The distribution of Islamic inheritance documented in a notarial deed has legal implications not only for heirs but also for third parties who possess legal interests in the deceased’s estate. Third parties, such as creditors and bona fide purchasers, are often in a vulnerable position when inheritance distribution is conducted without considering attached legal rights. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for third parties and the role and responsibility of notaries in ensuring legal certainty in Islamic inheritance distribution. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that notarial deeds function as both preventive and repressive legal protection instruments and position notaries as key actors in safeguarding justice, legal certainty, and the protection of third-party rights within Islamic inheritance law.

To explore the specific needs of patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), caregivers, and health care professionals (HCPs) for a mobile health (mHealth) app, aiming to inform the design and development of effective mHealth service solutions. This descriptive qualitative study was conducted from June to September 2024 in the wound care clinics of 2 local hospitals. Participants included patients with DFUs, caregivers, and HCPs directly involved in their care. Interview data were analyzed, synthesized, and refined using content analysis. Five key themes emerged: the pressing need to implement mHealth app services, convenient and personalized access to information, continuous and specialized health guidance, a multidisciplinary approach to disease management, and free access alongside privacy and legal protections. This study provides valuable insights for the design and development of an mHealth app for DFU. During the development process, it is essential to consider user needs and ensure the app meets the expectations of patients and related groups for personalized, continuous, and specialized health guidance; free access; privacy protection; and multidisciplinary collaboration. A balance should be struck between convenience and security of the app's features, to encourage user engagement and enhance the app's value and effectiveness.

Prevalence and social-structural correlates of forced moves among women living with HIV in metro vancouver, Canada.

• Bicycle delivery riders face safety risks beyond traffic or personal behavior alone. • This qualitative study explored safety, identity, and equity issues among them. • Riders report feeling underrepresented in policy, labor protection, and urban cycling dynamics. • Digital demands and precarious status undermine compliance with road safety norms. • Legal precarity, social marginalization, and inequity concerns intersect in work safety-related practices. The expansion of the gig economy has led to a growing number of urban workers engaged in app-based food delivery. This sector, often seen as flexible, conceals complex occupational, legal, and psychosocial risks. Recent evidence suggests that delivery riders’ safety is shaped not only by infrastructure or individual behavior, but also by precarious work conditions, limited legal protections, and forms of social exclusion that remain largely unaddressed. This qualitative study examined how safety, identity, and equity are experienced and negotiated in app-based bicycle delivery in Spain, with attention to algorithmic timing, organizational rules, and street-level conditions. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with food delivery riders (mostly migrant men) in urban areas of Spain. A reflexive thematic analysis (inductive) was applied, with attention to patterns, contrasts across cases, and speech insights suggesting broader socio-labor dynamics. Three core themes were identified: (1) persistent exposure to traffic and environmental hazards, often aggravated by digital pressures and limited enforcement of safety regulations; (2) a fragmented social identity, with riders feeling excluded from both formal labor structures and mainstream cycling culture; and (3) strong perceptions of systemic inequity, including legal precarity, economic fragility, and marginalization in public and policy narratives, which may influence how riders manage risk in practice (e.g., rule compliance, incident reporting) and, in turn, safety outcomes. The findings highlight the vulnerabilities of bicycle food delivery riders and suggest the need to rethink how safety, labor protections, and urban inclusion are framed and implemented in this sector.

Mifepristone Provision Following Policy Shifts in 2022 & 2023.

This research aims to analyze the legal arrangements and forms of punishment for minors who are involved in narcotics abuse, as well as to identify the factors that cause children to fall into this action. This research is motivated by the increasing number of cases of narcotics abuse by children, which raises concerns regarding legal protection for children and the effectiveness of the juvenile criminal justice system in Indonesia. The research method used is a normative juridical method with a statutory approach, case studies. Data sources were obtained through literature studies of statutory regulations, literature books, scientific journals. The results of the research show that legal regulations regarding children involved in narcotics abuse have been contained in Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. However, in practice, the approach to punishment towards children still tends to be repressive. Diversion and rehabilitation have not yet become a complete priority. Apart from that, factors such as a non-conducive family environment, peer influence, social pressure, and weak legal education are factors that encourage children to abuse narcotics. This research recommends the need to strengthen the juvenile criminal justice system based on restorative justice, legal education for children and families, as well as cross-sector collaboration in preventing and handling juvenile and narcotics cases.

ABSTRACT This study examines experiences of identity, place, and belonging among Syrian refugees living in Türkiye within the context of national boundary-making and membership regimes. In situations of forced migration, belonging is not limited to individual self-identification; rather, it is politically negotiated through mechanisms of inclusion, recognition, and exclusion within the national community. Drawing on qualitative in-depth interviews with 60 Syrian refugees living under the temporary protection regime, the study explores how refugees position themselves in relation to national membership. The findings reveal a structural tension between legal protection and de facto political membership. Participants’ experiences of belonging are shaped by equal treatment, public recognition, economic security, and the predictability of legal status. Belonging does not emerge as a natural attachment based on cultural similarity or geographical proximity. Instead, it appears as a conditional and fragile form of membership shaped by public discourse, everyday interactions, and the broader political environment. By conceptualizing this condition as “conditional belonging,” the study highlights the tension between legal presence and suspended political membership under temporary protection regimes. The article contributes to debates on nationalism and citizenship by demonstrating how the boundaries of national identity are reproduced and contested in contexts of forced migration.

The long struggle of human rights defenders in Indonesia continues to be met with serious challenges that remain unresolved. This study examines the political practice of law in protecting human rights defenders by analyzing existing legal frameworks and their implementation. Normatively, Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights provides guarantees through several provisions, including Articles 3(2), 4, 8, 29(1), 30, 71, and 72. However, these legal protections have not been effectively implemented in practice. Empirical findings reveal that human rights defenders continue to experience various forms of violations, such as intimidation, physical and psychological attacks, criminalization, and judicial harassment. These actions often occur when defenders advocate for justice, environmental protection, and the preservation of livelihoods. Although regulatory frameworks formally recognize protection, they remain insufficient without more specific and comprehensive legal instruments, such as a dedicated law on human rights defenders. This research employs a normative legal method, utilizing legislative, conceptual, and case approaches to identify the gap between legal ideals and empirical realities. The findings indicate that weak protection mechanisms are largely due to the state's limited role in strengthening legal institutions that favor human rights defenders. The absence of a specific legal framework, combined with a repressive legal culture, exacerbates defenders' vulnerability in Indonesia. The primary purpose of this study is to emphasize the need for legal-political reconstruction oriented toward substantive justice through stricter regulation and the internalization of human rights values in law enforcement practice

Healthcare is a fundamental right of every citizen and must be provided safely, with quality, and professionally. In practice, surgical procedures carry a high risk of causing harm to patients if negligence is committed by doctors or other medical personnel. Doctors’ negligence in surgical procedures remains one of the legal issues that frequently gives rise to disputes between patients and hospitals. Surgical procedures that are not carried out in accordance with professional standards and standard operating procedures may result in physical and psychological harm, and even the death of the patient. Hospitals are healthcare institutions that play an important role in realizing the highest possible level of public health. As healthcare facilities, hospitals not only provide medical facilities and infrastructure, but also coordinate the various health workers involved in delivering services to patients. In practice, hospitals and health personnel, particularly doctors, have a close relationship in providing healthcare services that are safe, of good quality, and in accordance with professional standards. Therefore, the legal relationship that arises between hospitals, health personnel, and patients is not only related to aspects of medical services, but also to aspects of legal liability when a patient suffers harm. In the development of health law, the concept of hospital liability was initially based on the doctrine of vicarious liability. This doctrine places hospitals as parties responsible for the acts of health workers who work within an employment relationship or under the supervision of the hospital. In other words, mistakes committed by health workers may give rise to liability for the hospital as the employer. However, the increasingly complex development of healthcare systems shows that the doctrine of vicarious liability is not always able to provide optimal legal protection for patients or to answer the various legal problems that arise in the provision of modern healthcare services. Hospitals may be held liable under civil, administrative, and criminal law if negligence causing patient harm is proven. Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health strengthens legal protection for patients while expanding the responsibility of healthcare institutions for the quality of the services provided.

Age equality was enshrined in UK law by the Equality Act of 2010, which defined age as a protected characteristic and age discrimination unlawful, unless objectively justified. To date relatively little attention has been paid to how this legal requirement is interpreted and applied in healthcare. Such a lack of clarity raises significant legal and ethical questions regarding how age affects access to and provision of care. This scoping review aims to address this gap. It examines how age and age groups are considered in healthcare policies and decision-making processes and how age equality duties are understood and implemented in practice. The scoping review draws on national and regional policy and decision-making documents, and relevant academic literature. It has two main objectives: first, to examine the explicit and implicit ways age influences healthcare provision. Second, to assess how different age-groups are represented or omitted in healthcare decision-making processes that determine access to care. Attention is given to age-based distinctions and omissions, their stated justifications or their absence in policy, and healthcare decision-making. Our findings indicate that despite legal protections, age equality is not yet consistently embedded in healthcare policy or practice with significant unresolved ethical tensions in approaches to age-equality. We identified gaps between stated policy commitments and implementation, limited attention to age-related inequalities and little clarity on when such inequalities may constitute inequities or raise concerns about unlawful discrimination. These include a lack of evidence for systematic monitoring of age-related inequalities and potential inequities, and lack of practical guidance to support healthcare decision-makers in meeting their equality duties. It remains unclear whether and how key ethical tensions in the pursuit of age equality are resolved by decision-makers. To support a more consistent and transparent approach to age equality in healthcare, efforts should focus on strengthened decision-making processes and clearer operational guidance. The routine use of age-sensitive equality impact assessments across services could enable a more systematic identification of age-related health inequalities and inequities that may be overlooked across the lifecourse.

Immigrants' involvement in crime has been extensively assessed, yet far less attention has been given to their experiences as victims. This study centers on the voices of immigrants to examine their experiences with victimization. Drawing from a larger multimethod study, we analyze qualitative narrative responses from 56 Latin American immigrants. Of the participants interviewed (63% women, age range 18-68), 29 had permanent or temporary resident status, and 27 were undocumented (average 20.4 years in the United States). Our results identified four themes: experiences with violent victimization, gender-based violence, labor exploitation, and escalated police interactions. Our findings reveal that many participants did not initially recognize their experiences as victimization, instead normalizing exposure to violence, exploitation, and institutional harm. Gender-based violence was prevalent, with survivors often silenced by threats of deportation and limited knowledge of legal protections. Labor exploitation emerged as a routine form of abuse, compounded by legal precarity and fear of retaliation. Notably, police interactions were frequently described as traumatic, further eroding trust in formal systems. These results highlight the urgent need for trauma-informed, culturally responsive, and immigration-sensitive services that address both the direct and structural forms of victimization undocumented immigrants face. Implications for policy, community practice, and future research are discussed.

Purpose This study examined the barriers Hispanic community members face in accessing information about employment rights under Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Although the ADA provides legal workplace protections, Hispanic individuals with disabilities often remain under-informed and underserved, revealing a critical gap in outreach, education, and equitable access to rights-based information. This research centers on community perspectives on how ADA-related employment information is accessed and understood. Materials and methods Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with Hispanic participants across Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Participants included individuals with disabilities, family members, and service providers. Interviews were conducted in English or Spanish and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis to identify institutional and personal barriers. Results Two overarching themes emerged: institutional and personal barriers. Institutional barriers included limited ADA awareness, perceived lack of employment opportunities, and workplace discrimination. Personal barriers included fear of deportation or rejection, mistrust of institutions, and cultural stigma surrounding disability. These barriers limited access to information and resources on employment rights. Conclusions Improving ADA awareness requires culturally responsive outreach, partnerships with trusted organizations, and accessible Spanish-language education to advance equitable access to employment rights. Implications for rehabilitation Rehabilitation efforts within the Hispanic community must address intersecting barriers, including discrimination, immigration-related concerns, and stigma. Family-centered engagement strategies can strengthen advocacy around employment rights for individuals with disabilities. Rehabilitation professionals should actively involve family members in training and dissemination of information related to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Rehabilitation professionals should incorporate stigma-reduction strategies into education and outreach efforts to improve recognition of disability, including chronic and mental health conditions. Rehabilitation professionals should integrate intersectional perspectives into practice and training to better address the needs of individuals across diverse ethnic, linguistic, and immigration backgrounds.

France faces growing challenges with an aging population and neurodegenerative disorders. French health law allows patients to appoint a trusted person ("personne de confiance") to communicate their medical preferences if incapacitated. Introduced by the Kouchner Law in 2002, this reflects a shift from paternalistic to autonomist care, emphasizing patient autonomy. Despite their importance in conveying patient wishes in nursing homes, research remains limited, with most studies focusing on hospitals. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 healthcare professionals (directors, psychologists, coordinating physicians, nurse managers, psychometricians) working in or with French nursing homes from February 2021 to September 2022. Interviews lasted 26-80min and we analyzed them using grounded theory methodology. Theoretical saturation was achieved after 9 interviews and confirmed through 5 additional interviews. Through grounded theory analysis, we identified that professionals continuously balance three competing needs when collaborating with trusted persons: patient-oriented needs (ensuring care quality, safety, dignified end-of-life), relatives-oriented needs (supporting families, protecting mental health), and self-oriented needs (legal protection, professional well-being, administrative efficiency). This core balancing process is shaped by three contextual factors: (1) evolving nursing home environments with cognitively impaired residents and regulatory complexity; (2) insufficient knowledge of the trusted person system among families and professionals; and (3) family burden during end-of-life phases, including guilt and death-related taboos. Under the influence of these contextual factors, professionals' balancing efforts manifest through heterogeneous practices in informing families about designation and varied approaches to involving trusted persons in decision-making and care. From the perspective of healthcare professionals, effective trusted person involvement would be facilitated by early education before admission. Our findings suggest organizational and educational interventions may improve trusted person collaboration, though research engaging trusted persons and patients directly is needed to validate these professional perspectives and develop appropriate interventions.

Background Gender identity conversion practices (GICPs), interventions intended to suppress or change an individual’s gender identity or expression, persist globally despite professional consensus that they are harmful. Evidence from non-Western, collectivistic contexts remains limited, particularly regarding the socioecological mechanisms sustaining GICPs and their harms to transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) individuals. This study examined how GICPs are enacted and maintained within China’s family-centered socioecology, to inform cultural-responsive gender-affirming care and public health policy. Methods Between June 2023 and March 2024, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with nine TGNB young adults who had experienced GICPs in China. Participants were purposively sampled to capture variation in age at exposure and conversion contexts. Data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Five forms of GICPs emerged: psychiatric, psychological, religious, military-style correctional school–based, and family-driven practices. Across contexts, participants described severe biopsychosocial harms, including suicidal ideation, family estrangement, and mistrust of mental-health services. Furthermore, we developed a conceptual framework identifying socioecological mechanisms sustaining GICPs across micro-, meso-, and macro-level systems. Families initiated GICPs and collaborated with professionals to enforce them, while sociocultural norms and the absence of legal and professional protections reinforced these harmful practices. Interpretation GICPs targeting TGNB young adults in China constitute a preventable public health harm that contributes to health inequities. Findings underscore the need for explicit policy prohibitions, strengthened regulatory oversight, mandatory gender-affirming training for health professionals, and expanded access to culturally responsive clinical care and support services.

The growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into corporate managerial functions has transformed the methods used to monitor and evaluate employee performance. However, it has also increased concerns regarding privacy infringements and algorithmic bias, which may result in disciplinary measures or even employment termination. This study aims to examine the limits of employers’ authority in the use of AI-based performance monitoring systems and to analyze the legal protections available to employees subjected to automated performance evaluations. The research employs a normative legal methodology using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal that the implementation of AI in employment management must adhere to the principles of legality, transparency, purpose limitation, and human oversight. Furthermore, employee protection can be strengthened through effective complaint mechanisms, procedural fairness, and algorithmic accountability. The study concludes that, although an initial legal framework exists, further regulatory development is necessary to ensure comprehensive protection of employees’ privacy rights and human dignity in the context of AI-driven workplace management.

China’s trade union federation counts 84 million workers in ‘new forms of employment’, most of them organised through digital labour platforms. Their legal protection has become one of the largest open questions in Chinese industrial relations. This review essay takes stock of what English-language research and official sources show about that question. It proceeds in three steps. First, it synthesises the empirical record. Algorithmic management intensifies work; layered outsourcing detaches riders from the platforms they serve; most platform workers sit outside employment-based social insurance; collective voice runs through informal networks rather than institutions. Second, it examines the institutional response built since 2021: the eight-ministry Guiding Opinions, the new category of workers who do not fully meet the conditions of a labour relationship, the occupational injury insurance pilot, and algorithm regulation. Third, it compares this response with the presumption-of-employment route taken in the European Union, Spain, and the United Kingdom, with California’s reversal, and with Australian and ILO developments. The essay closes by identifying four institutional gaps and the reform pathways that follow from them.

ABSTRACT This study examines whistleblowing awareness among Turkish public sector employees in healthcare, finance, and higher education. Based on semi-structured interviews with 18 participants and document analysis, the study shows that employees generally regard whistleblowing as an ethical and civic responsibility, yet hesitate to report misconduct due to institutional distrust, fear of retaliation, weak legal protections, and the cultural stigma of ‘snitching.’ The findings reveal a staged reporting logic: internal channels are preferred first, while external disclosure is considered when institutional remedies appear ineffective. The article argues for comprehensive whistleblower protection, credible reporting mechanisms, and cultural reframing in Türkiye.

In the decade since the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) released a position statement on Care of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults, we have seen significant progress toward achieving equal health and civil rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and more (LGBTQI+) individuals. Advances have included increased visibility, legalization of same-sex marriage, and legal protections against discrimination. Even so, for LGBTQI+ older adults, substantial gaps, fears of discrimination, and legal uncertainty persist. Older LGBTQI+ adults experience the intersection of ageism with structural discrimination associated with their sexual and gender minority status-homophobia and transphobia. These experiences occur in many sectors of society, including health care, exacerbating disparities, impacting social determinants of health, and leading to accumulated discrimination across time. The potential for setbacks to progress remains as lawsuits are filed and policymakers consider legislation that would roll back rights at the state and federal levels. Recognizing this evolving landscape, AGS established a writing group to update the 2015 position statement with the goals of supporting progress on eliminating discrimination against LGBTQI+ older adults in healthcare and supporting integration of evidence-based approaches to caring for these older adults across care settings. By providing recommendations on inclusive education, policy reform, and focused research, AGS aims to promote the health, independence, quality of life, and dignity of LGBTQI+ older adults. Within education, we recommend standardized training for all healthcare staff, with specialized instruction for clinicians caring for LGBTQI+ older adults. On the policy front, we emphasize maintaining nondiscriminatory measures, supporting chosen families in caregiving, promoting completion of advance directives, and collecting and ensuring privacy of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) information. Research priorities include continuing to advance SOGI data collection, understanding mechanisms driving disparities, developing health promotion interventions, and furthering research into long-term services and supports.

ABSTRACT This study examines the legal responsibilities of digital platform managers for unlawful online content through a comparative analysis of Jordanian and Egyptian law. It argues that platform management is no longer a merely technical function, but a legally significant form of control involving publication, removal, access administration, cybersecurity, content supervision, and digital evidence preservation. The study analyzes criminal and civil liability, showing that Jordanian law relies on presumed liability of the actual manager, subject to limited exceptions, while Egyptian law adopts a more detailed model grounded in defined managerial roles, technical duties, security obligations, and evidence-related offenses. It further demonstrates that IT audit provides the evidentiary and governance infrastructure needed to assess compliance, negligence, causation, and intent. The study concludes that effective regulation should integrate legal accountability, IT audit, cybersecurity controls, victim compensation, and protection of freedom of expression.

Forensic DNA analysis has already influenced criminal justice, and serves as a powerful tool for both conviction and exoneration. Despite its scientific foundations and wide application, DNA evidence is vulnerable to interpretive errors, methodological limitations, and cognitive bias, as demonstrated by numerous wrongful convictions identified through the Innocence Project. Recent artificial intelligence (AI) methods, especially probabilistic genotyping, are used to support the interpretation of complex DNA samples, including mixed, low-template, and degraded profiles. However, the repeated utilization of AI-driven forensic analysis can lead to legal and ethical concerns, including procedural challenges in terms of its usability as direct evidence in the procedure. This article examines the implications of AI-based DNA interpretation for criminal justice, with particular attention to evidentiary reliability, due process, institutional accountability, and emerging policy responses in the US and Europe. It draws on parallels with clinical genomics and documented forensic applications of AI, and argues that AI can enhance forensic accuracy and fairness only if integrated within transparent, validated, and ethically governed frameworks that respect fundamental legal protections.