The article discusses the intellectual processes taking place within the sphere of national minority activism during the 1930s, focusing on the illiberal re-negotiation of nationalities law (Nationalitätenrecht, Volksgruppenrecht). A legal discipline aiming at accommodating minorities with collective rights, nationalities law was not necessarily an illiberal endeavour. The 1930s, however, saw a popularization of new forms, which rested on völkisch theoretical tenets and were adjusted to the needs of radically nationalist politics. Underpinned by an organicist, total and politicized conception of nationality and distinguished by the essential subordination of the individual to the national community, it also entailed the idea of ethno-national groups as original sources of sovereignty.

This article explores the relationship between Tax Law and Consumer Law, two branches thatmay seem at odds but often interact constructively. By examining the Tax Transparency Regime and Resolution 267/2024, the authors identify instances where both fields complement each other in favor of the taxpayer/consumer, as well as cases of direct conflict. The paper argues against viewing legal disciplines as isolated compartments, advocating instead for an integrated legal system where principles overlap. It concludes that, while normative tensions may arise, the challenge lies in balancing competing interests without undermining fundamental rights orlegitimate powers.

This study aims to identify, analyze, and examine the nature of the duties and functions of the police in enforcing criminal law related to traffic accidents within the jurisdiction of the South Sulawesi Regional Police. The research employs an empirical legal approach focusing on traffic accident crimes in several regions, namely Makassar, Luwu, East Luwu, Jeneponto, and North Toraja. Primary data were obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and field observations, while secondary data were collected from legal documents, regulations, and relevant academic literature. Using purposive sampling, data were gathered from 100 respondents and analyzed through a combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative techniques, including frequency and percentage tabulation. The findings indicate that the essential nature of the police’s duties and functions in enforcing traffic accident criminal law is centered on maintaining public security and order, enforcing the law, and providing protection and services to the community, with the ultimate objectives of achieving justice, legal certainty, and societal benefit. To enhance traffic accident management within the South Sulawesi Regional Police jurisdiction, this study recommends improving police professionalism, increasing personnel capacity, upgrading facilities and technological support, and strengthening coordination among relevant institutions. Considering that traffic accidents are generally preceded by traffic violations, it is also necessary to revise the substantive legal framework, intensify public legal education, and cultivate a culture of legal discipline to ensure optimal safety, order, legal protection, and justice.

In the ever-evolving digital era, the importance of cyber law in safeguarding user privacy cannot be overstated. As a distinct legal discipline, cyber law examines regulations that oversee activities in cyberspace, offering legal protection regarding personal data and user privacy. Referring to various credible sources, this article evaluates the role of cyber law in protecting user privacy in the Indonesian context. The article discusses regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), the Government Regulation on Electronic Systems, and the Personal Data Protection Bill. The main elements analyzed include supervision, regulation, resolution, and protection of user rights when facing digital security challenges. The examination shows that cyber law plays a significant role in protecting individuals' personal information, thereby encouraging safer and more trustworthy digital services. Furthermore, the article points out the various challenges faced in enforcing cyber law, such as administrative constraints, inadequate digital literacy, and limited access to justice, especially for those without legal knowledge or support. Consequently, to improve the effectiveness of cyber law, continued efforts are needed to strengthen the digital regulatory framework and provide more comprehensive user privacy protection. This perspective seeks to enhance understanding of the significance of cyber law in safeguarding privacy and proposes recommendations for governments and relevant organizations in addressing privacy issues in the digital age.

The paper presents a comprehensive study of the role of the administrative-legal mechanism in countering corruption within the system of public-law protection of the internal state sovereignty of the Russian Federation. At present, the issues of combating corruption in public administration remain highly relevant and require further research from the perspectives of various legal disciplines. Today, different mechanisms for countering corruption are recognized in the contexts of constitutional law, criminal law, administrative law, civil law, international law, etc. However, the authors argue that in the face of new challenges and threats, the administrative-legal mechanism for countering corruption holds a central role in ensuring the internal state sovereignty of the Russian Federation. It not only predominates among legal mechanisms for preventing corrupt practices within state institutions, but also establishes the necessary conditions for public authorities to successfully carry out the tasks and functions assigned to them to strengthen Russian statehood. The study substantiates the conclusion that the administrative-legal anti-corruption mechanism is most clearly manifested in specialized anti-corruption management forms and methods employed by specially authorized public authorities and officials. The authors emphasize the need for further refinement of this mechanism through a qualitative transformation of anti-corruption forms and methods at both the federal and regional levels of the Russian Federation. Special attention is given to the inherent connection between the administrative-legal anti-corruption mechanism and the public law protection of Russia’s internal state sovereignty. It is impossible to achieve an adequate level of legal protection of national sovereignty under public law without effective functioning of this mechanism.

The article is devoted to the problem of the general theoretical legal disciplines’ correlation, which examines the correlation of philosophy of law, theory of law and sociology of law, clarifies the specifics of their research and the subject field of studying a complex and multidimensional phenomenon as law. It is argued that the general theoretical legal disciplines represent an organic unity in the system of jurisprudence, are closely interrelated with all legal sciences, but at the same time have “movable” boundaries in the study of law and a close connection with other socio-humanitarian knowledge. A theoretical position is made on the need to develop an appropriate theory and methodology in the field of studying legal phenomena and the integrated development of domestic general theoretical legal sciences that meet modern social relations emerging in the life of Russian society.

The article outlines the issues of the formation of digital law as a branch of law in the legal system of Kazakhstan. The article notes that despite the fact that, as of May 2025, Kazakhstan has not yet adopted a separate legislative act in the form of a Digital Code, nevertheless, in the system of Kazakh law, based on those legal norms contained in various legal acts regulating issues of digital relations, artificial intelligence, etc., digital law has been objectively institutionalized. The authors state that there is no single definition of the concept of «digital law» in the scientific literature. At the same time, the article notes that digital law on the subject of regulating public relations is not an independent branch, but a complex branch of law, the legal norms of which regulate issues in both the sphere of public law and private law relations. In turn, the article draws special attention to the fact that the norms of administrative-tort and criminal law, establishing administrative and criminal liability, respectively, in the field of informatization and communication as an integral part of digital relations, are not an integral part of the norms of digital law. Nevertheless, the article emphasizes that digital law includes in its content, to one extent or another, the norms of various branches of law: constitutional, civil, administrative, financial, labor and other branches of law. In presenting the method of digital law, the authors believe that digital law contains both imperative and optional methods of legal regulation. Accordingly, the article indicates that digital law combines imperative and optional methods of legal regulation to one degree or another. In addition, the article covers the issues of sources of digital law, and briefly covers digital law as a legal science and as an academic legal discipline

The confrontation between private law and public law, the exploration and analysis of the differences between the two, is one of the classic questions of jurisprudence, a discourse that is given new impetus by the development and changes in the law. In addition to the textbooks on the general part of the legal disciplines, there are also a number of papers on the subject, which also include the classification of legal institutions that are at the interface between the two areas. I do not wish to call into question the traditional division, but the legal system should be seen as a whole, and the asset management contract should be placed within this system.

In the contemporary context, the Ukrainian legal education system is undergoing significant transformation, increasingly focusing on the development of professional competencies aimed at enabling future lawyers to apply their acquired theoretical knowledge in practical settings, including in the sphere of criminal-procedural relations. Among the legal sciences, criminology as a discipline occupies a particularly important position, as it combines theoretical knowledge with a direct practical component. Criminology education, when effectively integrating foundational theoretical knowledge with practical skills, equips law enforcement professionals to act competently and efficiently in specific criminogenic situations. The Ukrainian legal education system is undergoing significant transformation, increasingly emphasizing the development of professional competencies that enable future lawyers and law enforcement officers to effectively apply theoretical knowledge in practical settings, including in the sphere of criminal-procedural relations. Among legal disciplines, criminology holds a special position due to its integration of theoretical foundations with direct practical application. By effectively combining fundamental theoretical knowledge with hands-on skills, criminology education equips law enforcement professionals to operate competently in specific criminogenic situations. Research indicates that criminology education in Ukraine is evolving and possesses substantial potential for integrating international best practices in combining theory and practice into the domestic educational framework. This integration supports the development of professional competencies in future law enforcement personnel. A strong criminological culture, grounded in both theory and practice, is essential for enabling professionals to respond effectively to criminogenic challenges. The article emphasizes the importance of establishing criminology laboratories and dedicated criminology offices within higher education institutions, implementing dual programs that combine practical experience with academic study, fostering close collaboration between universities and law enforcement agencies, and supporting student academic mobility. Such initiatives facilitate the cultivation of analytical and critical thinking, professional responsibility, and effectiveness in crime prevention and law enforcement activities.

The paper examines the influence of digital competencies on the development of professional skills of students majoring in law at higher education institutions. A correlation has been established between law students’ proficiency in artificial intelligence technologies, the quality of their professional training, and their competitiveness in the labor market within the digital economy. The state’s need for socio-economic and technological development necessitates a transition from the traditional humanities model of higher legal education to a hybrid model that combines domestic educational traditions and fundamental legal disciplines with the development of skills in working with artificial intelligence systems, an understanding of the specifics of machine learning, and the creation of databases for generating queries to neural networks. Particular attention is given to the integration of digital competencies into the educational program of law students to develop professional competencies such as legal analysis, legal writing, and legal problem solving. An analysis of federal state educational standards revealed a discrepancy between the content of the curricula and the current level of digitalization and automation of legal activities. To improve the competitiveness of law school graduates, it is proposed to introduce digital modules from the first year of study, develop digital departments, and update educational standards to reflect the needs of society and the state. When reforming higher legal education, it is necessary to take into account the cognitive characteristics of students, such as visual thinking and high digital literacy, which contributes to the development of their interest in future professional activities. It is proposed to assess the influence of digital skills on the formation of professional competencies of law students using Bloom’s taxonomy, taking into account their cognitive characteristics. It is concluded that there is the need to revise educational programs, drawing on international experience, to improve the quality of legal training and their relevance in the context of the digital economy and the widespread introduction of artificial intelligence into legal practice.

This research analyzes the adequacy of the remote work legal regime established in the Consolidation of Labor Laws to professionals characterized as digital nomads, a category that combines remote work execution with continuous transnational geographic displacement. The central problem lies in the dissonance between the CLT normative discipline, structured assuming relative territorial fixity, and the praxis of digital nomads, marked by itinerancy between diverse jurisdictions, temporal asynchrony, and labor delocalization. The general scope consists of critically examining the compatibility between the remote labor regime disciplined by provisions 75-A to 75-E of the CLT and the particularities of digital nomadism, identifying congruences, incongruences, and normative gaps. The methodology employed is based on deductive procedure, through bibliographic and documentary review, with examination of national labor legislation, specialized doctrine, jurisprudence, and socioeconomic studies on the phenomenon. Results demonstrate that the CLT remote work regime is partially applicable to employed digital nomads but presents significant insufficiencies regarding determination of applicable law in transnational contexts, working hours supervision in temporal desynchronization situations, distribution of mobility operational costs, and social security and tax protection. It concludes that the absence of specific regulation generates legal uncertainty for workers and employers, recommending adaptive interpretation of current norms considering fundamental principles of Labor Law and, prospectively, enactment of specific legal discipline contemplating particularities of digital nomadic work, ensuring adequate protection without making unfeasible this legitimate and growing form of labor organization.

Key words: Legal English, legal terminology, trial, party, legal system, legal practitioner, legal concept, legal context, native (non-native) law student Teaching legal English to both native and non-native speakers among law students has its own specific features and requires an individual approach. For native speakers, the primary focus is on developing professional terminology and deepening knowledge of law in English. Instruction is aimed at mastering specialized vocabulary and legal texts, as well as improving skills in legal writing and argumentation in English. For non-native speakers, teaching legal English requires additional efforts in language training. It is important to pay attention to basic aspects of the language, such as grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, as well as to the study of legal terminology and the structure of legal texts. Observations show that successful teaching of legal English requires a combination of language training and knowledge of legal disciplines. The use of various teaching methods – such as practical tasks, case analysis, and work with legal documents – allows students to better master legal vocabulary and improve their communication skills in a legal context.

Abstract This article contributes to a growing body of literature on special jurisprudence through a case study of energy law as an emergent area of law that is perceived to lack a clear understanding of its definition, foundations and doctrine. The article has two functions that both seek to integrate the literature on special (as opposed to general) jurisprudence with that on energy law as a legal discipline and an independent area of law. The first is to explain why the lack of a doctrine is a problem for a field like energy law, thus motivating the creation of a special jurisprudence. The second is to outline how the foundations of the discipline could be deliberatively developed in a meaningful and methodologically justified way.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and legal foundations of the relationship between legal culture and legal responsibility as basic factors for ensuring stable law and order in today’s conditions. It is revealed that legal culture is a complex, multi-level phenomenon that integrates a system of legal knowledge, value orientations, beliefs and models of behavior that form the legal consciousness of individuals and social groups. Its structural components are analyzed at the individual, group and state levels, and the key functions of legal culture are identified – regulatory, integrative, communicative and educational. The main conceptual approaches to understanding legal culture are identified, namely: activity, qualitative and sociological. It is emphasized that the legal culture of society is formed through a number of key legal institutions. It is proven that the law is the main instrument for ensuring the stability of legal relations and is a criterion for the development of the legal culture of society, contributing to the formation of citizens’ legal awareness and legal discipline. Considerable attention is paid to the issue of legal responsibility as a systemic legal instrument that not only performs a punitive function, but also acts as a mechanism for establishing legal discipline and stimulating lawful behavior. It is noted that legal culture is characterized by complexity and multicomponentity, its main components include law, legislation, legal relations, legal awareness, lawmaking and law enforcement. It is determined that the effective functioning of the legal responsibility system is impossible without a high level of legal culture, which ensures the perception of legal norms as a social value. The study analyzes the features of the implementation of legal responsibility in martial law, which determines the issues of legal regulation in crisis situations and requires strengthening the mechanisms of legal communication between the state and the citizen. It is argued that the relationship between legal culture and legal responsibility creates the necessary conditions for the formation of a legal state, strengthening trust in government institutions, and establishing the rule of law to ensure a democratic system.

The article explores the phenomenon of interdisciplinarity as a key methodological principle in the modernization of historical and legal science. It reveals the essence and significance of interdisciplinarity in contemporary historical and legal research, and provides an analysis of its historiographical foundations and methodological manifestations – from the classical historical schools of law to modern sociology of law as an integrative research paradigm. It substantiates that the modern history of the state and law transcends the boundaries of traditional normativism and positivist methodologies, acquiring the features of an open, synergistic system of knowledge. Interdisciplinarity is interpreted as a form of scientific integration that combines historical, sociological, cultural, anthropological, and philosophical approaches to the study of law. It is shown that historical and legal science has evolved from legal positivism and the historical school to sociocultural and sociological paradigms in which law is viewed as an element of social communication and cultural memory. The content of interdisciplinary methods is revealed, among which the sociological, hermeneutic, discourse-analytical, cultural-anthropological, and microhistorical approaches are of particular importance. It is proved that the sociology of law serves as a methodological bridge between history and modernity, ensuring the connection between retrospective analysis and the study of social mechanisms of law-making, legitimacy, and legal consciousness. The implementation of the interdisciplinary approach contributes to the formation of a new humanitarian paradigm of historical and legal knowledge focused on the interpretation of meanings rather than the mere description of facts. Special attention is paid to the educational aspect of integrating historical and legal disciplines with the social sciences, which forms the analytical and critical competence of future lawyers. The prospects for the development of Ukrainian historical and legal research in the context of interdisciplinarity are identified: the creation of interdisciplinary research schools, the expansion of international cooperation, and the updating of methodological standards. It is concluded that interdisciplinarity in modern historical and legal research is not only a scientific tool but also a worldview framework for shaping a new quality of legal historiography and its integration into the European intellectual space.

The article studies scientific approaches to the periodization of the repatriation of the Crimean Tatar people in the second half - the end of the twentieth century, which is carried out within the framework of the analysis and characteristics of conceptual approaches. During the study, a synthetic interdisciplinary scientific and methodological approach was used, within which the methods of historical, political and legal disciplines were involved. The use of such an interdisciplinary methodology is due to the lack of unified approaches of scientists in the formulation and substantiation of criteria for identifying periods in the historical development of the repatriation of the Crimean Tatar people, which, in particular, affected the omission of the significance of the political and legal component of the repatriation process, namely, legal policy in the sphere of the rights of the Crimean Tatars, their civil status and other constitutional rights in the USSR. The study was based on the analysis of scientific concepts of scientists, comparison of approaches of scientists in substantiation of allocation of periods of development of the process of repatriation of Crimean Tatars, as a result of which the author came to the conclusion that the bulk of works in modern Ukrainian historiography covers the stages of struggle of the Crimean Tatar people, as well as forms and methods of this struggle. However, the author proved the key importance of legislative acts of the USSR, which influenced the status of the Crimean Tatar people, in particular influenced the illegal restriction of the rights of Crimean Tatars to live within ethnic territories, restriction of the rights to free movement, violation of the rights of indigenous peoples in general, as well as the opposite influence - the legal abolition of the regime of special settlements, restoration of civil rights and other legally important decisions. The author substantiated a set of political and legal criteria built on the synthesis of legal policy and forms and methods of struggle of the Crimean Tatars, which formed the basis of the author's concept of periodization of repatriation of the Crimean Tatar people. The article presents the author's periodization of this historical process within four main periods: 1944–1956, 1956–1967, 1967–1989, and 1989–mid-1990s.

The modernization of the educational process necessitates a shift toward innovative models of teaching in higher education institutions. Legal education is no exception to this trend. The transition to a competency-based approach as the expected learning outcome – which includes not only acquiring a significant body of knowledge but also its practical application, and the development of analytical skills and sound decision-making - requires a fundamental restructuring of the educational process. This, in turn, demands a shift in the mindset of instructors as well as the teaching methods they employ. Among the currently popular interactive teaching methods, the case study method receives considerable attention. While the roots of this method are historically deep, modern usage draws primarily from two foundational schools: the Harvard School (American model, where the method was practically established in the early 1920s) and the Manchester School (representing the European model). Clearly, educators in Ukraine must determine which model to adopt as a foundation. However, the most effective option is not simple replication, but creative adaptation – taking into account both the national context and the specific nature of the legal discipline. The legal field, in particular, is characterized by a shift away from a strictly positivist understanding of law and by the increasingly active role of the Supreme Court of Ukraine in interpreting legal norms in the context of their application. Therefore, doctrineт – as a complementary source in the practical dimension – should play a similarly supportive role in legal education, especially in courses such as legal practice or the work of an attorney in civil proceedings. These courses should not be limited to studying the procedural status, functions, rights, obligations, and guarantees of attorneys but should, through the use of the case study method, emphasize the practical dimension: analyzing disputed legal situations, searching for doctrinal interpretations and the legal positions of the Supreme Court, interpreting the facts, and making well-grounded decisions. In line with this approach, current legal positions of the Supreme Court regarding fraud as grounds for contesting and declaring a transaction invalid have been analyzed. A set of conclusions is presented: 1) regarding the consistency of judicial practice; 2) the effectiveness of the case study method for training legal professionals; 3) the importance of using this method alongside – but not in place of – other teaching methods; 4) the necessity of further developing legal case materials based on real judicial decisions.

This article examines the emerging theoretical foundations, normative hierarchies, and methodological bases that constitute cyberlaw as an independent legal discipline in modern jurisprudence. By analyzing the mechanisms of constitutional adaptation, interdisciplinary coordination, and comparative regulatory approaches, the author seeks to develop a theoretical model for understanding how cyberlaw integrates with traditional legal fields in solving technological management tasks. Analysis of educational initiatives in the field of development of educational programs in cyberlaw, including programs in institutions such as the Tashkent State University of Law, which is the leading center of cyberlaw education in Central Asia, shows the need for a systematic theoretical framework for managing digital transformation within the established legal traditions of cyberlaw courses here. As a result of the study, trends in approaching hybrid management models were identified, which combine innovative approaches with the protection of fundamental rights. This conceptual model can contribute to European legal science by offering analytical tools for constitutional adaptation, integration of normative sources, and interdisciplinary coordination necessary for effective digital governance while preserving fundamental democratic principles and human rights.

Introduction. Most Russian VR simulators for forensic science offer limited functionality, unrealistic visuals, and a modest range of available forensic tools and techniques. These simulators generally do not provide alternative (analog) ways of solving forensic problems. Developers of forensic VR simulators tend to focus on visual variety and vividness of crime scenes, creating step-by-step training versions, yet often fail to present how these tools are used within actual academic curricula. The existing simulators do not align with current trends in forensic science education. To match the university's educational goals and curricula, a forensic VR simulator is to help develop professional competencies, build skills in forensic tactics and techniques, and provide authentic technical and forensic support for crime scene examination. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at Tyumen State University. The research methods included: analysis of scientific reports and publications, summary of survey results from students and instructors at Tyumen State University (203 participants), testing of forensic VR simulators, and synthesis of practical experience in applying them during academic sessions. KEYWORDS Results. The methodology of using a VR simulator for university students of forensics was analyzed. Immersing students in a virtual environment positively affects their motivation, emotional engagement, independence, visual understanding of material, and memory retention. The overwhelming majority of participants (95.56%) found classes using the VR simulator engaging. A small proportion of students (up to 6%) experienced physical discomfort due to individual sensitivity to virtual reality, which prevents this teaching method from being considered fully universal. Conclusion. Using a modern forensic VR simulator calls for new methodological approaches and highlights its advantages: authentic recreation of procedures for working with evidence and forensic tools. At the same time, conducting forensic classes in a virtual environment requires an increase in academic hours allocated to the discipline, as well as prior training for all participants in how to operate the VR simulator.

The article examines the development of administrative law science and education at Lviv University, which is an integral part of the evolution of the Faculty of Law of Lviv University and public law research in general. It is noted that the Faculty of Law of Lviv University has a long history and plays a significant role in the training of specialists in the field of public administration. The purpose of the study is to trace the influence of historical, political and ideological factors on the formation and development of administrative law science; to clarify the role of Lviv University in training specialists for the field of public administration; to determine the place of administrative law in the structure of public law and to study the formation of scientific schools; to obtain historical experience for reforming modern legal education and science in the field of administrative law; to identify scientific achievements and the contribution of some individual scientists for the development of administrative and legal thought. Methodology. The study is justified by the presence of references to administrative law in scientific sources of various historical periods, the historical mission of the Faculty of Law of Lviv University to train public servants, the affiliation of administrative law to public law, the scientific school of which was actively developing at Lviv University, and the general importance of studying the history of legal education and science for modern reforms. Results. The author identifies several stages in the development of administrative law science and education at Lviv University: the formation of the Faculty of Law and the emergence of legal science and education (XVII-XVIII centuries); the development of public and legal science and education in the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian periods (XIX - early XX centuries); the development of administrative and legal science and education during the period of Soviet influence (1939/1945-1991); the development of administrative and legal education in independent Ukraine (since 1991). Scientific novelty and practical significance. The author emphasizes that the available scientific sources do not cover the development of administrative law as a separate legal discipline, but they allow us to outline key stages: the inclusion of disciplines related to public administration in the program since 1784 as part of public law; the period of the formation of science under ideological influence in Soviet times; the existence of administrative law as a component of the modern law training program.