Legal Experts Research Articles

The impact of skills development on construction claims management effectiveness and resolution

The study investigates the impact of skills and concomitant competencies in enhancing claims management in order to ameliorate disputes in the South African construction industry. By evaluating the role of various skills and abilities, the study provided significant insights for optimizing claims management methods and enhancing project outcomes. The study adopted a mixed-method approach, combining a content analysis of industry reports, and legal precedents relating to construction claims management and skills development. Additionally, structured interviews and surveys were undertaken with key stakeholders in the construction sector. A total of eleven interviews and ninety-three (93) complete responses were retrieved from respondents including contractors, subcontractors, project managers, legal experts, and industry associations. These interviews and surveys attempt to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on the impact of skills on claims management procedures, including competency levels, training experiences, problems faced, and perceived outcomes. study underlines the need for investing in training and development programs to alleviate skills shortages and build a culture of competence among construction professionals. The conversation discussed the possible role of technology in complementing abilities and improving claims management efficiency. It is recommended that recognizing the crucial link between skills and claims management effectiveness, stakeholders may apply measures to limit risks, improve procedures, and ultimately increase successful project outcomes in the construction industry.

IMPERSONATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE MISCONDUCT AT THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN

This study investigates the abuse of power and institutional vulnerability within Pakistan’s electoral system by analyzing the case of Mr. Karan Kumar, a private citizen summoned by the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) despite not being a registered candidate. After complying with the summons, Mr. Kumar faced misconduct by ECP officials, including verbal abuse and procedural manipulation by a Deputy Director, with no meaningful inquiry conducted despite tribunal direction. Although a legal petition was filed, the summons remained unrevoked, and harassment reportedly escalated through informal and extrajudicial means. Methodologically, the paper draws on document analysis, comparative reviews of election oversight mechanisms in the UK and India, interviews with legal experts and civil society members, and prior academic literature. The findings expose a troubling pattern of bureaucratic impunity, overreach, and institutional failure within the ECP, consistent with earlier critiques of Pakistan’s administrative bodies raised in Siddiqui’s publications, including “Public Funds, Private Gains” (2022) [https://doi.org/10.61841/2s3kmv78], “Who Judges the Judges?” (2019) [https://doi.org/10.61841/txq2w096], and “Unlicensed Medical Practice and Institutional Silence” (2024) [https://cibgp.com/au/index.php/1323-6903/article/view/2876]. These works collectively reflect a broader scholarly trend in Siddiqui’s research, which critiques systemic weaknesses in public sector accountability and regulatory enforcement. By extending the analytical scope to Pakistan’s electoral machinery, this paper identifies urgent accountability gaps, including lack of internal oversight, politicized appointments, and procedural opacity. Drawing on civic engagement theory and administrative law frameworks, the research recommends seven core reforms: nullification of the unconstitutional summons; an independent inquiry against the responsible officer; standardized conduct and grievance procedures for ECP officials; integration of public complaint systems; mandatory training in ethics and electoral integrity; digital grievance tracking; and amendment of the Elections Act of Pakistan to restrain unchecked administrative discretion. This paper builds on the author’s prior publications such as “Liberalism in South Asia” [https://cibgp.com/au/index.php/1323-6903/article/view/2870], and the cross-jurisdictional critiques in “Surveillance Overreach and Judicial Apathy in Global Drone Policy” [Russian Law Journal, https://doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v9i2.4997], and “Constitutional Vulnerability in the Age of Digital Surveillance” [CRLSJ, https://doi.org/10.52783/crlsj.449], which address the fragility of state institutions in safeguarding citizens’ rights. Ultimately, this research asserts that without transparency, rule-based enforcement, and civic accountability, democratic institutions in Pakistan risk functioning as instruments of coercion rather than justice. The paper calls for structural reforms that realign the ECP with constitutional principles and democratic norms.

Support for Constitutional Rights During Crisis: Evidence from the Pandemic

Abstract During times of crisis, governments often consider policies that may promote safety, but that would require overstepping constitutionally protected rights. These policies are frequently adopted by the executive, permitted by the courts and legislative branches, and appear to be supported by the public. But it is not apparent whether the public is less supportive of these policies than they would otherwise be because of these constitutional rules. We leveraged the COVID-19 pandemic’s unprecedented global threat to study whether, in the face of an emergency, people are willing to moderate their policy views because of constitutional considerations. We fielded survey experiments in the first weeks of the pandemic to nationally representative samples in six geographically and politically diverse countries: the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and China. The surveys tested whether our combined sample of over 11,600 respondents supported a series of potential liberty-restricting pandemic mitigation policies. We randomly manipulated whether respondents were informed that legal experts believed these policies may be unconstitutional. We found that all the liberty-restricting policies we tested were overwhelmingly supported by the respondents from all six countries, and that being told that experts believe the policies are unconstitutional only reduced support for a few of the most extreme policies in just three countries. The county where the constitution had the most impact was Israel, which was under an active lockdown when our survey was conducted. We also found that being told that experts believe the policies are unconstitutional increased support for several of the policies in China, and there is weak evidence that it may have done so in Taiwan as well. Taken together, the results suggest that, during emergencies, constitutional considerations may do little to create public pressure to constrain governments.

Automating IRAC Analysis in Malaysian Contract Law using a Semi-Structured Knowledge Base

Abstract The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in legal reasoning is often limited due to the unique legal terminologies and the necessity for highly specialized knowledge. These limitations highlight the need for high-quality data tailored for complex legal reasoning tasks. This paper introduces LegalSemi, a benchmark specifically curated for legal scenario analysis. LegalSemi comprises 54 legal scenarios, each rigorously annotated by legal experts, based on the comprehensive IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion) framework from Malaysian Contract Law. In addition, LegalSemi is accompanied by a structured knowledge base (SKE). A series of experiments were conducted to assess the usefulness of LegalSemi for IRAC analysis. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating the SKE for issue identification, rule retrieval, application and conclusion generation using four different LLMs.

Understanding the Need for OTT Content Regulation: A Socio-Legal Perspective.

The rise of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms has greatly changed the media landscape, providing unmatched access to audio-visual content through digital devices. While these platforms have encouraged creative expression and made content creation more accessible, they have also given rise to complex problems, particularly regarding harmful, unregulated, and culturally insensitive content. India’s legal and policy framework has had difficulty keeping up with this digital shift, frequently depending on disjointed, reactive, or optional compliance measures. The absence of clear legal standards regarding acceptable content has led to considerable concerns about mental health for viewers, the exposure of minors to unsuitable material, and the endorsement of graphic violence, hate speech, and misinformation. This paper examines the structural and normative deficiencies in India’s existing governance of OTT content through a socio-legal lens. It explores the interplay between societal values, constitutional protections, and judicial developments within the changing digital content landscape. By examining insights from various regulatory frameworks in different jurisdictions and including perspectives from legal experts, educators, parents, and audiences, the paper emphasizes the importance of a balanced, accountable, and participatory regulatory strategy. In the end, it contends that regulating content, grounded in public interest and legal proportionality, does not infringe on creative freedom but is an essential move toward digital accountability and responsible media usage.

The Strategic Attributes of Company Secretaries: Examining Their Role in Enhancing Corporate Governance in Malaysian Public Listed Companies

Corporate governance effectiveness is crucial for ensuring financial transparency, regulatory compliance, and ethical decision-making. While prior research has extensively examined the roles of directors, Chief Executive Officers, and auditors, the contributions of company secretaries remain largely underexplored. This study explores the attributes of company secretaries in Malaysian public listed companies, categorising their attributes into technical, commercial, and social dimensions.  Using an exploratory approach, this study examines data from 414 company secretaries across 433 non-financial public listed companies in Malaysia for the year 2019, sourced from Bursa Malaysia and MyCOID. The findings reveal that most company secretaries possess strong secretarial competencies and international exposure, but lack accounting, finance, and legal expertise. In terms of commercial attributes, few company secretaries hold dual executive roles, board memberships, or equity stakes, indicating a limited strategic influence in financial decision-making. Socially, most company secretaries serve in a single firm and are appointed externally, suggesting a focus on compliance rather than internal leadership development. This study highlights the need for policy reforms, including mandatory training in financial and legal literacy, expanding company secretaries’ roles in investor relations, and encouraging their involvement in legal advisory functions. The findings contribute to governance literature by emphasising the evolving role of company secretaries and providing insights for regulators, policymakers, and corporate boards to enhance governance effectiveness.

A Qualitative Analysis of Personnel Selection and Legal Experts’ Perspectives on Adverse Impact Measures

A Qualitative Analysis of Personnel Selection and Legal Experts’ Perspectives on Adverse Impact Measures

Hajj Fund Investment: A Comparative Contemporary Fiqh Study on Maslahah and Public Policy Perspectives in Indonesia

This study investigates the investment of Indonesian Hajj funds in domestic infrastructure projects through a comparative fiqh approach, juxtaposing classical and contemporary Islamic legal perspectives on maslahah and its application within modern public policy frameworks. The central debate lies in a perceived conflict (ta‘arudl) between two types of public benefit: preserving the economic value of pilgrims' savings through investment and ensuring their spiritual rights and religious preparedness. Drawing upon classical jurisprudence (e.g., al-Ghazali, al-Shatibi), modern ijtihad, and official fatwas from Indonesian authorities (such as the DSN-MUI), the research critically examines how these positions interact with state policies enacted by the Badan Pengelola Keuangan Haji (BPKH). Employing a qualitative analytical method, the study analyzes legal texts, government regulations, and expert interviews to validate the coexistence of economic and spiritual maslahah. The findings reveal that the government’s dual role as wakil (authorized representative) and nazir (guardian of public interest) legitimizes proactive fund management under Islamic law. Sukuk-based investments, particularly when oriented toward infrastructure that supports public welfare, are found to be consistent with the objectives of maqasid al-shari‘ah, especially hifz al-mal (protection of wealth) and hifz al-din (preservation of religion). Moreover, the study identifies that transparent governance, informed consent, and adherence to Sharia-compliant instruments are critical prerequisites for ensuring ethical legitimacy. This study concludes that a harmonized approach between Islamic jurisprudence and Indonesian public policy can sustain Hajj financing while safeguarding pilgrims' rights and welfare.

Legal Approaches to Combatting Information Warfare in the Age of Social Media and Misinformation in Indonesia

The proliferation of social media platforms in Indonesia has intensified the challenges of combating information warfare and disinformation, posing significant risks to public trust, democratic stability, and national security. This study explores legal approaches to addressing these issues, focusing on the strengths, limitations, and enforcement challenges of Indonesia's regulatory framework, particularly the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). Using a qualitative design, data were gathered through in-depth interviews with five key informants, including legal experts, policymakers, digital media analysts, and civil society representatives. The findings reveal that while the UU ITE provides a foundational legal structure, its effectiveness is hindered by ambiguous provisions, resource constraints, and limited collaboration with social media platforms. Recommendations include revising the UU ITE, enhancing capacity building for enforcement agencies, fostering international cooperation, and promoting public digital literacy. These insights contribute to a nuanced understanding of Indonesia's efforts to balance freedom of expression with the need for regulation in the digital era.

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS IN THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS AND THE CLASSICAL PARADIGM OF LAWMAKING: CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATION

This article presents a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the legislative process and their impact on the classical paradigm of lawmaking. The authors argue that the digital transformation of modern society requires a fundamental rethinking of established models for making normative decisions, including legislative methods, principles, and procedures. The paper examines international precedents of AI use in legislative drafting, with reference to case studies from the United States, Brazil, the United Arab Emirates, the European Union, and the Russian Federation. Based on the legal framework of the Russian Federation and the State Duma’s procedural regulations, the article explores institutional mechanisms for ensuring professionalism in lawmaking, such as mandatory legal expertise and procedural safeguards. It is demonstrated that AI can perform both supportive functions (retrieving legal information, structuring legislative texts, conducting preliminary assessments) and advanced analytical tasks (identifying legal gaps, generating normative texts, compiling comparative tables and explanatory notes). The authors emphasize the need to develop a legal framework governing the use of AI in parliamentary procedures, including accountability, transparency, and ethical standards. A review of Kazakhstan’s legislative and policy documents is provided to illustrate the country’s preparedness for integrating AI into its lawmaking system. In conclusion, the article asserts that AI can serve as an effective tool for modernizing legislative activity, provided that the humanistic foundations of law are preserved, civic engagement is enhanced through digital mechanisms, normative predictability is ensured, and public trust in democratic institutions is strengthened. This multidimensional approach positions AI not as a substitute for legislators but as a transformative complement to traditional lawmaking processes.

Kajian Hukum Tata Negara Terhadap Perlindungan Hak Atas Tanah Dalam Konteks UU No. 5 Tahun 1960

The Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) was born as a response to the need for new agrarian law after the change of power from colonial to the Indonesian national government. UUPA aims to eliminate the legacy of discriminatory colonial law and create a more just and socially just agrarian system. This study aims to analyze the principles contained in Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning the protection of land rights and how the perspective of constitutional law on the protection of land rights according to Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Regulations. This study uses a normative legal approach as the main method. The selection of this approach is intended to examine the construction of laws and regulations, basic legal values, and the views of legal experts in order to formulate solutions to the legal issues analyzed. The results of the study indicate that from the perspective of constitutional law, UUPA has fulfilled the fundamental elements, especially in relation to the principle of Grundnorm or basic norms, which in the Indonesian context refers to Pancasila. UUPA is in line with the constitution, especially Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, which emphasizes that the land, water, and natural resources are controlled by the state for the prosperity of the people. As a legal instrument, UUPA plays a role in ensuring justice in the control, utilization, and maintenance of land, especially for marginalized groups. However, despite upholding the values of social justice, equal rights, and legal certainty, the implementation of UUPA still faces various challenges, such as weak law enforcement and protection of vulnerable groups. Therefore, further efforts are needed in agrarian reform to ensure legal support for all Indonesian people in accordance with the basic principles of the state.

The Business Innovation of Consumer Choices and Challenges for Economic Sustainability Practices and Law

The intersection of digitalization and innovation has emerged as the most vital strategy to spur economic development and shape consumer choice. The study examines sustainable development, digital economic governance, and sustainable consumption, emphasizing the role of consumer awareness, tariff policy, and managerial practice in aligning business strategy with sustainable goals. Amidst global environmental challenges, a suitable tariff policy is of utmost significance to propel the digital economy and encourage sustainable development. This paper investigates how emerging tariff policies can advance trade competitiveness and environmental impacts and draws on a literature review and data collection for the period between 2000 and 2025. The article examines the disruptive function of digital technologies, AI, and big data in driving sustainable business practices and digitalization. It also discusses how such technologies can simplify tariff implementation, compliance, and stakeholder trust through behavioral insights drawn from secondary data analysis on a cross-country basis and official reports. The study identifies best practices in the coordination of tariff policy with international governance institutions. Empirical observation shows that innovative tariff approaches in digital economic governance can support long-term growth, increase international coordination, and guide global governance efforts in environmental sustainability and SDGs. The implications of the findings are relevant to policymakers, business leaders, and legal experts working on fast-paced global changes.

Building the law: law-making and lobbying in Belgium’s construction sector (c. 1890 – c. 1940)

Summary This article zooms in on the legal activities of the Société Centrale d’Architecture en Belgique in the Belle Époque and Interbellum, analyzing the ways in which professional interest groups without a legal background could impact processes of law-making. scab developed publications for professionals and invested in strategic networking and in-house legal expertise. As a result, it not only became an important centre of information on construction legislation, but also effectively shaped areas of construction law, such as those concerning the arbitration of building conflicts, the architect’s fee, and the legal recognition of the title of architect.

Legal Protection Against Trademark Label Substitution: Analysis Based on Law Number 20 Of 2016 Concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications

Replacement labels on products that use registered trademarks are a crucial issue in the protection of intellectual property rights, as stipulated in Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. The method used is normative juridical research with a qualitative approach, through literature studies and interviews with legal experts and practitioners in the field of intellectual property. The study's results indicate that current regulations do not specifically address the protection of illegally modified brand labels, leaving legal loopholes that permit abuse. Although the Act grants exclusive rights to trademark owners and imposes the threat of sanctions against violators, its implementation remains limited due to the lack of adequate oversight mechanisms and weak law enforcement. In addition, dispute resolution in cases like this tends to be complex because it involves a complaint and requires difficult proof. At the same time, the litigation process is often time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, this study recommends the need for regulatory reform through more specific implementing regulations, such as Government Regulations on the Use of Trademarks by Third Parties, as well as increased public supervision and education on the protection of trademark rights to ensure legal certainty and justice for registered trademark holders.

The legal needs of people receiving palliative care in Uganda: A multi-method assessment to advance universal health coverage

Background:Palliative care (PC), a holistic approach to care for persons living with serious illness or injury, is a crucial component of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goal 3. While Uganda has made commendable progress in improving PC access, the legal aspects of PC provision remain underexplored.Objectives:Considering knowledge gaps regarding the legal aspects of PC in Uganda, this study sought to assess the legal needs and challenges faced by persons receiving PC in the country.Design:Cross-sectional design utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods.Methods:The quantitative arm surveyed 384 individuals receiving PC across three study sites, comprising public and not-for-profit private healthcare institutions. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively. The qualitative arm involved 25 key informant interviews conducted with healthcare providers, legal and human rights experts, and medicines supply chain professionals, along with four focus group discussions involving 40 individuals receiving PC at two study sites. Qualitative analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data.Results:Both quantitative and qualitative findings revealed significant legal challenges and practical obstacles faced by persons receiving PC in Uganda. Participants reported a lack of access to high-quality PC services, including legal assistance. Legal challenges included limited awareness of patients’ legal rights, the need for increased legal support in areas such as succession planning and will-making, and legal barriers associated with ensuring an adequate supply of opioids for pain management.Conclusion:Based on findings of unmet legal needs among individuals receiving PC in Uganda, this study provides recommendations to address these needs, strategically and pragmatically maximizing patients’ quality of life and well-being and advancing PC provision as part of UHC.Trial registration:Not applicable.

THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON ACHIEVING GLOBAL RECOGNITION: A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY

Objectives: The International Law for Sustainable Development (ILSD) and the Declarations on Sustainability in Higher Education (SHE) hold significant potential to act as influential tools in achieving Global Recognition (GR), particularly in the sustainability realm. It can accelerate progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The ILSD establishes a legal framework to steer and bolster global sustainability endeavors, while the SHE Declarations ensures that upcoming generations possess the necessary skills and competencies to effectively tackle global academic recognition challenges. This study aims to investigate the impact of the commitment to the ILSD and the SHE Declarations on attaining Global Recognition, especially within the United Arab Emirates (UAE) region. It aims to ascertain the approaches through which International Law for Sustainable Development can secure Global Academic Recognition. The study delves into the potential opportunities and challenges of the ILSD and the SHE Declarations in the UAE's higher education market. Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in the 'Principles of International Law for Sustainable Development (ISDL)' established by the United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development and various legal experts, specifically the International Law Association Committee on the Legal Aspects of Sustainable Development. Emphasizing the significance of harmonizing development and the SHE Declarations is essential in implementing the ISDL practically. The need to coordinate development and SHE is deeply embedded in international law. Examining recent progress in the ISDL and the SHE Declarations for achieving SDGs and Global Recognition. Moreover, the framework is informed by benchmarking institutional performance with specific application to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) globally accredited, that are committed to the ILSD and the SHE Declarations. Method: A descriptive-analytical method was employed to evaluate the current International Law frameworks for Sustainable Development, the most important of the SHE Declarations and global academic recognition. A concise bibliometric analysis was conducted. The multidisciplinary Web of Science database was used as the preeminent resource, offering invaluable insights for evaluating scholarly outputs. This approach involves examining national and international legal frameworks for sustainable development, pinpointing areas of weakness, and proposing tactics for developing advanced legal standards that align with international sustainable development agreements and goals for global academic accreditation in the international higher education sector. Results and Discussion: Abu Dhabi University has made significant strides in recent years, yet it still lags in achieving top global rankings. Our evaluation emphasizes the crucial role of commitment to the ILSD and the SHE Declarations in attaining global academic recognition. The pursuit of global academic accreditation has led universities along diverse paths in recent decades. Collaborations between governments and institutions have intensified efforts towards sustainability for safeguarding the environment. Three noteworthy outcomes have arisen from attaining a global academic recognition. Firstly, the ILSD has fostered consensus on the vital role universities play in developing sustainable solutions. Secondly, various higher education bodies have issued the SHE Declarations to promote sustainability in their operations and curricula. Lastly, a friendly competition has emerged among campus communities vying to showcase environmental stewardship through innovative initiatives and physical enhancements. Research Implications: This study enhances our understanding of how committed to the ILSD and the SHE Declarations can achieve a Global Recognition in the countries moving towards internationalization of higher education. Additionally, it illuminates approaches to addressing complex sustainable development issues in the Middle East and Asia region. Policymakers and legal experts can use this study to create a framework for aligning national higher education strategies with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), promoting lasting resilience in tackling sustainable development challenges. Originality/Value: This research presents a fresh approach by merging international law reform, sustainable development, the SHE Declarations and global recognition in the specific socio-political and economic landscape of the Middle East and Asia. It offers a comprehensive viewpoint crucial for crafting sustainable development policies that are both effective and inclusive. What set this study apart are several key aspects. Firstly, it unfolds in a new framework of global recognition within the domain of International Law for Sustainable Development literature. Secondly, it analyzes the evolution of the SHE Declarations toward Global Academic Accreditation, encompassing diverse strategies for countries transitioning towards internationalizing higher education. Thirdly, it delves into global academic recognition as a consequence of a commitment to the ILSD & the SHE Declarations. Lastly, the study concentrates on the Emirati higher education market, an area where research on the ILSD& the SHE Declarations and Global Academic Accreditation remains scarce.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE MARKET ORIENTATION: EVIDENCE FROM THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Objectives: The effects of the UN Decade under the recently approved Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were investigated, and a set of policy measures for a "second decade" in line with these objectives was proposed and future possible scenarios were described in terms of social, environmental, and economic aspects of sustainable development in higher education institutions. This study aims to explore the role of International Environmental Law (IEL) in promoting Sustainable Market Orientation (SMO), particularly in the United Arab Emirates region. SMO integrates three crucial sustainability attributes: social, environmental, and economic, which are key considerations in the modern international markets. This study explores the application of sustainable development theory and alternative international market paradigms to the new approach known as SMO within the higher education market. Currently, there is a lack of systematic effort to establish a valid measure of SMO. It seeks to identify mechanisms through which IEL can promote SMO in the UAE higher education markets. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on IEL principles set forth by the United Nations, which highlight the incorporation of economic, social, and environmental aspects. The core of this framework lies in recognizing that SMO and international legal modernization play key roles in harmonizing sustainable development objectives while safeguarding natural resources. Moreover, the framework is informed by environmental governance theories, and reforms in the international higher education markets. Method: Both primary and secondary data were utilized in the research. Secondary data involved analyzing Scopus and Web of Science databases to review published research. Primary data was acquired through an online survey and saved onto Google Drive, a file management platform. This approach facilitates straightforward online data collection and easy access to the gathered responses. Data were obtained from students, faculty members, managers, assistants, and administrative supervisors at the globally recognized Abu Dhabi University. A descriptive-analytical approach was utilized to assess the existing international environmental legal frameworks, and trends in SMO practices in the United Arab Emirates, which is moving towards internationalizing higher education. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that SMO distinguishes itself from traditional marketing orientation (MO) by specifically encompassing MO (cultural and behavioral perspectives), essential SO (society-oriented), organizational innovation, and co-creation value orientations. SMO integrates three crucial sustainability attributes: economic, social, and environmental, which are key alternatives in the modern international markets. Scale development and validation offer strong empirical support that SMO is closely linked with commitment to International Environmental Law (IEL). The research findings suggest that these initiatives lead to mutually advantageous outcomes by enhancing environmental performance. The effectiveness of IEL relies on robust enforcement measures and collaborative efforts among nations to address shortcomings in Sustainable Market Orientation (SMO) and incentivize HEIs to adopt eco-friendly practices. Research Implications: This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how IEL can achieve SMO within higher education markets. Furthermore, it sheds light on addressing intricate sustainable development issues in the Middle East and Asia region. Achieving a balance between economic, social, and environmental orientations may require intentional policy development and implementation for SMO. Policymakers and legal experts can utilize this study to establish a framework for harmonizing national higher education strategies with global sustainability objectives, fostering enduring resilience in response to environmental challenges. It is crucial to highlight in future studies that upholding the International Law for Sustainable Development (ILSD) and endorsing the Declarations on Sustainability in Higher Education (SHE) are pivotal in advancing sustainability endeavors and garnering global acclaim within higher education establishments. This trajectory is projected to gain momentum in the years ahead. Originality/Value: The study offers a novel integration of international environmental legal reform, SMO, and sustainable development within the specific socio-political and environmental context of the Middle East and Asia region. This study provides a multidimensional perspective that is essential for effective and inclusive sustainable development policymaking. The current study differs from prior studies in several aspects. Firstly, it was conducted within a new framework of SMO within the realm of IEL literature. Secondly, it examined the progression of international market principles towards SMO, encompassing various strategies in international trade (economic, social, and environmental). Finally, this study focused on the Emirati higher education market, an area where research on SMO and IEL is lacking thus far.

The Role of AI and Legal Linguistics in Ensuring Compliance with Language Requirements in International Law

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into international law has resulted in significant advancements, particularly in ensuring compliance with language requirements in legal documents. This article investigates the intersection of AI, especially Natural Language Processing (NLP), and legal linguistics to address challenges in multilingual legal communication and interpretation. The study critically analyzes how AI tools improve the accuracy, consistency, and legal validity of international legal texts. The paper examines the limitations of NLP models, noting their difficulty in managing complex legal terminologies and their dependence on contextual accuracy. The discussion highlights the intercultural complexities faced during legal translation and the socio-legal and ethical considerations that emerge when AI is integrated into legal workflows. Furthermore, the role of digital tools, including institutional repositories and online legal databases, is emphasized as a critical factor in facilitating legal knowledge dissemination and standardization. While AI-driven NLP and machine translation have improved the speed and accessibility of legal information, the findings suggest that these technologies alone are insufficient for meeting the precision required by legal texts. The paper concludes by advocating for a hybrid model, combining AI tools with human legal expertise to achieve higher quality, culturally sensitive, and legally valid translations and interpretations within international legal frameworks.

Move toward citizens: third-party professionals’ coping strategies in public legal e-service delivery in China

Third-party professionals worldwide are increasingly engaging in public service provision. However, they may not always maximize their expertise and provide citizens with quality services. This research developed a dual-client model to examine what shapes legal professionals’ coping strategies to move toward citizens in public legal e-service delivery. We argue that whether legal professionals move toward citizens is co-shaped by the purchasing government’s influence, service users’ e-communicative cues, and their own attributes. Using a novel dataset containing 2,228 e-counseling cases from China, we found that although law firms’ government connections may sway their employees (i.e. individual legal professionals) from moving toward citizens, such negative effects disappear among female or highly educated lawyers or when citizens explicitly recognize the service provider as a legal expert. Our findings emphasize the interdependence of multiple actors in shaping third-party professionals’ coping strategies in public contractual settings, conveying important implications for enhancing professionals’ engagement in public e-services.

Strategy for Strengthening the Implementation of Progressive Law in the Republic of Indonesia National Police

Law enforcement in Indonesia today faces serious challenges, especially in maintaining a balance between procedural justice and substantive justice. The Indonesian National Police as one of the law enforcement institutions has a strategic role in realizing a legal system that is not only based on normative legality, but also upholds the values of humanity, morality, and social justice. In this context, the progressive legal approach introduced by Satjipto Rahardjo is very relevant to be adopted and implemented by the Indonesian National Police. Progressive law offers a new paradigm in law enforcement that sides with the people, rejects procedural rigidity, and prioritizes humanitarian values as the substance of law. This study aims to normatively examine the concept of progressive law about the role and function of the Indonesian National Police and to formulate strategies that can be used to strengthen the implementation of the progressive legal approach within the Indonesian National Police. This study uses a normative juridical method, with a statutory regulatory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials used consist of primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police, and other related regulations. In addition, secondary legal materials are also used in the form of legal literature, scientific journals, and the views of legal experts on progressive law. This study is expected to provide theoretical contributions to the development of progressive legal discourse and provide a conceptual basis for institutional renewal within the National Police to create just and humanistic law enforcement.