Lectotype Specimen Research Articles

Taxonomic revision of Papenfussiella species (Chordariaceae, Phaeophyceae) in the Northern Hemisphere

:Using mitochondrial cox3 and chloroplast rbcL-rbcS DNA sequences, molecular phylogeny of Papenfussiella species that were collected from various localities in Japan revealed considerable species diversity in the genus. Although only P. kuromo has been recognized in Japan, in the molecular phylogeny Japanese Papenfussiella formed four distinct clades (clades 1, 2, 3 and 4) with high statistical supports. Specimens of clade 1 corresponded to P. kuromo because the morphology agreed well with the reported descriptions of the species, and the DNA sequences agreed with the lectotype specimen. Clade 2 comprised the syntype specimens of P. kuromo f. densa Inagaki, having distinctively narrow and well-branched thalli. Papenfussiella kuromo f. gracilis was not distinguishable from P. kuromo f. densa in morphology, nor in the DNA sequences. Specimens of clade 3 were collected from Shikoku and were similar to P. kuromo in gross morphology but were anatomically different from P. kuromo in having a subcortical layer. Specimens comprising clade 4 were collected from Akkeshi, eastern Hokkaido, and resembled P. callitricha in gross morphology but were distinct in having longer assimilatory filaments and isodiametric medullary cells. In summary, we propose the establishment of two new species, P. shikokuensis sp. nov. for clade 3 and P. iemasae sp. nov. for clade 4, and to reappraise P. kuromo f. densa and f. gracilis as an independent species, P. densa stat. nov. In addition, preliminary genetic study of the Southern Hemisphere Papenfussiella species suggested the occurrence of several cryptic species in the genus.

Singing from the Grave: DNA from a 180 Year Old Type Specimen Confirms the Identity of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)

Historically serving as repositories for morphologically-based taxonomic research, natural history collections are now increasingly being targeted in studies utilizing DNA data. The development of advanced molecular techniques has facilitated extraction of useable DNA from old specimens, including type material. Sequencing diagnostic molecular markers from type material enables accurate species designation, especially where modern taxonomic hypotheses confirm morphologically cryptic species complexes. One such example is Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), which belongs to a complex of about 20 cryptic species, most of which can only be reliably distinguished by their pre-mating courtship songs or by DNA analysis. The subtle morphological variation in the group has led to disagreement over the previous designation of the lectotype for C. carnea, an issue that has been further compounded because Chrysoperla carnea is a highly valued biological control agent in arable crops. Archival DNA extraction and sequencing from the 180 year old lectotype specimen, combined with Bayesian and Likelihood based phylogenetic analyses of modern specimens from the entire complex, were used to establish unambiguously the true identity of Chrysoperla carnea.

Typification of Arisarum Vulgare O. Targ. Tozz. (Araceae)

Abstract Ferrer-Gallego, P. (2014). Typification of Arisarum vulgare O. Targ. Toz (Araceae). Candollea 69: 115–118. In English, English abstract. The typification of the name Arisarum vulgare O. Targ. Tozz. (≡ Arum arisarum L.) (Araceae) is discussed. The designation of the corresponding type is based on the consultation of the Linnaeus's original material and the literature cited in the respective protologue. An illustration from Clusius is designated as the lectotype. An epitype is also designated here in order to avoid any ambiguity in the interpretation of the lectotype specimen.

The sound of a snail: two cases of acoustic defence in gastropods

The sound of a snail: two cases of acoustic defence in gastropods

Redescription and distribution of the rare flower chafer, Periphanesthes aurora (Motschulsky, 1858) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae).

This paper includes a detailed redescription of the monotypic genus Periphanesthes Kraatz, 1880 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) and its type species, Periphanesthes aurora (Motschulsky, 1858), based on the lectotype (designated within) and additional specimens. Illustrations of external features and parameres are also provided. The distribution of P. aurora is studied, and its new distribution records are mapped. Bonsiella Ruter, 1965 is confirmed as a junior synonym of Periphanesthes Kraatz, 1880.

Type Material of the DiatomEunotia arcuoidesFoged

Type material of the diatom species Eunotia arcuoides Foged, housed at the ANSP Diatom Herbarium and at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, is investigated with light and electron microscopy, and a lectotype specimen of this species is designated. Eunotia arcuoides is a poorly known species that shares a number of morphological characters with a few Eunotia taxa known from alkaline waters. Among other characters of this species, we describe an unusual “epithemioid” or “amphoroid” shape of the frustule and a unique round helictoglossa. Eunotia arcuoides has equally wide dorsal and ventral parts of the mantle, and the valve faces in recently formed frustules are parallel The girdle bands are, however, wider in their dorsal parts compared to ventral parts, so that the cells become progressively more amphoroid as they grow and more girdle bands are added.

Epitypification and Redescription ofCorallina officinalisL., the Type of the Genus, andC. elongataEllisetSolander (Corallinales, Rhodophyta)

Corallina L. is the type genus of the subfamily Corallinoideae (Aresch.) Foslie and Corallina officinalis L. is the type species of the genus. This name has been applied worldwide, particularly in temperate waters. An attempt to obtain sequence data from the lectotype specimen was not successful. In order to establish a species concept for C. officinalis based on molecular sequence data as well as morphology, an epitype was selected from Devon, England within the vague type locality ‘in O [Oceano] Europaeo’, and from which mitochondrial (cox1) and plastid (rbcL) data were obtained. A second species, Corallina elongata Ellis et Solander (type locality Cornwall, England), was shown previously to include at least two species based on DNA sequences. The lectotype of C. elongata is an illustration and therefore an epitype was selected to provide molecular sequence data, using the same markers as for C. officinalis. These molecular sequences for C. officinalis and C. elongata are compared with those of a third, recently described species from Great Britain, Corallina caespitosa R.H. Walker, J. Brodie et L.M. Irvine: these data provide an example for studying Corallina species taxonomy and diversity in other parts of the world. The implications of this work are discussed in relation to concepts of species distribution.

Revision of Neotropical species of Empididae (Diptera) described by Mario Bezzi. XI. The species described in Empis Linnaeus

Bezzi described 11 Neotropical species in Empis Linnaeus, 1758. Eight of them are re-described and illustrated from type and non-type specimens. Currently all re-described species remain in Empis: E. angustipennis Bezzi, 1909, E. chiragra Bezzi, 1909, E. induta Bezzi, 1909, E. leucostigma Bezzi, 1909, E. liodes Bezzi, 1909, E. lucidilabris Bezzi, 1905, E. penniventris Bezzi, 1909 and E. spinifera Bezzi, 1909. The primary or secondary type specimens of these species were examined, (except for E. lucidilabris), and lectotype specimens are here designated for E. angustipennis, E. chiragra and E. spinifera. The type specimens of the remaining three species of Empis described by Bezzi were destroyed.

Anthracnose disease of centipedegrass turf caused by Colletotrichum eremochloae, a new fungal species closely related to Colletotrichum sublineola

Colletotrichum is a cosmopolitan, anamorphic fungal genus responsible for anthracnose disease in hundreds of plant species worldwide, including members of the Poaceae. Anthracnose disease of the widely planted, non-native, warm-season lawn grass, Eremochloae ophiuroides (centipedegrass), is commonly encountered in the southern United States, but the causal agent has never been identified. We use DNA sequence data from modern cultures and archival fungarium specimens in this study to determine the identity of the fungus responsible for centipedegrass anthracnose disease and provide experimental confirmation of pathogenicity. C. eremochloae sp. nov., a pathogen of centipedegrass, is proposed based on phylogenetic evidence from four sequence markers (Apn2, Apn2/ Mat1, Sod2, ITS). C. eremochloae isolates from centipedegrass shared common morphology and phenotype with C. sublineola, a destructive pathogen of cultivated sorghum and Johnsongrass weeds (Sorghum halepense, S. vulgaris). Molecular phylogenetic analysis identified C. eremochloae and C. sublineola as closely related sister taxa, but genealogical concordance supported their distinction as unique phylogenetic species. Fixed nucleotide differences between C. eremochloae and C. sublineola were observed from collections of these fungi spanning 105 y, including the 1904 lectotype specimen of C. sublineola. C. eremochloae was identified from a fungarium specimen of centipedegrass intercepted at a USA port from a 1923 Chinese shipment; the multilocus sequence from this specimen was identical to modern samples of the fungus. Thus, it appears that the fungus might have migrated to the USA around the same time that centipedegrass first was introduced to the USA in 1916 from China, where the grass is indigenous. The new species C. eremochloae is described and illustrated, along with a description and discussion of C. sublineola based on the lectotype and newly designated epitype.

A lectotype for Breutelia chrysocoma (Hedw.) Lindb., (Bryophyta; Bartramiaceae)

A lectotype for Mnium chrysocomum Hedw. (≡ Breutelia chrysocoma (Hedw.) Lindb.) is designated herein. The presence of Schwägrichen’s writing on the herbarium sheet for this taxon in G and the confusion of the name with Bartramia arcuata Sw. and Mnium arcuatum Dicks. ex With. necessitated the correct designation of the nomenclatural type. The protologue, single herbarium sheet for M. chrysocomum in the Hedwig-Schwägrichen collection (G [G00040056]), the cited earlier illustrations of this entity and specimens in the herbaria of Turner (BM) and Dickson (BM) were taken into consideration to determine the most appropriate material for typification. The original sheet for M. chrysocomum in the Hedwig-Schwägrichen collection (G [G00040056]) contains material that possibly originated from the Dickson herbarium (BM) and was probably used by Hedwig for his 1801 description, along with Dickson’s own description of the plant, to produce his protologue for M. chrysocomum in Species muscorum frondosorum. However, one of the four entities on sheet G00040056 is of unknown origin, and its inclusion on the sheet may postdate the publication of the species. It is clearly desirable to designate a lectotype specimen for M. chrysocomum from among the remaining plants. Sheet G00040056 is labelled in the hand of Schwägrichen, although in this case the material itself is annotated by Schwägrichen as being that of Hedwig. The issue of herbarium sheets for taxa described by Hedwig, but apparently labelled and annotated by Schwägrichen, is discussed herein.

Revisão das espécies neotropicais de Empididae (Diptera) descritas por Mario Bezzi: VII. As espécies descritas em Hilara Meigen

All five species described by Mario Bezzi in Hilara Meigen are redescribed and illustrated. Currently three species remain in Hilara: H. irritans, H. perplexa and H. perturbans and two species are treated in Hilarigona Collin: H. aberrans and H. abnormis. All primary types were examined and lectotype specimens are being designated for the three Hilara species.

Typification and reassessment of seventeen species of coralline red algae (Corallinales and Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) described by W. Ishijima during 1954–1978

Type specimens of 17 species of non-geniculate coralline red algae belonging to the Corallinales and Sporolithales (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) and established between 1954 and 1978 by Wataru Ishijima have been re-examined, focusing on characters relevant to modern coralline taxonomy. The species are from the Early Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pleistocene rocks of southern and central Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Pakistan and the Galapagos Archipelago, and were attributed by Ishijima to Lithothamnion (as Lithothamnium), Mesophyllum, Lithophyllum and Archaeolithothamnion (as Archaeolithothamnium). With two exceptions, all species are reassigned to different genera or are of uncertain generic placement within particular subfamilies, families or orders. The type specimen of Lithophyllum oboraensis is retained in Lithophyllum and the type specimen of Mesophyllum izuensis is retained in Mesophyllum. The type specimens of Lithophyllum izuensis (Ishijima) comb nov. (= Lithothamnion izuensis), Phymatolithon tokumanensis (Ishijima) comb. nov. (= Mesophyllum tokumanensis), Sporolithon borneoensis (Ishijima) comb. nov. (= Archaeolithothamnium borneoense) and Sporolithon galapagosensis (Ishijima) comb. nov. (= Archaeolithothamnion galapagosensis) possess features justifying their assignment to various genera within a particular family and subfamily. A specimen ascribed by Ishijima to Archaeolithothamnion galapagosensis (as Archaeolithothamnium) in the protologue of that species is a misidentified specimen of Sporolithon ptychoides Heydrich. The type specimens of Lithophyllum minoensis and Mesophyllum indicum belong to the Corallinaceae, subfamily Mastophoroideae but are of uncertain generic placement. The type specimens of Lithothamnion makinogoensis, L. nodai, L. tenuicrustatum, Mesophyllum niinoi and M. yuyashimaensis belong to the Hapalidiaceae (Melobesioideae) but are of uncertain generic placement. The type specimens of Lithophyllum hashimotoi, Lithophyllum minae, Lithothamnion huseinii and Lithothamnion tokiensis lacked sufficient data to allow for order, family, subfamily or genus placement within the Corallinophycidae. Lectotype specimens have been designated as necessary, and relevant historical, repository, geological, morphological and other data are presented.

On the nomenclature of the palaemonid names Palaemon spinipes Desmarest, 1817, Palaemon spinipes Schenkel, 1902, and Macrobrachium wallacei Wowor & Ng, 2008 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)

Holthuis (1995) commented that there were two forms that have been referred to the widespread Indo-West Pacific Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879), and they should be recognized as subspecies: M. rosenbergii rosenbergii (De Man, 1897) sensu stricto (eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and Philippines), and M. rosenbergii dacqueti (Sunier, 1925) (Sundaic Southeast Asia, Indochina and South Asia). Wowor & Ng (2007) argued that the two subspecies should be regarded as distinct species – M. rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) and M. dacqueti (Sunier, 1925). They showed that the two species, in addition to their non-overlapping distributions, can be distinguished by the relative height of the rostral base, spination of the second to fifth pereiopods in adults, shape of the fourth thoracic sternite as well as live coloration. However, in doing so, Wowor & Ng (2007) created a major nomenclatural problem, as the species that is widely fished in South and Southeast Asia as well as Indochina, and also extensively cultured throughout the world should actually be known as M. dacqueti and not M. rosenbergii. To minimize taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion, they noted that it would be preferable if the name “M. rosenbergii” could be retained for the commercially more valuable and extensively researched species from Southeast Asia. To this effect, Wowor & Ng (2008) requested the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to use its plenary powers to set aside the previous type fixation for Palaemon rosenbergii De Man, 1879 (a holotype female from Andai, New Guinea, in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, catalogue number RMNH D 1097) and to designate the lectotype specimen of Palaemon dacqueti Sunier, 1925 (a male specimen from Java, Indonesia, in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, catalogue number RMNH D 1065), as its neotype. This would conserve the name Palaemon rosenbergii De Man, 1879, for the Southeast Asian species. The Commission agreed and ruled that this be done (ICZN 2010, Opinion 2253).

Analysis of the type of Fragilaria construens var. subsalina (Bacillariophyceae) and description of two morphologically related taxa from Europe and the United States

Cejudo-Figueiras C., Morales E.A., Wetzel C.E., Blanco S., Hoffmann L. and Ector L. 2011. Analysis of the type of Fragilaria construens var. subsalina (Bacillariophyceae) and description of two morphologically related taxa from Europe and the United States. Phycologia 50: 67–77. DOI: 10.2216/09-40.1Fragilaria construens var. subsalina is a common diatom found in a wide variety of aquatic systems worldwide. It was described by Hustedt (1925) from brackish waters in Oldesloe, Germany; a lectotype specimen was established by Simonsen (1987). We analysed the ultrastructure of specimens from the lectotype material by means of light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and show that this taxon should be placed at the species level within the genus Pseudostaurosira (as Pseudostaurosira subsalina). A similar but distinct taxon from the United States, found in waters with low electrolyte content, is proposed as a new species of Pseudostaurosira, namely Pseudostaurosira americana sp. nov. We also describe a second new species from Spain (Pseudostaurosira alvareziae sp. nov.), found in waters with moderate conductivity, which was misidentified as P. subsalina in the past. A morphometric analysis of the valve shape supports the morphological separation between the three species. The present study clarifies the taxonomy, ecology and systematic position of these three taxa and provides a comparison with other, similar taxa.

The enigma of Albuca tenuifolia Baker resolved

AbstractThe identification of a lectotype specimen of Albuca tenuifolia Baker in Grahamstown by circumstantial evidence allowed the taxonomic understanding of Baker's description, which hitherto was only based on the very misleading plate 335 of Refugium Botanicum without any herbarium specimen (and even without any plant seen by Baker). This evidence is based on the fact that apparently there was a feedback from Baker to MacOwan about his recently described Albuca tenuifolia. Even without further details MacOwan knew of course, which plant he had sent to the horticulturist Saunders in the previous year and he cut off Baker's information “A. tenuifolia Bak” from the letter and added it to his specimen MacOwan no. 1851 (now GRA!)According to this lectotype specimen MacOwan 1851 (Plate 1), Albuca tenuifolia Baker is the oldest name for A. shawii Baker, which Baker described later also as A. trichophylla, A. elliotii, A. minima and A. granulata.A distribution map for A. tenuifolia in the present circumscription is given based on herbarium records as well as on 13 own field collections. To the known wide distribution of A. tenuifolia in Lesotho and in four provinces given by Manning & Goldblatt (2003; as A. shawii) Northern Cape, North‐West and Gauteng are added here. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The synonymies of Dolichopus lepidus lepidus Staeger, 1842 — demasculinisations, lectotype designations and a nomen oblitum (Diptera, Dolichopodidae)

Type material of all synonyms of Dolichopus lepidus lepidus Staeger, 1842 was examined, except for D. dissimilipes Zetterstedt, 1843 where no type material was available. Lectotype specimens are designated for D. lapponicus Becker, 1917 and D. uliginosulus Dyte, 1980. The previously proposed, but not directly verified synonymy of D. lapponicus with D. lepidus is here confirmed. Two junior synonyms—D. lapponicus and D. cruralis—were provoked by nematode infections that lead to demasculinisation of the males, which mislead former authors in their descriptions. Demasculinised specimens of the junior synonyms are depicted. To stabilize nomenclature, we propose Dolichopus lepidus as nomen protectum, and the senior synonym but forgotten name D. tibialis Zetterstedt, 1838 as nomen oblitum. We provide insights into the historical background of the Zetterstedt name, based on remarks by Loew on Zetterstedt’s descriptions. Additionally, nematodes were found for the first time in specimens of Dolichopus lepidus lepidus Staeger, 1842 from the Alps, and in specimens of Dolichopus urbanus Meigen, 1824, and D. subpennatus d’Assis Fonseca, 1976 from lowlands (Belgium). Nematode-infected specimens of Dolichopus spp. were previously reported exclusively from Scandinavia, and a boreomontane distribution was then suggested.

Notes on taxonomy of some European species of Ephemerum (Bryopsida: Pottiaceae)

Taxonomy of some European species of Ephemerum is reviewed. As in several other recent studies, E. minutissimum Lindb. is regarded as a distinct species from E. serratum (Hedw.) Hampe; it is recorded from N. America (by the newly designated lectotype and other specimens) and Turkey, in addition to Europe. E. serratum var. angustifolium Bruch & Schimp. may be a synonym of E. minutissimum; the costate forms E. serratum var. praecox A.W.H.Walther & Molendo and E. intermedium Mitt. in Braithw. are treated as synonyms of E. serratum s.str. Type specimens of E. stellatum H.Philib. are described, a lectotype is designated and it is placed as a synonym of E. serratum s.str. E. hibernicum Holyoak & V.S.Bryan is regarded as a synonym of E. rutheanum Schimp. in Ruthe. The latter is shown to be a rare, European endemic taxon with modern records from Ireland, S. Wales, Germany and The Netherlands, and old records from France and W. Poland; a lectotype is designated. Forms intermediate between E. sessile (Bruch.) Müll.Hal. and the N. American E. crassinervium (Schwägr.) Hampe occur in several countries in W. Europe, some of them indistinguishable from some of the American plants; forms intermediate between E. sessile and E. rutheanum are recorded from S. Portugal and (rarely) Ireland. Differences between E. crassinervium, E. sessile and E. rutheanum in characters of leaves, tubers and capsules are shown to be slight, with considerable overlap. Hence all three taxa are treated as subspecies of E. crassinervium. A revised key to European Ephemerum and Micromitrium is presented.

The rust fungus Gymnosporangium in Korea including two new species, G. monticola and G. unicorne

A survey was conducted of the rust fungus Gymnosporangium in Korea. We recollected previously known species, namely Gymnosporangium asiaticum, G. clavariiforme, G. globosum, G. japonicum and G. yamadae. Gymnosporangium nidus-avis and G. sabinae are reported for the first time from Korea, and two new species, G. monticola sp. nov. and G. unicorne sp. nov., are recognized. Previous single reports of G. miyabei and G. shiraianum could not be confirmed. The LSU rDNA was sequenced from freshly collected specimens. Phylogenetic analyses show that species of Gymnosporangium form a monophyletic group with strong bootstrap support within the rust fungi. The two new species are unique based on both A and B molecular as well as morphological characteristics. Analyses of phenotypic characters mapped onto the phylogenetic tree show that teliospore length followed by telia shape and telia length are conserved; these are morphological characters useful in differentiating species of Gymnosporangium. Each of the nine species of Gymnosporangium in Korea is described and illustrated, and keys based on aecia and telia stages are provided. Lectotype specimens for several names described in Gymnosporangium are designated.

Type specimens collected by Juan Isern during the Pacific Scientific Commission to South America (1862–1866)

AbstractJuan Isern collected ca. 25,000 plant specimens during the Pacific Scientific Commission to South America between 1862 and 1866, but unfortunately he died the same year the expedition returned to Spain. In Chile, Isern exchanged specimens with Philippi, who later described three new species based on those collections which are all deposited at SGO. In the early 1930s, José Cuatrecasas worked intensively with the Isern collections at MA, where most of Isern's South American specimens are deposited. Cuatrecasas, Trelease, Sleumer, Standley and Yuncker described several new species and other taxa using Isern collections as type material. A total of 47 species, 21 varieties and 7 forms were described in 9 families, principally in the Asteraceae, Piperaceae and Gesneriaceae based on Isern collections. Here, the nomenclature of all Isern type specimens is studied for these 75 names. Lectotype specimens for the names of four species, three varieties and five forms described by Cuatrecasas and one species described by Trelease are designated in the present paper.

Revision of the Neotropical genus Leogorrus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The present work provides a revised diagnosis of the genus Leogorrus Stål and its species, digital figures of habitus, and illustrations of the male and female genitalia, as well as a key to the species. Two synonymies are established: L. incommodus (Walker) as junior synonym of L. ochropus (Stål), and L. insculptus Hussey of L. minusculus (Walker). Lectotype specimens are designated for all valid species. The fifth instars of L. litura (Fabricius) is described and illustrated. Considerable new distributional information is recorded: L. fasciatus from Costa Rica; L. immaculatus from Colombia, Guiana, Honduras, and Panama; L. interruptus from Bolivia, Costa Rica, and El Salvador; L. litura from Belize, Ecuador, El Salvador, Paraguay, Peru, and Surinam; L. longiceps from Belize and Honduras; L. minusculus from French Guiana; and L. pallipes from Argentina, Guiana, and Paraguay. Maps showing geographic distribution are given.