The conflict between Israel and Palestine exemplifies many of the challenges that humanity has faced throughout modern history, including religious differences, nationalism, economic inequality, colonialism and totalitarianism. The legal context of this conflict is extremely complex and encompasses issues relating to self-determination, human rights, international humanitarian law and the jurisdiction of international organizations. The International Court of Justice has issued three advisory opinions on the Palestinian issue. This article examines the most recent of these: the Opinion on the obligations of Israel in relation to the presence and activities of the United Nations in the occupied Palestinian territory, dated 22 October 2025. After reviewing the Court’s main conclusions, the article examines the positions of the judges who issued dissenting opinions and provides the author’s comments. In the author’s view, the Opinion differs from others in terms of its tone (the Court attempted to avoid criticizing Israel), the narrow formulation of the question (the UN General Assembly requested that the Court determine Israel’s obligations rather than the consequences of their violation) and the Court’s refusal to interpret the question more broadly. However, the main problem is that the Opinion is unlikely to be taken into account by Israel and is unlikely to help the UN General Assembly determine its own course of action. Thus, the opinion reflects the broader trend of international judicial proceedings increasingly taking on the character of lawfare.

The Regulation 2024/1991 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2024, aiming at “the long‐term and sustained recovery of biodiverse and resilient ecosystems across the Member States' land and sea areas through the restoration of degraded ecosystems” is absolutely fundamental for Europe and for the rest of the world. Until 2027, and in the successive implementation periods of 2030, 2040, and 2050, the quality of restoration will largely depend on the ambition of legal interpretation. A minimalist interpretation can strike down the law and reduce its expected impact to nearly nothing. However, there are strong legal grounds to advocate in favor of a systemic interpretation. Rooted in arguments of comparison, coherence, and consistency, this article aims to demonstrate that systemic interpretation is the only viable hermeneutics respecting the rationale, legal context, and fundamental mandate of the Nature Restoration Law and consequently delivering effective long‐term restoration.

Terrorism has occupied a significant space in contemporary legal debate, especially given the challenges it poses to public safety and the preservation of fundamental rights. In Brazil, the classification of this phenomenon gained greater normative density with the enactment of Law No. 13.260/2016, which sought to align the domestic legal system with the international commitments undertaken by the Brazilian State. This work aims to analyze the legislative and doctrinal classification of terrorism in the national legal context, as well as to discuss police action in confronting these practices and the legal limits that guide this intervention. The methodology adopted is based on bibliographic and documentary research, with analysis of legislation, doctrinal works, and specialized academic productions, selected based on criteria of timeliness and thematic relevance. The results indicate that, although Brazilian legislation has advanced in defining terrorism, interpretative tensions persist regarding the delimitation of the criminal offense and the protection of constitutional guarantees. It is also observed that police activity plays a central role in the prevention and repression of these behaviors, requiring a balance between operational efficiency and respect for the Democratic Rule of Law. It is concluded that the legal and institutional confrontation of terrorism demands constant critical reflection in order to avoid abuses, ensure the legality of state actions, and strengthen collective security without compromising essential rights.

Hate speech on social media is an increasingly widespread phenomenon in line with the expansion of freedom of expression in digital spaces, particularly targeting public figures who are under public scrutiny due to personal issues. However, studies that specifically analyze this phenomenon using a forensic linguistics approach in the context of Instagram comment sections remain limited. This study aims to examine indications of hate speech produced by netizens in the comment section of the Instagram account of actor Teuku Ryan by employing a forensic linguistics approach. The research used a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, with data sources consisting of netizen comments on Teuku Ryan’s Instagram post published on 30 April 2024 and collected in May 2024. Data were obtained using observation and note-taking techniques, then analyzed based on the types of hate speech and the linguistic units through which they were expressed. The findings reveal 119 instances of hate speech divided into four types, namely insults, defamation, blasphemy, and incitement, with insulting expressions as the most dominant category. In terms of linguistic units, hate speech was most frequently realized in the form of sentences rather than words and phrases, indicating a tendency among netizens to express hate speech explicitly and directly. These findings affirm that a forensic linguistics approach is relevant and effective for identifying and analyzing hate speech objectively on the basis of linguistic evidence within legal and social contexts, and can serve as a reference for efforts to address and prevent hate speech offenses in digital spaces.

The growing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in forensic psychology has reshaped the way criminal behavior and psychological risk factors are assessed. Conventional forensic evaluations largely depend on interviews, behavioral observation, and expert judgment, which may be influenced by subjectivity and human bias. AI-driven tools introduce a more systematic and data-oriented approach by examining behavioral patterns, psychological indicators, and past records to support risk assessment. This abstract examines the application of AI in forensic psychological risk assessment, with particular emphasis on predicting violent tendencies, likelihood of re-offending, and mental health vulnerabilities among offenders. A conceptual and review-based methodology has been adopted to analyze existing AI technologies, including machine learning models, predictive analytics, and behavioral assessment systems used within forensic and criminal justice settings. Alongside its advantages, the use of AI raises significant ethical challenges. Issues such as algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, data privacy concerns, and the potential misuse of automated predictions can have serious consequences in legal and mental health contexts. Over-dependence on AI outputs may lead to unfair profiling or compromised judicial decisions if not carefully regulated. The abstract highlights the importance of integrating AI tools with professional judgmentin forensic psychology. Establishing ethical frameworks, ensuring accountability, and maintaining interdisciplinary collaboration are essential for the responsible application of AI in criminal justice. This perspective is particularly relevant for forensic science students and professionals seeking to understand the balanced and ethical use of AI in psychological risk assessment.

Supervised multi-stage semantics expanded decision system for Indian legal context

"I can't help them like I used to": Evolving prenatal genetic counseling practices in a post-Roe U.S.

A multidimensional framework for assessing productive and ecosystem potential of wild animal species: insights from Latin America.

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the concept of situated patriarchies as an epistemic and methodological intervention into the theorization of sexual and gender‐based violence (SGBV) in organizational, legal, and transnational contexts. Against the grain of universalizing frameworks that treat “patriarchy” as a singular or totalizing explanatory category, I propose a matrix of situated patriarchies that is historically embedded, intersectionally attuned, and institutionally grounded. This intervention arises from the urgent need to contest how hegemonic feminist discourses, especially within global organizational settings often erase caste, race, coloniality, and institutional complicity in their projects of social justice. Theoretically anchored in Donna Haraway's “situated knowledges,” this work dialogs with Black, anticaste, decolonial, and transnational feminist frameworks to argue that different patriarchal regimes produce differential vulnerabilities rendering some bodies rapeable, disposable, or unintelligible within organizational and legal terrains. Methodologically, I develop a six‐point analytical matrix designed to assess how violence, impunity, and resistance are differently structured across geopolitical and institutional contexts. Empirically, I examine four legal cases of SGBV from India, Mexico, and France. Each case—including an “upper”‐caste medical resident who was raped and murdered with her family receiving justice, a Dalit farm worker in Bihar, who was raped and murdered, and her family denied justice, an Indigenous survivor criminalized for self‐defense, and a white French woman abused by her husband and the abuse ignored for a decade—demonstrates the failure of “patriarchy” as a singular analytic. In doing so, I resist the flattening tendencies of transnational feminist solidarity and instead foreground the political potential of difference, partiality, and context.

Guatemala’s intercountry adoptions were suspended in 2007 after widespread illicit procedures and the persistent trafficking of children. This article is a historical and policy analysis of the related social welfare systems. It uses Midgley’s framework to examine the past and the changes that have resulted in Guatemala’s reform era. Specific attention has been paid to non-formal systems, market-based or profit-oriented systems, non-profit and faith-based systems, and importantly, government-based systems. Previous (pre-reform) child welfare systems, particularly during the millennium adoption surge, are then compared to a relatively new and reformed system. An international child rights legal and policy context, to include the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, frames the discussion that also considers the passage of the 2007 Adoption Law. The article has a child rights perspective and considers the role of women, particularly birth parents, during Guatemala’s peak adoption years.

In modern automotive supply chains, enterprises such as manufacturers, component suppliers, and logistics providers are tightly interconnected yet reluctant to share operational data due to privacy, competitive, and regulatory concerns. While federated learning (FL) offers a technical pathway for collaborative model training without exposing raw data, most existing frameworks neglect the governance challenge of allocating decision rights among partners with diverse data quality, volume, and computational resources. This study proposes a game-theoretic decision rights allocation mechanism integrated into the FATE federated learning platform, designed to ensure fairness, efficiency, and stability in cross-enterprise data sharing. The method models each participant's contribution through a payoff function incorporating data utility, timeliness, and cost, and determines decision influence by solving for a cooperative Nash equilibrium under privacy constraints.

Abstract This study examines the practical challenges of using artificial intelligence (AI) in judicial decision-making in Jordan. While many publications focus on the ethical risks of AI in courts, this paper concentrates on the realities of implementation. Using doctrinal sources and materials that reflect conditions in Jordan, it identifies four connected areas of challenge: (1) technology and funding: uneven digital infrastructure, inconsistent data quality, and the full life-cycle costs of procurement, licensing, operation, and maintenance; (2) organization and culture: judicial scepticism and resistance to change; (3) training needs for judges, court staff, and technical teams; and (4) legal and regulatory uncertainty about data governance, accountability, and evidentiary rules.The findings show that these challenges are varied, mutually reinforcing, and arise both before and during the rollout of AI tools. Although the analysis centers on Jordan, the obstacles it identifies and the remedies proposed are broadly representative of conditions in many developing countries facing similar institutional and resource constraints. The paper offers targeted recommendations for each area and argues that real progress requires clear long-term plans, strong coordination across state institutions, and careful adaptation of international experience to Jordan’s legal context. It concludes that the most credible path is a gradual, use-case-driven adoption in which AI serves as a decision-support tool for judges, rather than a replacement, thereby improving efficiency and consistency while preserving judicial independence.

Police interview interpreting often requires conveying emotionally charged content. Although interpreters are expected to maintain neutrality, exposure to such material may heighten empathy and increase vulnerability to vicarious trauma. Few empirical studies have examined how empathy levels change during simulated police interview interpreting, particularly among interpreter trainees. This study explored whether exposure to emotionally charged information in a simulated police interview affects interpreters' empathy levels. Specific questions were: (1) are empathy scores significantly different after interpreting than before and (2) what kind of emotionally charged information in police interview contributes to this change. A mixed-methods design was adopted with 25 postgraduate interpreter trainees. Participants completed the basic empathy scale (BES) immediately before and after interpreting a simulated police interview containing emotionally charged material. Quantitative data were analysed using paired-samples t-tests. In addition, three randomly selected participants took part in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Mean overall empathy scores increased significantly after the simulation, from a mean of 3.2 (SD 1.0) to 4.0 (SD 0.9; p<0.001). Subscale analysis indicated that this increase was driven by affective empathy (means pre: 3.1, post 4.4; p<0.001); cognitive empathy showed no significant change. Thematic analysis of interview data suggested three interrelated mechanisms underlying empathy change: (1) emotional contagion from the suspect's distress, (2) ethical conflicts between neutrality and personal moral response and (3) personal identification with the suspect's circumstances. Interpreting emotionally charged material in simulated police interviews significantly heightens interpreters' affective empathy. Whereas this may support engagement, it also poses risks of emotional strain and vicarious trauma if sustained over time. These findings highlight the need for interpreter training to integrate emotional regulation strategies, and structured support systems. Future research should extend to professional interpreters and examine long-term effects of repeated exposure in real-world legal contexts.

This article introduces Ulumul Qur’an as a discipline that serves as the key to comprehensively understanding the revelation of the Qur’an. The discussion covers the main scope—such as asbāb al‑nuzūl, qirā’āt, nasikh‑mansukh, the history of the compilation of the mushaf, and methodologies of tafsir—as well as the role of this field in bridging historical, linguistic, and legal contexts. With a concise and communicative approach, the article highlights the practical benefits of studying Ulumul Qur’an for general readers, students, and dakwah practitioners, while also emphasizing the importance of scholarly study to prevent misinterpretations in exegesis.

Palestine represents a site of digital occupation and a laboratory for the Israeli military–industrial–communications complex that entails collaboration between Israeli military, technology and academia. Considering the current popularity of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and the use of AI in the genocide in Palestine, we investigate how generative AI platforms like ChatGPT are biased towards Palestinians, and how prompting in English and Arabic produces different biases towards Palestinians. A theoretical framework for analysing digital Orientalism is advanced through a historicisation of media imperialism, the military–industrial–communications complex and the political economy of AI in occupied Palestine. Grounded in research-based teaching methods, and employing a mixed-method content and frequency analysis and comparison of ChatGPT outputs in English and Arabic, this article expands research on AI biases, algorithmic oppression and digital divides within the context of digital Orientalism and anti-Palestinianism. We document an anti-Palestinian bias in AI-generated content in English and Arabic that is evident through biased language and the omission of historical and legal contexts, Palestinian human rights, Palestinians’ status as refugees and their right of return. ChatGPT-generated outputs reproduced Orientalist discourse and Israeli narratives entailing Nakba denial, further emphasising the urgency for critical digital media literacy on AI.

Dental age estimation is a crucial tool in forensic science and legal investigations, used to determine a person’s age based on their teeth. Teeth develop in a predictable manner, making them reliable indicators of age, even when other biological markers are unavailable. This technique is widely applied in criminal cases, identifying victims in mass disasters, and resolving legal disputes related to age, such as immigration cases and age verification for legal purposes. Several scientific methods help in estimating dental age across different age groups. In children and adolescents, there is an evaluation of the developmental stages of permanent teeth through radiographic analysis. Another common approach is the atlas method, which provides a series of reference images showing tooth development at different ages. Demerjian stages in developing teeth to estimate age in children and adolescents. For adults, age estimation relies on regressive changes in teeth, such as root translucency and secondary dentin deposition. These methods provide forensic experts with reliable tools for age estimation, though individual variations in genetics, nutrition, and environmental factors can affect accuracy. Recent advancements in digital imaging, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are improving the precision of dental age estimation. Techniques like Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and automated analysis of dental structures are helping forensic scientists refine their assessments. Despite some limitations, dental age estimation remains one of the most effective techniques for age determination when birth records are unavailable or disputed. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the various methods used in dental age estimation, highlighting their applications, advantages, and limitations in forensic and legal contexts. It will also explore recent advancements in imaging techniques and artificial intelligence that are enhancing the accuracy of age estimation. By examining existing methodologies and emerging technologies, this review seeks to contribute to the continuous improvement of forensic odontology, ensuring more reliable and standardised age estimation practices for legal and investigative purposes.

Background: The collapse of the communist regime in Romania in December 1989 triggered a stage of profound and complex legislative changes aimed at repairing abuses, discrimination and violations of rights, with challenges for the justice reform process and for institutional and social governance. The reform of the state and the process of European integration have engaged in social debates and legal initiatives aimed at guaranteeing citizens' rights and freedoms and promoting social reconciliation. In this context, the condemnation of communist crimes, the recognition of abuses, the restitution of property, and the lustration attempts represented two central levels of political and judicial reform in post-communist Romania. This study aims to investigate how these legislative initiatives, as well as other associated regulatory approaches, have been legislated in accordance with the standards and commitments for European and Euro-Atlantic integration. Methods: The study proposes a qualitative approach, which addresses both the documentary analysis of legislative proposals and initiatives, grouping three main themes: (1) transitional justice, recognition and granting of rights to politically persecuted persons and honouring the memory of the heroes-martyrs in the December 1989 Revolution; (2) legislative initiatives on the restitution of properties, the legal situation of residential buildings previously transferred to state property, the regulation of the status of judges and prosecutors; and (3) legislative preparations on integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structures and initiatives for the establishment of institutional structures on the investigation of communist crimes and the analysis of the communist dictatorship. For the research of these topics, the research will use methods specific to the legal study such as: (a) normative analysis and examination of the texts of laws, decree-laws and ordinances of the executive adopted and issued during the communist period; (b) the analysis of the jurisprudence by studying the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the analysis of the exceptions of unconstitutionality raised by the Constitutional Court of Romania in the matter of property restitution and the application of the law in the field and (c) the historical-legal analysis necessary for correlating the legislative reforms and initiatives with the political and historical context by conforming to three chronological frameworks of analysis: the fall of the regime, political transition and integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structures. Results and conclusions: The research indicates an uneven evolution of the normative framework, marked by fragmentation challenges in the legislative reform process regarding the recognition of victims, the restitution of property, and social reconciliation. Despite these legal, political and social contexts, the research highlights both the legislative progress and the societal benefits for transitional justice in Romania, but also the opportunity of such an analysis carried out thirty-five years after the December 1989 Revolution for the development of a legal culture focused on respect for human rights and the consolidation of the rule of law in societies in transition.

ABSTRACT Research Aims: This paper aims to examine arbitration as a bridge between Islamic finance and international arbitration standards, identifying key areas of convergence and divergence and proposing harmonised solutions that uphold Sharia compliance while ensuring international enforceability. Design/methodology/approach: It evaluates Islamic arbitration frameworks, such as the Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) Sharia Standard on Arbitration and the Asian International Arbitration Centre’s (AIAC, formerly KLRCA) i-Arbitration Rules, against established international benchmarks, including the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law and the New York Convention. Research Findings: The analysis highlights key areas of convergence and divergence, revealing the complexities of integrating Sharia-compliant dispute resolution within the global legal context. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: The paper proposes practical strategies to harmonise Islamic arbitration practices with international norms, including clarifying and standardising Sharia principles, fostering wider acceptance of Islamic finance arbitration, and ensuring procedural compliance with Sharia and international arbitration frameworks. By doing so, the article argues that arbitration can provide an effective, credible, and globally compatible mechanism to resolve Islamic financial disputes. Research limitations and implications: This study is limited by its focus on comparative legal frameworks, primarily drawing from doctrinal analysis and literature. Review rather than empirical data. Nonetheless, the findings provide practical insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and legal practitioners in designing harmonized arbitration frameworks that align Sharia principles with international commercial standards.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze capital market regulation through the lens of philosophical principles to evaluate the balance between transparency for the public interest and the protection of individual privacy rights in achieving justice. Methodology/Approach: This research adopts a normative legal method supported by conceptual and philosophical approaches. The study analyzes primary legal instruments, secondary literature, and tertiary references through qualitative library research to examine regulatory tensions between transparency and privacy in Indonesia’s capital market governance. Results/Findings: The findings show that Rawlsian justice, Kantian autonomy, and utilitarian ethics are useful frameworks for evaluating the ethics of capital market regulation. Although Indonesia’s Capital Market Law and OJK regulations emphasize transparency, investor data privacy remains inadequately protected. Adopting stronger data protection standards, such as the GDPR, alongside local principles of maslahah and subsidiarity, can enhance regulatory fairness and reduce burdens on small market participants. Conclusions: The study concludes that harmonizing transparency and privacy requires risk-based, ethically informed reforms that are responsive to technological changes. Strengthening the integration between capital market law and personal data protection is essential for creating a more just and sustainable regulatory framework. Limitations: This research is limited to theoretical-normative analysis and focuses primarily on the Indonesian legal context, which may affect its broader applicability. Contribution: The study contributes to the intersection of legal philosophy, capital market regulation, and data governance by proposing a value-based framework for balancing transparency and privacy. Its implications are particularly relevant for lawmakers, regulators, and legal scholars in emerging economies.

The object of this research is the political and legal foundations of the implementation of the principles of a closed economy in France. The aim is to develop proposals for improving Russian legislation on building a closed–loop economy (hereinafter referred to as the CLE). The comparative legal method was used in the research. Among the tasks set is to determine the genesis of the “closed–loop economy” category. The special relevance of the work was determined by the active formation of Russian legislation on building a circular economy. As a result of the research, the general international legal context of the implementation of the concept of a “closed-loop economy”, expressed in the goals of sustainable development, has been identified. A general description of the relevant legislative regulation in France is given. The most important provisions of the French Law 2020–105 of February 10, 2020 “On Combating Mismanagement and the Closed-loop Economy” (AGEC) are analyzed. An assessment is given of the French system of consumer reimbursement for the repair of certain types of goods, as well as measures aimed at the production and consumption of single-use plastic packaging. The central role of the institute of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in ensuring the construction of a closed-loop economy in France is noted and its main elements are characterized. Attention is drawn to a significant number of manufacturing industries in this country that fall under the extended producer responsibility system, as well as to the creation of special eco-organizations that collect financial contributions from business entities in order to implement projects to reduce waste generation, sort and dispose of it. The experience of French cities in attracting such organizations to eliminate unauthorized landfills is studied. The conclusion is drawn : the success of the implementation of individual measures to build a closed-loop economy largely depends on the choice of optimal legal forms of assistance to the development of CLE. The results of the study showed that one of the main such forms is the extended responsibility of the manufacturer.