Scalable formation of high dispersed-phase fraction (ϕ) emulsions without mechanical agitation is a critical challenge in colloid and interface science. Conventional high-energy routes rely on cavitation and shear induced breakup, leading to uncontrolled temperature rise and degradation of bioactives, whereas low-energy methods offer gentle operation but limited throughput. We hypothesize that vapor-phase condensation on surfactant solutions can bypass shear-driven breakup entirely, enabling thermally gentle, energy-efficient and continuous formation of dense emulsions by nucleating and stabilizing droplets at the interface before coalescence can occur. Building on earlier studies of Emulsions by Vapor Condensation (EVC) on deep stagnant pools, we developed a continuous Emulsions by Vapor Condensation on Thin Film (EVC-F) process incorporating a custom-designed Dispenser-Spreader-Sweeper (DSS) arm. The arm uniformly spreads a surfactant-laden oil film on a cooled substrate and cyclically sweeps away condensate formed emulsions, enabling continuous operation. Using food grade surfactants (polyglycerol polyricinoleate and soy lecithin), we systematically investigated how variations in film thickness, residence time (DSS rotation speed), and condensation rate modulate interfacial nucleation kinetics and droplet evolution, thereby controlling ϕ and emulsion stability, as supported by morphological and rheological analyses. The EVC-F process produced submicron droplets (100 to 800nm) with tunable ϕ up to about 25%, surpassing previous EVC systems that produced less than 1%. PGPR yielded highly stable emulsions with monomodal, narrow droplet size distributions and near-Newtonian like rheology, whereas lecithin produced larger and more polydisperse droplets. Mixed systems exhibited composition dependent stability, with PGPR rich blends remaining stable for more than 30days. The improved stability of EVC-F emulsions relative to ultrasonication suggests that condensation-driven interfacial nucleation mitigates coalescence and dispersed phase loss typically observed under shear-dominated, non-isothermal conditions. These results establish EVC-F as a thermally gentle, energy-efficient, and scalable route for producing dilute to dense food-grade emulsions relevant to soft-matter, colloidal, and interfacial science.

Impact of high intensity ultrasonication on stability of k-carrageenan and soy lecithin emulsions: aqueous phase mobility, particle size and microstructural study

Soy lysolecithin attenuates hypertension and behavioral impairments in mice fed a high-salt diet through receptor-specific regulation of prostaglandin signaling and arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandin production.

To evaluate the effects of substituting soybean oil (SO) with soy lecithin (SL) and specialty lipid (CL) on the growth, body composition, and glucose-lipid metabolism of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The CL is a composite lipid source formulated by mixing coconut oil, linseed oil, soy lecithin oil, and palm oil in a ratio of 2:2:3:3, with the addition of antioxidants and emulsifiers as fillers. A total of six experimental groups were established: an iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic soybean oil (SO) (control group), a 1% soy lecithin supplementation group (1% SL), a 2% soy lecithin supplementation group (2% SL), a 2.5% specialty lipid supplementation group (2.5% CL), a 5% specialty lipid supplementation group (5% CL), and a 7.5% specialty lipid supplementation group (7.5% CL). After a 10-week feeding trial (initial body weight: 12.64 ± 0.02g), the results showed that final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), and specific growth rate (SGR) in the 2.5% CL and 5% CL groups were significantly higher than those in the SO group. The 5% CL group exhibited the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) numerically, though no significant differences were observed among groups. Whole-body crude lipid content was significantly reduced in the 7.5% CL. Compared to other groups, the 5% CL and 7.5% CL showed significantly increased levels of saturated fatty acid (SFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), while PUFA levels markedly decreased. Compared to the control, the 7.5% CL showed significant decreases in plasma serum albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Regarding lipid metabolism gene expression, the 5% CL exhibited a significantly lower expression level of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (pparγ) in contrast to SO. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-α (pparα) were significantly upregulated in the 5% CL and 7.5% CL compared to other groups. Furthermore, the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (cpt1) expression level in the 5% CL was significantly higher than in all other groups. In conclusion, CL enhanced growth performance, effectively reduced whole-body lipid deposition, improved fatty acid composition, and promoted lipid metabolism in juvenile largemouth bass, without adversely affecting liver function. Based on the comprehensive results, the recommended optimal inclusion level for specialty lipid was 5%.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary phospholipid (PL) source and supplementation level on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry. A 56-day feeding trial was conducted using a basal diet containing 1.76% PL and six experimental diets with an additional 1.5%, 3.0%, or 4.5% PL provided by soybean lecithin (SL) or krill oil phospholipids (KOP). Dietary supplementation with 3.0-4.5% SL and 1.5-4.5% KOP significantly improved growth performance, whereas feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced in the 3.0-4.5% SL and 3.0% KOP groups (p < 0.05). At equivalent inclusion levels, no significant differences were observed between SL and KOP in growth performance parameters (p > 0.05). PL supplementation also reduced whole-body lipid deposition and enhanced visceral lipase activity in all groups except the 1.5% SL group, while antioxidant capacity was improved in all PL-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). SL had no significant effect on whole-body fatty acid composition (p > 0.05), whereas moderate to high levels of KOP significantly altered the fatty acid profile, characterized by reduced monounsaturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, along with increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis indicated that PL supplementation affected hepatic lipid metabolism, with both PL sources downregulating apoa2-like, while KOP induced stronger hepatic transcriptional responses related to lipid utilization and innate immune signaling than SL (padj < 0.05). However, gut microbiota analysis revealed no significant differences in the relative abundances of the dominant phyla or in α- and β-diversity among the control, 3.0% KOP, and 4.5% SL groups (p > 0.05). Overall, dietary PL supplementation promoted growth, improved antioxidant capacity, enhanced lipid metabolism, and reduced lipid deposition in Atlantic salmon fry, with KOP exerting stronger effects than SL on fatty acid composition and hepatic gene expression.

Dual-phase bigels from soy hull polysaccharide-soy protein isolate hydrogel and soy lecithin-stearic acid oleogel: A novel strategy for probiotic encapsulation and gastrointestinal stability.

Objective To formulate and evaluate a pregabalin-loaded transferosomal gel for transdermal delivery aimed at, improving skin penetration, sustaining drug release, and increasing patient compliance in the management of peripheral neuropathy. Significance Oral pregabalin therapy often leads to systemic side effects and variable pharmacokinetics. A transferosome-based gel offers a novel approach to improve dermal penetration, prolong drug release, and reduce systemic exposure, potentially enhancing therapeutic outcomes in neuropathic pain. Methods Pregabalin-loaded transferosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method with soya lecithin and Tween 80 in varying ratios. Formulations were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and morphology. The optimized formulation was incorporated into a gel and assessed for pH, drug content, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation through goat ear skin, irritancy using the hen’s egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane, and stability for 90 days. Results The vesicles displayed particle sizes of 378.9-1471 nm, a PDI of 0.3-0.8, and a zeta potential from -17.2 to -31.6 mV. Entrapment efficiency[ee] ranged from 40.35% to 89.2%. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed smooth, spherical vesicles. The transferosomal gel showed pH 5.2-6.1 and drug content of 93.4%-98.8%. In-vitro studies demonstrated sustained 24-hour release following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Ex-vivo permeation showed 92.2% permeation, a flux of 467.18 µg/cm2/h, and a lag time of 0.99 h. The gel was non-irritant and stable for 90 days. Conclusions The developed transferosomal gel exhibited sustained release, efficient permeation, and good stability, indicating strong potential as a transdermal system for peripheral neuropathy management

To compare the antimicrobial effect of Photodynamic (PT) and Sonodynamic Therapy (ST) applying Rose Bengal (RB) loaded in liposomes, intended for the treatment of skin infections. Formulations with standard soy lecithin (TSRB) and water-soluble soy lecithin (TWRB) were prepared and characterized by: (i) FTIR-ATR and DSC, and measuring size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential; (ii) in vitro release and permeation tests, visualizing the distribution of RB in the skin by confocal laser microscopy; (iii) stability tests under different conditions; (iv) occlusion capacity tests; (v) determination of antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and (vi) cytotoxicity tests with HaCaT keratinocytes. Both formulations exhibited encapsulation rates > 93% and particle sizes < 100 nm. TWRB was more stable, delaying RB release (12.8 % at 8h) and facilitating its penetration into the skin. MRSA was inhibited with PT and ST. P. aeruginosa was inhibited with TWRB/ST. Viability was >80% in HaCaT keratinocytes treated with TWRB/PT; however, acoustic cavitation caused significant cell detachment, precluding cytotoxicity assessment in ST assays. TWRB exhibited good technological and stability properties, capable of delaying RB release while enhancing its penetration into the skin. Although MRSA (Gram-positive) was inhibited, the most interesting results were obtained with P. aeruginosa (a Gram-negative bacterium, difficult to eradicate), as TWRB/ST completely inhibited it at a lower concentration than the RB solution. The results, particularly with P. aeruginosa, provide a basis for further studies using this system.

Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising restorative strategy for bone regeneration, yet it remains challenging to develop an appropriate scaffold with optimal porous microstructure for bone repair. Unlike random fibrous scaffolds, the aligned nanofibrous structure could provide contact guidance for cell orientation and enhances mechanotransduction signaling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aligned electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) nanofibrous scaffold with lecithin on guided bone regeneration. In this study, aligned P34HB scaffold (PA group) and random P34HB scaffold (PR group) were fabricated via electrospinning with different speeds of rotating collector, respectively. And lecithin was coated on PA scaffolds (PA/L groups) by immersion method. The morphology, phase composition, and physical properties of these scaffolds were characterized. Meanwhile, cellular behaviors of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), including proliferation, adhesion, osteogenic differentiation, and related gene expression, were also investigated. Finally, a rat critical calvarial defect model was used to evaluate the biocompatibility and effect of these scaffolds on bone repair. The mean fiber diameters of PR and PA scaffolds were 893.0 ± 189.4nm and 832.6 ± 193.1nm, respectively. And Lecithin coating significantly reduced the water contact angle from 112.3° ± 3.5° (PA) to 48.6° ± 2.1° (PA/L) (P < 0.05). The in vitro results demonstrated that PA/L scaffolds showed the highest ALP activity at day 7 and mineralization at day 14. Gene expression analysis revealed that PA/L scaffolds significantly upregulated Alp and Col1a1 at early time points. Furthermore, the in vivo micro-CT analysis revealed that the PA/L group achieved the highest bone volume fraction of 38.7% ± 3.2% at 4 weeks post-implantation. All these results above indicated that aligned nanofibers of P34HB scaffolds in combination with the lecithin could exert a synergistic effect on promoting osteogenesis and regeneration of bone defects. This study represents the first successful combination of aligned P34HB electrospun fibers with soy lecithin coating. The PA/L scaffold could not only topographically guide cell growth but also significantly enhance hydrophilicity and osteogenic differentiation, which could offer a synergistic strategy for bone tissue regeneration. Thus, aligned P34HB scaffold with lecithin showed great application potential for bone tissue regeneration.

Abstract In fish, lipid metabolism is highly sensitive to low temperatures, influencing their capacity to adapt to thermal stress. This study evaluated the effects of dietary soybean lecithin on the hepatopancreas lipid profile of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) reared at a suboptimal temperature (22°C). Juvenile fish (12.22 ± 0.09 g) were fed diets containing 0, 21, 43, or 64 g kg −1 of soybean lecithin for 90 days. Lipid composition of hepatopancreas was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC), flow injection analysis mass spectrometry (FIA-MS), and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Soy lecithin supplementation significantly altered hepatic lipid profiles, promoting a linear increase in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is essential for maintaining membrane fluidity under cold stress. Multiplatform lipidomic analyses revealed clear distinctions in lipid profiles among treatments. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted significant modulation of glycerophospholipid and glycerolipid metabolism, key pathways for membrane structure and energy regulation. Notably, ether lipid and inositol phosphate metabolism were also affected, suggesting potential roles in signaling and stress adaptation. Additionally, there was a higher intensity of sterols in the liver of fish fed the higher doses of lecithin. These findings demonstrate that soybean lecithin enhances specific lipid pathways associated with membrane remodeling and metabolic resilience in Nile tilapia under thermal stress. The application of comprehensive lipidomics provided detailed insights into the dietary modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, reinforcing the value of phospholipid-rich ingredients for improving fish robustness in suboptimal rearing conditions.

This study examined the structural, rheological, and digestive properties of plant-based emulsion-filled gels (EFGs) formulated for dysphagia-friendly nutrition. EFGs were created using a pea protein-κ-carrageenan (PP-κ-CAR) matrix that incorporated oil droplets stabilized by pea protein (EFG-PP), soy lecithin (EFG-PP/LEC), or mono-/diglycerides (EFG-PP/MDG). All formulations met the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative Level 6 requirements and showed improved viscoelastic properties compared to the hydrogel control. The interfacial composition determined how the oil droplets influenced the gel network, with droplets in EFG-PP and EFG-PP/MDG contributing to greater reinforcement, whereas those in EFG-PP/LEC resulted in a weaker and more deformable structure. Among the formulations, EFG-PP/LEC demonstrated the most suitable properties for dysphagia management, including the lowest yield stress, softest texture, and highest protein hydrolysis (54%) and free fatty acid release (7.35 µmol/mL). These effects were associated with weaker oil-matrix interactions and greater enzymatic accessibility. The findings highlight the importance of interfacial design in tailoring EFG structure and digestibility for safe, energy-dense diets for individuals with dysphagia.

Cryopreservation of canine semen plays a vital role in modern dog breeding, genetic conservation, and assisted reproductive technologies. The ability to preserve spermatozoa for extended periods enables the exchange of valuable genetic material across geographical boundaries and facilitates breeding without the need to transport animals. However, the freezing–thawing process can induce significant damage to sperm cells due to cold shock, oxidative stress, and structural alterations in the sperm membrane. To address these challenges, several cryopreservation techniques, including the Uppsala, Norwegian, CERREC, and CERCA methods, have been developed to improve post-thaw sperm quality. The selection of suitable cryoprotectants and extenders is critical for protecting spermatozoa during freezing. Traditional extenders containing egg yolk and its derivatives, such as egg yolk plasma and low-density lipoproteins, are widely used because of their protective effects. More recently, alternative cryoprotectants like soybean lecithin and skim milk have gained attention. In addition, antioxidants and emerging biological strategies, including mesenchymal stem cells, show promise in mitigating oxidative damage and enhancing sperm viability during cryopreservation. This review summarizes the commonly used techniques for canine semen cryopreservation and highlights the role of various cryoprotectants and additives in maintaining sperm quality during long-term storage.

The practical application of protein hydrolysates as functional food ingredients is frequently obstructed by their inherent structural instability. To circumvent this limitation, liposomal encapsulation has emerged as a sophisticated strategy to bolster the bioactivity and integrity of cricket-derived proteins. In this study, varying concentrations (1-4% w/v) of defatted cricket protein hydrolysate (DCPH) were integrated into vesicles composed of soy lecithin and cholesterol. The highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) was observed at a 2% DCPH loading capacity, yielding a significant result of 88.18% (p < 0.05). Subsequent coating with sodium alginate (SA) at 0.1-0.3% (w/v) resulted in an increase in particle size and a more pronounced negative surface charge. When maintained at 4 °C over a 24-day duration, the SA-coated liposome (SA-L-2%DCPH) exhibited superior stability compared to its uncoated (L-2%DCPH) counterpart. Also, the digest derived from the SA-L-2%DCPH exhibited significantly enhanced transepithelial permeability across the Caco-2 cell monolayer, indicated by the higher protein content and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Thus, sodium alginate-coated liposomes serve as a promising delivery system for encapsulating DCPH both during storage stability and in the gastrointestinal digestion system.

Astaxanthin (AST), despite its high bioactivity, exhibits poor stability and low bioavailability due to its strong lipophilicity and inherent degradation susceptibility. To overcome such a challenge, we developed a food-grade oleogel delivery system using a soy protein-arabinoxylan (SA) glycosylated complex modulated by different concentrations (0.5-3%) of sucrose ester (SE) or soy lecithin. We show that the emulsifier concentration has a non-linear effect on the oleogel microstructure: an optimal level of 1% had a significant impact on the interfacial compactness and network density, giving rise to improved thermal stability, rheological strength and AST encapsulation efficiency (81.27%). During in vitro digestion, the SA matrix in combination with emulsifiers allowed gastric protection and intestinal-targeted release of AST with a bioaccessibility of up to 88.84% (SAO-SE-AST). This controlled release profile directly translated into enhanced in vivo antioxidant efficacy in wild-type Bristol N2 Caenorhabditis elegans, as evidenced by reduced lipofuscin accumulation, elevated thermotolerance (survival rate: 64.44-73.33%), suppressed reactive oxygen species levels and activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase as well as glutathione peroxidase). Collectively, this research has uncovered that food-grade emulsifiers are not only stabilizers, but also key regulators of oleogel architecture and bioactive functionality. These results provide a structure-digestion-bioactivity correlation for protein-polysaccharide oleogels, representing a rational design strategy for high-performance delivery systems of lipid-soluble nutraceuticals.

Deficiencies in micronutrients are often overlooked in the treatment of the disease. The current research was undertaken to use ascorbic acid (AA) with Escitalopram oxalate (EO) for the treatment of depression. Designing a patient-friendly formulation that accelerates treatment, developing analytical methods, taste masking, and exploring a simulated dissolution apparatus for medicated chewing gum (MCG) are other objectives. The analytical method was developed and validated for the estimation of AA and EO. The interaction between AA-EO and AA-EO excipients was assessed. MCG was designed using an industry-friendly method. A Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was used to screen for significant variables. Variables were then correlated using the central composite design (CCD). EO release, AA release using a fabricated simulated dissolution apparatus, and texture analysis were evaluated for the designed formulation. An in vivo taste assessment and an accelerated stability study were performed. A simultaneous equation, first and second-order derivative UV method was developed and validated. FTIR and DSC confirmed the absence of any interaction amongst AA-EO and AA-EO- excipients. The amounts of elastomer, plasticizer, and softener were selected as significant variables from the Pareto chart. The optimal MCG from CCD was identified as containing 283.18mg PVA, 129.10mg GMO, 119.19mg soya lecithin, 50mg Xylitol, and 5mg Mint, and showed the desired texture, drug release, and stability. The taste was masked, which was confirmed by in vivo assessment. The industry-patient-friendly formulation can accelerate the cure of depression-related symptoms. The use of AA with EO will benefit the patient. The newer fabricated dissolution apparatus can be advantageous for the in vivo simulation. The approach can be delivered to industry after successful preclinical trials.

The goal of the existing investigation was to design a Dasatinib (DAS) Cube-O-Needle (Cubosome-MNs hybrid system) for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to improve potency and reduce side effects. In Cube-O-Needle, the Cubosome was formulated at an optimal ratio of Glyceryl monooleate (GMO), Poloxamer 407 (PLX), Soya lecithin (SL), Soluplus, and Tween 80. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was used to target DAS to TNBC cells. A risk assessment was conducted to recognize key variables. The amounts of GMO, PLX, and SL have been tailored using a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to attain the anticipated DAS release, particle size, and zeta potential. The MTT assay was performed to evaluate the potency of DAS and its cubosomes (CUB). Cube-O-Needle was designed by infusing CUB into a microneedle patch (MNs). PMVE/MA was used to improve the mechanical characteristics and distinct needle shape. Cube-O-Needle was evaluated using various parameters. DSC, FTIR, and XRD revealed new H-bond formation and a conversion from the crystalline to the amorphous state, indicating increased solubility. The amounts of GMO, SL, and PLX were identified as significant in the FMEA analysis, and the remaining CUB were further optimized and confirmed using BBD. Optimal CUB exhibited a size of 167.2nm, a zeta potential of - 36.5mV, an entrapment efficiency of 79.31%, and 90% DAS release up to 12h. The newer DAS was found to be effective against TNBC, with IC50 values of 29.68 ± 0.18 and 4.514 ± 0.10 in CUB. PMVE/MA was chosen for its mechanical strength and rapid dissolution rate. Optimized CUBs were infused into MN patches to form Cube-O-Needle, which controls DAS release for 24h. The hybrid system Cube-O-Needle demonstrated excellent site specificity and high potency. MNs can overcome transdermal barriers, whereas CUB can release DAS for up to 24h. DAS was effective in treating TNBC, and its CUB demonstrated greater therapeutic efficacy.

Soy lecithin and ethyl lauroyl arginate mitigate pH sensitivity and oxidative degradation of sucrose monopalmitate-based emulsions.

Lutein, a natural pigment with diverse biological activities, exhibits low water solubility, stability, and bioavailability, necessitating encapsulation in suitable emulsions to enhance its utilization. In this study, enzymatic hydrolysates from Nannochloropsis oculata and soybean lecithin (SL) were utilized in grape seed oil emulsions to improve the delivery efficiency of lutein. The results indicated that enzymatic hydrolysates of N. oculata, derived from alkaline protease, papain, or a combination of both enzymes, exhibited emulsifying and antioxidant properties, which were further enhanced by complexation with SL. These complexes facilitated the formation of uniform emulsions characterized by reduced particle size and increased interfacial protein content, as evidenced by alterations in protein structure. Among the various formulations, the emulsion prepared with alkaline protease hydrolysate and its SL complex exhibited superior stability. Consequently, lutein-loaded grape seed oil emulsions were produced with particle sizes ranging from 281.44 to 321.86nm, a polydispersity index of less than 0.3, and interfacial protein content between 4.95 and 5.16mg. These SL-complex emulsions also demonstrated improved oxidative stability under accelerated testing conditions, as indicated by lower peroxide and malondialdehyde values. Following in vitro digestion, the bioavailability of lutein in SL-complex emulsion reached 25.35%-28.13%, surpassing that of non-emulsified oil-phase lutein, thereby underscoring the potential of this delivery system for enhancing lutein stability and absorption. The findings further emphasize the dual functionality of microalgal protein hydrolysates as natural emulsifiers and antioxidants, with their efficacy synergistically enhanced by phospholipid complexation.

Effect of Five Dietary Emulsifiers on Inflammation, Permeability, and the Gut Microbiome: A Placebo-controlled Randomized Trial.

Functional benefits of soy lecithin supplementation in feeds for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) juveniles: Impacts on production performance, intestinal health, and disease resistance