Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire Research Articles

Moderate-to-vigorous and light-intensity aerobic exercise yield similar effects on food reward, appetitive responses, and energy intake in physically inactive adults.

To examine the effect of acute aerobic exercise at moderate-to-vigorous and light intensity on food reward, appetite sensation, and energy intake (EI) in physically inactive adults. Twenty inactive, healthy adults (mean age: 21 ± 3 years) completed two trials (i.e. moderate-to-vigorous and light-intensity exercise) in a randomised, crossover design. Participants performed a 40-min cycling bout at either 50% or 20% peak power output in a counterbalanced order. Before and after exercise bouts, liking and wanting for fat and sweet/savoury categories of food were assessed by the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, along with subjective ratings of appetite and state food cravings. EI was evaluated by ad libitum meals following exercise bouts. Results showed increased implicit wanting for high-fat relative to low-fat foods (p = .04, drm = 0.50) and savoury relative to sweet foods following exercise bouts (p = .04, drm = -0.49) without intensity-specific effects. Exercise bouts also led to increased subjective appetite (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.60) and state food cravings (p = 0.001, η2p = 0.44) without intensity-specific differences. There was no difference between exercise intensities on absolute EI, whereas relative EI was lower after moderate-to-vigorous exercise relative to light exercise (p < 0.001, drm = -1.56). Acute aerobic exercise, regardless of intensity, may lead to increased wanting for high-fat relative to low-fat and savoury relative to sweet-tasting foods, as well as enhanced appetite sensation and food cravings in physically inactive adults. Moderate-to-vigorous exercise does not induce additional energy intake relative to light exercise.

Isolated and Combined Effects of Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia and Sleep Restriction on Energy Intake and Food Reward.

Hypoxia (HY) and sleep deprivation have opposite effects on appetite. As HY may alter sleep, it may be informative to assess the accumulative effects of these two stressors on hunger, energy intake (EI), and food reward. Seventeen young, active, healthy males completed four 5-hr sessions in normoxia (NO) or normobaric HY (FIO2 = 13.6%, ∼3,500m) after a night of habitual sleep (HS; total sleep time >6hr) or sleep restriction (SR; total sleep time <3hr). Subjective appetite was assessed regularly using visual analogic scales and EI during an ad libitum lunch after 3.5hr of exposure. Food reward was assessed using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire just before the lunch. As expected, EI was lower for the HY-HS (4.32 ± 0.71MJ; p = .048) and HY-SR (4.16 ± 0.68MJ, p = .013) sessions than the NO-HS (4.90 ± 0.84MJ) session without acute mountain sickness-related gastrointestinal symptoms. No significant effect of SR alone was observed (NO-SR: 4.40 ± 0.68MJ). Subjective appetite was not affected. Explicit liking for high-fat foods was higher with SR than HS (main effect: p = .002) and implicit wanting for high-fat foods was higher for the NO-SR, HY-HS, and HY-SR sessions than the NO-HS session (p < .006). Thus, acute SR did not modify subjective appetite or EI despite the increasing food reward for high-fat foods and did not alter the HY-induced changes of appetite or food reward.

Association of Salty and Sweet Taste Recognition with Food Reward and Subjective Control of Eating Behavior.

Sweet and salty tastes are highly palatable and drive food consumption and potentially uncontrolled eating, but it remains unresolved whether the ability to recognize sweet and salty affects food reward and uncontrolled eating. We investigate the association of sweet and salty taste recognition with liking and wanting and uncontrolled eating. Thirty-eight, mainly female (68%) participants of the Obese Taste Bud study, between 22 and 67 years old, with a median BMI of 25.74 kg/m2 (interquartile range: 9.78 kg/m2) completed a taste test, the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire to assess food reward, the Power of Food Scale (PFS) and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire to assess different aspects of uncontrolled eating. Better salty taste recognition predicted greater implicit wanting for high-fat savory foods (β = 0.428, p = 0.008) and higher PFS total (β = 0.315; p = 0.004) and PFS present subscale scores (β = 0.494, p = 0.002). While neither sweet nor salty taste recognition differed between lean individuals and individuals with obesity, those with greater trait uncontrolled eating showed significantly better salty taste recognition (U = 249.0; p = 0.009). Sweet taste recognition did not associate with food reward or uncontrolled eating. Better salty but not sweet taste recognition associates with a greater motivation for, but not liking of, particularly savory high-fat foods and further relates to greater loss of control over eating. Salty taste perception, with taste recognition in particular, may comprise a target to modulate food reward and uncontrolled eating.

Individual variability and consistency of post-exercise energy and macronutrient intake, appetite sensations, and food reward in healthy adults

Individual variability and consistency of post-exercise energy and macronutrient intake, appetite sensations, and food reward in healthy adults

Food reward associations with motivational eating behavior traits and body mass index in Portuguese former elite athletes.

Motivational eating behavior traits (i.e. eating motivations and intuitive eating) have an important role in body weight regulation, as do food reward processes. Their associations might help explain different responses to food stimulus in the current environment but have never been explored. This study's primary goal was to investigate food reward associations with eating motivations, intuitive eating dimensions and body mass index in former Portuguese elite athletes with overweight/obesity. As a first step, a cultural adaptation of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ) was created and validated in an online-surveyed Portuguese sample. Step 1: Analysis from an online survey (N = 348; 69.8% female) conducted to validate the food images from the cultural adaptation of the LFPQ showed that most food images were properly recognized in terms of their fat and sweet content by the Portuguese population, except for some savory items. Step 2: Regarding our primary analysis in 94 former elite athletes with overweight/obesity, self-determined motivations to regulate eating and (to a lower extent) more body-food congruent choices (both markers for healthier eating behaviors) were associated with more favorable food reward outcomes, as opposed to non-self-determined motivations. Less emotional (more intuitive) eaters presented higher implicit wanting for low-fat sweet foods compared to more emotional eaters. These findings suggest LFPQ usefulness to evaluate food preferences and detect relevant associations between food reward and motivational eating behavior traits in former elite athletes with overweight/obesity. Health professionals are encouraged to create need-supportive environments that foster self-determined motivations and help individuals make healthier food choices. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The German Leeds food preference Questionnaire (LFPQ-G): A validation study

The German Leeds food preference Questionnaire (LFPQ-G): A validation study

No effect of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving, food reward and subjective appetite in females displaying mild-to-moderate binge-type behaviour

Previous work suggests there may be an effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on appetite control in people at risk of overconsumption, however findings are inconsistent. This study aimed to further understand the potential eating behaviour trait-dependent effect of tDCS, specifically in those with binge-type behaviour. Seventeen females (23 ± 7 years, 25.4 ± 3.8 kg m−2) with mild-to-moderate binge eating behaviour completed two sessions of double-blind, randomised and counterbalanced anodal and sham tDCS applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 2.0 mA for 20 min. Subjective appetite visual analogue scales (VAS), the Food Craving Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S), and Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ) were completed pre- and post-tDCS. Participants then consumed a fixed-energy meal, followed by the VAS, FCQ-S and LFPQ. No difference between pre- and post-tDCS scores were found across fullness (p = 0.275, BF10 = 0.040), prospective consumption (p = 0.127, BF10 = 0.063), desire to eat (p = 0.247, BF10 = 0.054) or FCQ-S measures (p = 0.918, BF10 = 0.040) when comparing active and sham protocols. Only explicit liking and wanting for high-fat sweet foods were significantly different between conditions, with increased scores following active tDCS. When controlling for baseline hunger, the significant differences were removed (p = 0.138 to 0.161, BF10 = 0.810 to 1.074). The present data does not support the eating behaviour trait dependency of tDCS in a specific cohort of female participants with mild-to-moderate binge eating scores, and results align with those from individuals with healthy trait scores. This suggests participants with sub-clinical binge eating behaviour do not respond to tDCS. Future work should further explore effects in clinical and sub-clinical populations displaying susceptibility to overconsumption and weight gain.

Development, sensitivity and reliability of a French version of the Leeds food preference questionnaire (LFPQ-fr) for the evaluation of food preferences and reward

Development, sensitivity and reliability of a French version of the Leeds food preference questionnaire (LFPQ-fr) for the evaluation of food preferences and reward

Chronic stress is associated with reward and emotion-related eating behaviors in college students.

Stress is related to altered olfactory perception and eating behaviors. The current study investigated the association between chronic stress, food reward and perception of food and non-food odors among college students. Sixty-one participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Brief Daily Stressors Screening Tool (BDSST). The detective threshold and suprathreshold perception (pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity) of two food (chocolate, strawberry) odors and a non-food (rose) odor were measured. Food reward and macronutrient preference were measured using the computerized Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire and the Macronutrient and Taste Preference Ranking task, respectively. Reward-related eating, emotional eating and eating-related inhibitory control were measured by the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and the Reward-Based Eating Drive Scale (RED) scales. Neither the perceived stress or the severity of daily life stressor exposure was related to odor sensitivity, however, the PSS score was significantly correlated with pleasantness for strawberry odor (r = 0.329, p = 0.013). Chronic stress (PSS and BDSST scores) was significantly correlated with the DEBQ emotional eating and reward-related eating measured by RED (all ps < 0.01). Moreover, the BDSST score was negatively correlated with subjective liking for low-calorie sweet foods (r = -0.46, p < 0.001). Together, our preliminary results suggest disassociated effect of chronic stress on odor perception and eating behaviors.

A comparison of meal-related appetite, food reward and eating behaviour traits in people with and without spinal cord injury

A comparison of meal-related appetite, food reward and eating behaviour traits in people with and without spinal cord injury

Impact of exercise timing on perceived appetite and food reward in early and late chronotypes: An exploratory study in a male Saudi sample

Impact of exercise timing on perceived appetite and food reward in early and late chronotypes: An exploratory study in a male Saudi sample

Food Intake Following Gastric Bypass Surgery: Patients Eat Less but Do Not Eat Differently

Food Intake Following Gastric Bypass Surgery: Patients Eat Less but Do Not Eat Differently

Cognitive work on a walking desk does not lead to compensatory appetitive responses in healthy young adults

Cognitive work on a walking desk does not lead to compensatory appetitive responses in healthy young adults

Changes in hedonic hunger and food reward after a similar weight loss induced by a very low-energy diet or bariatric surgery.

The aim of this study was to compare changes in hedonic hunger and food reward in individuals with severe obesity achieving 10% to 15% weight loss with a very low-energy diet (VLED) alone or VLED and bariatric surgery. Patients scheduled for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) initiated a VLED 2 weeks prior to surgery and continued the diet for 8 weeks postoperatively. BMI-matched controls underwent a VLED for 10 weeks. Hedonic hunger was assessed with the Power of Food Scale, and food reward with the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, pre and post intervention. A total of 44 participants completed the study: 15 SG, 14 RYGB, and 15 controls (61%, 79% and 69% females, respectively; BMI: 40.5 ± 0.5kg/m2 ; age: 43.9 ± 1.4 years). Average weight loss was 18.3 ± 0.6kg (16%), comprising 13.5 ± 0.5kg fat mass, with no significant differences between groups. Similar reductions in hedonic hunger were observed in all groups. Overall, food reward was similarly reduced in SG and RYGB groups, whereas controls showed little or no change. Independent of modality, weight loss seems to reduce hedonic hunger, but bariatric surgery leads to several additional favorable changes in food reward and preferences.

Neurobehavioral markers of food preference and reward in fasted and fed states and their association with eating behaviors in young Chinese adults

Neurobehavioral markers of food preference and reward in fasted and fed states and their association with eating behaviors in young Chinese adults

Development of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire in Japanese: Sensitivity and reproducibility of liking and wanting for food in fasted and fed states

Development of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire in Japanese: Sensitivity and reproducibility of liking and wanting for food in fasted and fed states

The impact of 16-h heat exposure on appetite and food reward in adults

The impact of 16-h heat exposure on appetite and food reward in adults

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on food-reward mechanisms in smoking-addicted individuals: An fNIRS study

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on food-reward mechanisms in smoking-addicted individuals: An fNIRS study

Why Being 'Stressed' Is 'Desserts' in Reverse-The Effect of Acute Psychosocial Stress on Food Pleasure and Food Choice.

The link between acute stress, food pleasure and eating behavior in humans by employing measures of individual reward mechanisms has not been investigated as of yet. Having these insights is key to understanding why many people experience a change in eating behavior when experiencing stress. Thirty-five Danes (mean age 21.71 years) underwent a stress-inducing and relaxation-inducing task based on a randomized cross-over study design. Both tasks were combined with the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, to investigate the effect of stress on specific measures of food reward. Furthermore, participants chose a snack, as a covert measure of actual food choice. The study found no effect on explicit liking, explicit wanting or relative preference. For implicit wanting, an effect was detected on high-fat sweet foods, with increasing scores for the stress-induced condition. Moreover, 54% chose a different snack following the stress-inducing condition. Interestingly, 14% chose to change their snack choice to no snack at all. Results suggest acute psychosocial stress can increase cravings for highly palatable foods for some, while for others an experience of loss of appetite prevails. Overall, this study points to a further understanding of why consumers have issues with making healthy food choices, ultimately affecting public health too.

Suboptimal Weight Loss 13 Years After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Is Hedonic Hunger, Eating Behaviour and Food Reward to Blame?

PurposeSuboptimal weight loss (SWL) and weight regain (WR) following bariatric surgery are common. The exact reasons for this phenomenon remain to be fully elucidated. To compare hedonic hunger, food preferences, food reward and eating behaviour traits between participants with SWL and optimal weight loss (OWL) 13 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).Materials and MethodCross-sectional case control study where participants experiencing SWL or OWL (< or ≥ 50% of excess weight, respectively) post-RYGB were compared to a non-surgical control group matched for pre-operative body mass index. Hedonic hunger (Power of Food Scale), implicit and explicit liking and wanting for high-fat and low-fat savoury and sweet food (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) and eating behaviour (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Food Cravings Questionnaires State and Trait-reduced) were assessed.ResultsIn total, 75 participants were recruited from the bariatric surgery observation study (BAROBS). Disinhibition, hunger, emotional, external and restrained eating, frequency of cravings and hedonic hunger were lower in the OWL, compared with the SWL and/or control groups. Implicit wanting and explicit liking and wanting for high-fat savoury and high-fat sweet food were lower, and implicit wanting for low-fat savoury food higher, in the OWL, compared with the SWL and/or control groups.ConclusionSWL 13 years after RYGB is associated with dysfunctional eating behaviours, increased preference and reward for high-fat food and increased hedonic hunger. Future longitudinal studies are needed to establish the cause-effect relationship between these variables.Graphical abstract