studies. The results of the study indicate that there is state recognition of the right to immunity for advocates through regulations in several laws and regulations. An example is the determination of a suspect by the Yogyakarta Regional Police against Meila, an advocate who was defending the rights of her client who was a victim of sexual violence, and questions regarding the limitations of the use of immunity rights in the case of Fredrich, former attorney for Setya Novanto who was involved in the e-KTP corruption case and was considered to have attempted to obstruct the investigation. These cases reflect the confusion of the concept of the application of immunity rights in Indonesia. This study aims to discuss the provisions of Indonesian law regarding the right to immunity for advocates and the role of immunity rights in supporting advocates in carrying out their professional responsibilities as law enforcers. In addition, this study examines the important role of immunity rights in supporting the legal process to run in an orderly manner in accordance

Procurement in the body of goods and services of the National Police is currently carried out electronically since the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions has been given broad legal space. E-procurement as an information system is a synergy between data, data processing machines (which usually include computers, application programs, and networks), and humans to produce information. This study uses a normative legal approach method with analytical descriptive research specifications. Secondary data comes from primary legal materials, secondary law, and tertiary law, as well as legal expert sources. Data collection through a mixed method between field data and literature. Data processing is carried out qualitatively, then conclusions are drawn using the inductive method. Research problems are analyzed using the theory of legal protection, theory of legal systems, and theory of legal certainty. The results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of the law on procurement of goods and services in the National Police in terms of the effectiveness of its legislation by referring to the organizational perspective on government procurement of goods and services and the role of supervisory institutions in government procurement of goods and services. The data collection was carried out by literature study with legal materials, namely laws and regulations. Data obtained from the literature study were qualitatively analyzed from an empirical perspective. The results of the study show that the law governing the procurement of goods and services has not provided sufficiently strict sanctions, leading to violations still occurring. But with the existence of e-procurement, procurement of goods and services has become more transparent.

The research aims to examine and analyze the regulation of women’s rights in divorce lawsuits. The research method used is legal research with a sociological legal approach, analyzed using feminist legal theory, progressive legal theory, and the theory of justice in Islamic law. The results of the study show that the regulation of women’s rights in divorce lawsuits at the Religious Court is very important to guarantee legal protection, justice, and the welfare of women after divorce. Based on Law No. 1 of 1974 and the Compilation of Islamic Law, women have the right to iddah, mut’ah, joint property, child custody, and child support. The justice approach through progressive law, feminist legal theory, and Islamic law strengthens protection for women who are often marginalized economically and socially. The Jepara Religious Court together with stakeholders must actively conduct legal socialization and provide execution funding assistance through the APBD (Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget) or Village Funds to facilitate access to justice for women after divorce.