ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this research is to design a model for identifying student competencies in using Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in teaching and learning environments, based on Grounded Theory. Methodology Due to the limited prior research in this area, we utilized the systematic grounded theory approach developed by Strauss and Corbin (1997). We conducted interviews with 18 international students at the public university in Iran, employing a purposive sampling method combined with a random selection strategy. Findings The research results, encompass several dimensions: causal factors such as technological advancements, biological shifts, and changes within the higher education system; intervening variables that include political and economic influences; contextual elements reflecting the evolution of societal and academic cultures; actions and strategies focused on enhancing human capital, establishing legal frameworks, creating incentive and regulatory systems, targeted policymaking, and improving infrastructure; and developmental outcomes that incorporate improved educational and research performance at universities, along with personal development. Innovation This research explores uncharted territory by investigating students' skills in using GAI within higher education. The findings offer valuable insights for enhancing students' capacity to effectively utilize GAI for educational purposes and support the smooth integration of artificial intelligence technologies into higher education systems.

ABSTRACT This article explores the history of the Spanish ‘pro-life’ movement during the final decades of the twentieth century. While recent sociological scholarship has characterised the Spanish ‘pro-life’ movement of the 1980s as being dominated by uncoordinated and inexperienced organisations that were dependent on the Catholic Church, our analysis of primary sources, such as legal documents and media accounts, seeks to provide a more nuanced interpretation by examining the impact of Spanish ‘pro-life’ activism on access to abortion following the partial decriminalisation of 1985. To analyse this impact, we focus on Acción Familiar, an organisation that played a leading role in deploying strategic litigation against both abortion regulations and providers. We examine two examples of this strategic litigation: administrative litigation against the Royal Decree that liberalised the abortion marketplace in 1986, and criminal litigation against doctors who performed therapeutic abortions in a public hospital in Pamplona in 1986. Our case study shows that Acción Familiar employed a ‘conventional’ litigation strategy to achieve objectives typically associated with ‘direct action’: the harassment and intimidation of doctors. In doing so, the organisation created symbolic and material barriers to abortion, restricting access to the procedure in Spain within the legal framework of partial decriminalisation (1985–2010), a time when abortion was permitted in certain circumstances.

The article provides a brief description of the state of the economy of Uzbekistan and the relevance of its further development associated with the creation and use of innovative products. The highest concentration of startup initiatives is shown in such industries as IT, FinTech, E-commerce, EdTech, AgriTech, MedTech. Most startups and resources are concentrated in the city of Tashkent and large cities like Samarkand, Bukhara and Fergana. The factors hindering the formation of a full-fledged startup ecosystem in the country and its regions are shown. Particular attention is paid to the problem of startup financing. Weak investment support at the initial stage of startup development, the low level of venture infrastructure and the legal framework for venture capital are emphasized. The evolution of the startup ecosystem in Uzbekistan is presented, starting with support for entrepreneurship and ending with the creation of a state system of venture funds. The development of the startup ecosystem in Uzbekistan is associated with the need to improve the legal framework, create a favorable business infrastructure, and introduce new mechanisms for financial and legal support. Proposals for the further development of innovation and the startup ecosystem in Uzbekistan have been systematized.

In the Inner Niger Delta, socio-spatial transformations have profoundly reshaped relationships between communities and natural resources, intensifying tensions around access and management. In this context, local conventions (LCs) have emerged as essential instruments of social and environmental regulation in response to resource degradation, climate variability, competition over land, water, and pastures, and persistent insecurity. This study investigates the role of LCs in enhancing natural resource governance and peacebuilding. Using qualitative methods, the research involved 7 focus-group discussions and 11 interviews across three communes in the Mopti Region, Mali. The findings highlight how LCs, developed through a participatory and inclusive process anchored in Mali's decentralisation legal framework, facilitate dialogue among diverse stakeholders and establish negotiated rules for access to and use of natural resources, thereby reducing tensions over resource use and clarifying the rights and responsibilities of different user groups. Yet, challenges remain, such as dependence on external funding and insufficient local capacities. LCs emerge as vital tools for mitigating conflicts in natural resource management and promoting inclusive governance. Their sustainability depends on strengthening local ownership and capacities while integrating more equitable institutional frameworks to ensure their long-term effectiveness.

Background: Corporate governance is an essential framework for enhancing performance efficiency, accountability, and ethical behavior within corporations. Emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), have infiltrated traditional corporate governance models, management practices, and decision-making processes due to their tremendous capabilities. However, implementation poses a significant challenge due to unresolved legal and ethical issues concerning the anthropocentric model of law, governance, and AI - particularly regarding judicial systems, to diminish corporate misconduct because of improved corporate governance and transparency in the resolution of corporate disputes. Method: The paper adopts an analytical and comparative legal method. It seeks to analyze the conceptual basis of artificial intelligence (AI) and corporate governance, present relevant legislation and regulations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and provide a comparative legal analysis of selected frameworks and international indicators to understand how AI might be utilized to enhance governance systems and contribute to sustainable development. Results and conclusions: This article posits that the introduction of AI tools, such as predictive analytics, automated audits, and electronic disclosure methods, may enhance corporate transparency, accountability, and efficiency, thereby facilitating sustainable growth. However, some concerns remain unresolved, such as privacy, algorithmic bias, deficiencies in accountability, and the 'black-box' problem, which may affect trustworthiness and reliance on AI-based governance. This article suggests that AI can be a useful legal and technological instrument for sustainable development when fully integrated into corporate governance. However, amendments to existing legal frameworks for accountability and ethics must accompany this innovation to maintain transparency and accountability.

Abstract Academia, though not immediately associated with preserving humanity in war, has been instrumental in advancing international humanitarian law (IHL). Since the 1864 Geneva Convention, scholars have supported the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) by promoting IHL, researching it, and helping the law develop. In a world facing 130 armed conflicts, rising polarization and dehumanization, and a paradoxical mix of interest in and disillusionment with IHL, academia’s role is more vital than ever. Despite its contributions, however, limited scholarship exists on how academia has supported the ICRC in preserving humanity in war by contributing to IHL. How has academia promoted this body of law? How has research strengthened IHL as the cornerstone legal framework that it is today? What role have academics played in its normative development? This article explores these questions, examining academia’s endeavours to promote IHL through education, advocacy and public engagement; its research efforts to consolidate IHL, clarifying it and supporting its implementation; and its contributions to IHL’s development, from involvement in treaty-making to proposing new norms. The piece also calls for reforms in IHL education to enhance its impact, advocates for multidisciplinary and ethical research focused on compliance and other pressing issues, and urges greater inclusion of academia in structures and processes aimed at developing the law. Finally, the article concludes by issuing a call to action for States, universities and academics, and outlining pathways to collectively strengthen IHL and uphold humanity in war.

Decision of the Jakarta State Administrative Court Numbers 133/G/TF/2024/PTUN. JKT declared that the claim against the General Election Commission was inadmissible, sparking a discussion about the absolut authoritys of the State Administrative Court (PTUN) in handling onrechtmatige overheidsdaad (OOD) cases during the electoral process. This Articles explores how the PTUN’s absolute authoritys applies to OOD cases stemming from the actions of those managing elections, centering the analysis around Decision Numbers 133/G/TF/2024/PTUN. JKT. The research employs a normative legal framework with an approach that is legislative, conceptsual, and analytical, focusing on the connections betweens Governments Administrations Law, Election Law, and associated court rules and rulings. The findings indicate that the Jakarta PTUN categorizes the subject of the lawsuit as a disagreement related to the election process, falling under the specific purview of election law, thereby negating the relevance of the OOD dispute process as outlined in Governments Administrations Law and the Supreme Court Regulation Numbers 2 of 2019. The conduct of the General Election Commission is viewed as part of the enforcement of the Constitutional Court Decision Numbers 90/PUU-XXI/2023, which is conclusive and binding, making it unsuitable for review via OOD frameworks in the PTUN. The application of the principle lex specialis derogat legi generali constrains the extent of judicial review over electoral administration activities and affects both legal certainty and the efficiency of administrative legal protection.

Societal Impact Statement Global legal frameworks seek to ensure that benefits arising from the use of biological resources are shared fairly, yet their practical application—particularly where plant materials and Indigenous knowledge are involved—remains challenging. This article presents a case study modelling a pathway for ethical research and commercialisation of Indigenous food products, demonstrating how scientific, legal and cultural frameworks can be aligned to support Indigenous self‐determination, public health, food system sustainability and access and benefit sharing. The findings offer practical insights to inform future policy and law reform related to Indigenous rights, responsible use of plant resources and resilient food systems. Summary International environmental laws established the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) system, aiming to promote sustainable biodiversity use and ensure research benefits are shared fairly and equitably. However, many scientists face serious challenges navigating these laws, such as the Nagoya Protocol. This is particularly important to note given the growing global emphasis on health and sustainability—priority areas driving significant research and commercialisation activity. Consideration of ABS frameworks is essential to enable ethical innovation, support Indigenous participation and ultimately ensure progress towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Here, we demonstrate how researchers can effectively comply with principles of the Nagoya Protocol based on our experience with the Indigenous‐led development and commercialisation of a new beverage. The project targeted sugar consumption from sweet drinks by developing a beverage with native food plants that was designed to be a healthier choice for consumers. We present the sensory and nutritional analysis of the beverage, demonstrating its potential as a healthier alternative to conventional soft drinks (SDG3) and showing that consumers are receptive to products featuring Indigenous ingredients, noteworthy from a food system sustainability perspective (SDG12). The project's success is encapsulated by four key findings: (1) establishment of collaborative research centres with Indigenous governance, (2) consideration of the cultural significance of biological resources, (3) involvement of Indigenous stakeholders at each juncture and (4) ensured Indigenous ownership of the commercialisation process. Our case study offers a reimagination of how research and commercialisation of Indigenous food products can occur, aligning with SDG3 and 12.

INTRODUCTION: Aging is a vital period of life that people often think about in their retirement years. The global population of this age group has grown significantly. In addition, older persons in low- and medium-income countries (LMICs) confront a number of challenges, including poverty, a scarcity of skilled geriatric experts, food insecurity, disability and health issues, and insufficient long-term care. This study aimed to understand the challenges and needs of implementing Rwanda’s national policy for older persons. METHODS: This study employed a qualitative design, involving ten participants recruited through snowball non-probability sampling methods. Face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted till theme saturation. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze data. RESULTS: This study emerged with two themes with their sub-themes: (1) Challenges hindering the implementation of the policy (awareness and dissemination Issues, financial constraints, lack of coordination and leadership, inadequate legal and structural framework, social and cultural barriers, and healthcare access issues); and (2) needs to facilitate policy implementation (enhanced awareness and education, increased financial and resource allocation, stronger leadership and coordination mechanisms, legal and structural reforms, and social and cultural integration). CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the national policy for older individuals is constrained by insufficient awareness and distribution efforts, as well as financial constraints. To tackle these difficulties, the study emphasized the necessity for financial budget allocation, awareness initiatives, and coordinated, effective leadership.

This paper comprehensively examines the severe and increasingly deteriorating situation confronting glacier protection in China, while systematically identifying the inherent deficiencies and structural gaps in the country’s current legal and regulatory framework governing glacial resources. It emphasizes the urgent and pressing need to address the cascading ecological crises and water resource shortages triggered by accelerating glacier ablation, a phenomenon that has been exacerbated by global climate change over the past few decades. Although a handful of existing national laws, local regulations, and policy documents in China touch upon certain aspects of glacier conservation, there remains a conspicuous absence of specialized, comprehensive legislation explicitly dedicated to the protection of glaciers as unique and irreplaceable natural assets. By conducting an in-depth comparative analysis of domestic legislative practices (including recent local initiatives in Tibet Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region) and international legislative models for glacier protection (such as the pioneering frameworks in Argentina and Kyrgyzstan), this study proposes a set of targeted recommendations. These include advancing the legislative process for a specialized national Glacier Protection Law, establishing four fundamental legal institutions for glacier conservation, and refining the regulatory system to ensure the comprehensive, systematic, and science-based protection of glacier resources. The ultimate goal of these measures is to promote the sustainable development of glacial ecosystems, safeguard critical water supplies for ecological and socioeconomic needs, and provide a robust legal foundation for China’s efforts to address the challenges of climate change in the cryospheric domain.

INTRODUCTION: Aging is a vital period of life that people often think about in their retirement years. The global population of this age group has grown significantly. In addition, older persons in low- and medium-income countries (LMICs) confront a number of challenges, including poverty, a scarcity of skilled geriatric experts, food insecurity, disability and health issues, and insufficient long-term care. This study aimed to understand the challenges and needs of implementing Rwanda’s national policy for older persons. METHODS: This study employed a qualitative design, involving ten participants recruited through snowball non-probability sampling methods. Face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted till theme saturation. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze data. RESULTS: This study emerged with two themes with their sub-themes: (1) Challenges hindering the implementation of the policy (awareness and dissemination Issues, financial constraints, lack of coordination and leadership, inadequate legal and structural framework, social and cultural barriers, and healthcare access issues); and (2) needs to facilitate policy implementation (enhanced awareness and education, increased financial and resource allocation, stronger leadership and coordination mechanisms, legal and structural reforms, and social and cultural integration). CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the national policy for older individuals is constrained by insufficient awareness and distribution efforts, as well as financial constraints. To tackle these difficulties, the study emphasized the necessity for financial budget allocation, awareness initiatives, and coordinated, effective leadership.

Abstract Legal information in India is often complex and inaccessible to the general public due to technical language and limited legal awareness. This paper presents Legal Advisor Pro, an AI-powered legal assistance system designed to simplify and democratize access to provisions of the Indian Penal Code (IPC 1860) and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS 2023). The system leverages Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques, including semantic search and text classification, to interpret user queries expressed in natural language and map them to relevant legal sections, offenses, and procedural guidance. Developed using Python and deployed through a Streamlit-based web interface, the application ensures usability, scalability, and minimal hardware requirements. The system supports multilingual input, enabling wider adoption across diverse user groups. Emphasis is placed on ethical compliance by providing informational assistance without offering definitive legal advice. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed system improves legal information retrieval accuracy and user understanding when compared to traditional keyword-based search methods. Legal Advisor Pro highlights the potential of AI-driven LegalTech solutions in bridging the gap between complex legal frameworks and common citizens. Keywords: - Artificial Intelligence; LegalTech; Natural Language Processing (NLP); Indian Penal Code (IPC); Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS); Semantic Search; Machine Learning; AI Legal Assistant; Legal Information Retrieval

This study examines the interactive relationship between the legal frameworks regulating internet freedom and the actual practices of digital journalism in transitional contexts, with a focus on the Maghreb region. It adopts an integrative legal–communication approach, employing a comparative method to analyze cases from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. The findings reveal a structural gap between legal texts and real-world application, where ostensibly advanced laws are emptied of their content through indirect censorship mechanisms. The study also highlights the mutual adaptation dynamics between authorities and digital journalism, as well as the increasing role of global digital platforms and their algorithms in shaping the digital public sphere. It proposes a three-dimensional interpretive model (legal, practical, technological) to understand the specificity of transitional contexts, and emphasizes the necessity of moving beyond the mechanical transfer of Western models and building approaches that consider local and regional contexts.

ABSTRACT This study examines personalized algorithmic pricing and consumer protection across three major jurisdictions the United States, European Union, and India analyzing how artificial intelligence‐driven pricing systems challenge traditional regulatory frameworks and threaten consumer autonomy. The research adopts a comparative methodology combining doctrinal legal analysis with empirical examination of enforcement patterns, scrutinizing recent regulatory developments including the EU's Digital Services Act, the US Department of Justice's RealPage litigation, and India's Consumer Protection Act amendments. The central argument demonstrates that transparency‐only approaches prove fundamentally inadequate in addressing algorithmic filter bubbles and market concentration. Evidence from India's fast‐commerce sector reveals sophisticated discrimination patterns, including device‐based pricing differentials and usage‐pattern exploitation, while “hub‐and‐spoke conspiracies” enable algorithmic collusion without explicit coordination between competitors. Key findings of study that existing legal frameworks, designed for pre‐digital markets, cannot effectively address technologically sophisticated forms of consumer harm and market manipulation. The study identifies critical gaps in jurisdictional approaches: India's reactive consumer protection model, the EU's proactive transparency requirements, and the US's antitrust‐centric enforcement. The research proposes moving beyond disclosure paradigms toward “information enrichment” mandates requiring platforms to actively diversify algorithmic recommendations, coupled with user‐controlled choice architectures and structural market reforms. These interventions, aligned with fundamental rights principles requiring states to serve as ultimate guarantors of diversity offering pathways for regulatory frameworks that balance technological innovation with consumer welfare and market competition. This article is categorized under: Commercial, Legal, and Ethical Issues > Legal Issues Commercial, Legal, and Ethical Issues > Ethical Considerations Commercial, Legal, and Ethical Issues > Security and Privacy

Arbitration plays a prominent role among alternative dispute resolution methods due to its flexibility, speed, confidentiality, and expert-driven character. The responsibility and immunity of arbitrators are crucial for preserving the integrity of proceedings and the trust of the parties involved. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the balance between these two legal institutions through historical and comparative perspectives, with particular focus on Roman law foundations, solutions in common law and continental systems, and the current Hungarian legal framework. The analysed thesis proposes a de lege ferenda model of a sui generis liability regime combining contractual and tort elements, ensuring arbitrator independence while holding them accountable for serious breaches. The research further enhances its practical value by incorporating aspects of liability insurance, digital proceedings, and international practices.

Gender inequality within the household remains a deeply rooted social problem in Indonesia, reinforced by the patriarchy, biased religious interpretations, and gender-insensitive legal frameworks. Although Islam emphasizes the equal dignity of men and women, socio-legal practices often perpetuate hierarchies that disadvantage women. This study employs a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach combining normative juridical and sociological analysis. Primary data are drawn from legislation, including Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage, while secondary and tertiary sources include academic literature, reports, and credible digital databases. Findings reveal that the patriarchal construction of household roles legally codified through the designation of the husband as the head of the family and the wife as housewife produces structural injustice manifested in marginalization, subordination, and limitations on women’s reproductive and economic rights. Case studies, such as restrictions on women’s employment and reproductive decisions, further illustrate these dynamics. Addressing this issue requires multi-layered solutions: equitable prenuptial education, community-based counseling, legal reform to eliminate discriminatory provisions, and public campaigns promoting egalitarian family models. Contextual interpretation of Islamic teachings, coupled with responsive regulation and cultural change, is essential to transform households from arenas of inequality into spaces of justice, compassion, and shared growth.

Children’s participation in decision-making is seen as a key right and vital for inclusive development, as they make up nearly one-third of Indonesia’s population. While there are laws and initiatives to promote child participation, it mostly remains symbolic and not practiced effectively. A study analyzed 1112 articles from academic sources, with 79 articles selected for in-depth examination. The results show that true participation means viewing children as active citizens rather than just recipients of adult decisions. This approach not only respects children’s rights but also leads to better public policies. Despite the positive potential of child participation, several challenges exist. Many adults doubt children’s ability to contribute meaningfully, creating power imbalances and reducing participation to mere tokens. Participatory platforms often fail to include marginalized children or those with disabilities, and a lack of awareness about rights and opportunities hinders effective engagement. On the other hand, helpful factors include strong legal frameworks, training for children and adults, and inclusive approaches that incorporate children’s views into governance. When carried out properly, child participation empowers children and leads to more effective policies. However, many children are still unaware of their rights and have low participation rates. Addressing these issues is urgent and requires focused efforts to break down barriers, improve engagement skills, and ensure children’s perspectives are integrated throughout the policy-making process. Meaningful child participation is essential for building a fair and inclusive society. Urgent actions are needed to make this a reality.

This study examines the integration of individual population data with family registration records to optimize regional tax revenue in Indonesia. Using a mixed-methods approach across three districts (2021–2024), the findings show that integrated data systems increase tax compliance by 23–31% and expand the tax base by 18–26%. Predictive analytics using machine learning achieved 84% accuracy in identifying potential taxpayers and 78% precision in predicting payment behavior. Data integration also reduced administrative costs by 35–42% and improved revenue forecasting accuracy from 68% to 89%. Despite challenges related to legal frameworks, interoperability, and institutional capacity, integrated data systems enhance tax administration efficiency and support more equitable regional development planning.

Domestic violence remains a pervasive social issue that profoundly affects women’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. This study explored the lived experiences of female victims of domestic violence in selected barangays of Palo, Tanauan, and Tolosa, in the province of Leyte, Philippines focusing on their (1) experiences of domestic violence, (2) coping from the situation, and (3) impact of the support programs. A qualitative phenomenological research design was employed to capture the depth of participants’ experiences. Ten female informants were purposively selected through convenience sampling. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and meanings. Seven major themes emerged from the narratives: Deadly Possessiveness, Facing Death, Pain Beyond Bruises, Healing Through Distraction, Accepting the Unacceptable, Relief and Recovery, and The Unseen Struggle. These themes highlighted the complexity of victimization, the resilience demonstrated through various coping strategies, and the mixed effectiveness of existing support programs. Findings underscore the urgent need for stronger family involvement, sustained community awareness, and comprehensive institutional support. Recommendations include: (1) families maintaining close communication and vigilance; (2) Local Government Units (LGUs) ensuring program implementation with logistical support; (3) the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) intensifying public awareness campaigns, establishing reporting centers, and providing hotlines; (4) the Women and Children Protection Desk conducting outreach and education initiatives; and (5) communities being informed about legal frameworks and available services. These measures collectively aim to strengthen protection, recovery, and empowerment of domestic violence survivors.

Energy sufficiency has become a key pillar of the energy transition. Yet it remains uncertain whether the existing legal framework is adequately suited to support this shift. France stands out as one of the countries where this issue has gained considerable traction in public debate. We thus examine how a state integrating energy sufficiency into its transition policy translates this ambition into legal and regulatory terms. We have developed an innovative and replicable methodology for assessing legal frameworks, introducing a novel approach to legal analysis in this field.