Learning Convolutional Neural Network Model Research Articles

Classifying driver mutations of papillary thyroid carcinoma on whole slide image: an automated workflow applying deep convolutional neural network

BackgroundInformative biomarkers play a vital role in guiding clinical decisions regarding management of cancers. We have previously demonstrated the potential of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for predicting cancer driver gene mutations from expert-curated histopathologic images in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Recognizing the importance of whole slide image (WSI) analysis for clinical application, we aimed to develop an automated image preprocessing workflow that uses WSI inputs to categorize PTCs based on driver mutations.MethodsHistopathology slides from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) repository were utilized for diagnostic purposes. These slides underwent an automated tile extraction and preprocessing pipeline to ensure analysis-ready quality. Next, the extracted image tiles were utilized to train a deep learning CNN model, specifically Google’s Inception v3, for the classification of PTCs. The model was trained to distinguish between different groups based on BRAFV600E or RAS mutations.ResultsThe newly developed pipeline performed equally well as the expert-curated image classifier. The best model achieved Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.86 (ranging from 0.847 to 0.872) for validation and 0.865 (ranging from 0.854 to 0.876) for the final testing subsets. Notably, it accurately predicted 90% of tumors in the validation set and 84.2% in the final testing set. Furthermore, the performance of our new classifier showed a strong correlation with the expert-curated classifier (Spearman rho = 0.726, p = 5.28 e-08), and correlated with the molecular expression-based classifier, BRS (BRAF-RAS scores) (Spearman rho = 0.418, p = 1.92e-13).ConclusionsUtilizing WSIs, we implemented an automated workflow with deep CNN model that accurately classifies driver mutations in PTCs.

Predicting acetabular version in native hip joints through plain x-ray radiographs: a comparative analysis of convolutional neural network model and the current gold standard, with insights and implications for hip arthroplasty.

This study presents the development and validation of a Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for estimating acetabular version (AV) from native hip plain radiographs. Utilizing a dataset comprising 300 participants with unrelated pelvic complaints, the CNN model was trained and evaluated against CT-Scans, considered the gold standard, using a 5-fold cross-validation. Notably, the CNN model exhibited a robust performance, demonstrating a strong Pearson correlation with CT-Scans (right hip: r = 0.70, p < 0.001; left hip: r = 0.71, p < 0.001) and achieving a mean absolute error of 2.95°. Remarkably, over 83% of predictions yielded errors ≤5°, highlighting the model's high precision in AV estimation. The model holds promise in preoperative planning for hip arthroplasty, potentially reducing complications like recurrent dislocation and component wear. Future directions include further refinement of the CNN model, with ongoing investigations aimed at enhancing preoperative planning potential and ensuring comprehensive assessment across diverse patient populations, particularly in diseased cases. Additionally, future research could explore the model's potential value in scenarios necessitating minimized ionizing radiation exposure, such as post-operative evaluations.

Learning-assisted specklegram analysis for recognition of simultaneous weights on multimode optical fiber

A deep learning-based recognition of multimode fiber (MMF) specklegrams for various simultaneous weights is presented in this work. Five different random locations have been considered along the length of MMF and the specklegram images are recorded corresponding to seven different combinations of random simultaneous weights applied at these locations. A popular deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model, VGG-16 is employed on these images for the recognition of these seven weight combinations. The impact of acoustic vibrations, laser power, external temperature, and image sizes on the recognition accuracy is examined. A 100% recognition accuracy is attained and a negligible accuracy variation of ∼1.9% for acoustic vibrations as well as for changing laser power is observed, whereas a drastic fall in accuracy is observed in case of change in image sizes less than 80 × 80 pixels. Also, a negligible variation of ∼2% is observed for the applied external temperature. The heart of our work lies in the accumulation of a diverse, large volume of specklegram dataset by virtue of conducting brute force experiments that take care of eradication of model overfitting. The proposed proof-of-concept scheme might be useful for low-cost, efficacious, self-assisted multi-weight analysis in structural health monitoring.

Monitoring of parasite Orobanche cumana using Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging combining with physio-biochemical parameterson host crop Helianthus annuus.

This study provided a non-destructive detection method with Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging combining with physio-biochemical parameters in Helianthus annuus in response to Orobanche cumana infection that took insights into the monitoring of sunflower weed. Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is an obligate weed that attaches to the host roots of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leading to a significant reduction in yield worldwide. The emergence of O. cumana shoots after its underground life-cycle causes irreversible damage to the crop. In this study, a fast visual, non-invasive and precise method for monitoring changes in spectral characteristics using visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was developed. By combining the bands sensitive to antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GR), non-antioxidant enzymes (GSH, GSH + GSSG), MDA, ROS (O2-, OH-), PAL, and PPO activities obtained from the host leaves, we sought to establish an accurate means of assessing these changes and conducted imaging acquisition using hyperspectral cameras from both infested and non-infested sunflower cultivars, followed by physio-biochemical parameters measurement as well as analyzed the expression of defense related genes. Extreme learning machine (ELM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) models using 3-band images were built to classify infected or non-infected plants in three sunflower cultivars, achieving accuracies of 95.83% and 95.83% for the discrimination of infestation as well as 97.92% and 95.83% of varieties, respectively, indicating the potential of multi-spectral imaging systems for early detection of O. cumana in weed management.

Single-cell hdWGCNA reveals metastatic protective macrophages and development of deep learning model in uveal melanoma

BackgroundAlthough there has been some progress in the treatment of primary uveal melanoma (UVM), distant metastasis remains the leading cause of death in patients. Monitoring, staging, and treatment of metastatic disease have not yet reached consensus. Although more than half of metastatic tumors (62%) are diagnosed within five years after primary tumor treatment, the remainder are only detected in the following 25 years. The mechanisms of UVM metastasis and its impact on prognosis are not yet fully understood.MethodsscRNA-seq data of UVM samples were obtained and processed, followed by cell type identification and characterization of macrophage subpopulations. High-dimensional weighted gene co-expression network analysis (HdWGCNA) was performed to identify key gene modules associated with metastatic protective macrophages (MPMφ) in primary samples, and functional analyses were conducted. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering and immune cell infiltration analyses were performed using the MPMφ gene signatures. Machine learning models were developed using the identified metastatic protective macrophages related genes (MPMRGs) to distinguish primary from metastatic patients. A deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model was constructed based on MPMRGs and cell type associations. Lastly, a prognostic model was established using the MPMRGs and validated in independent cohorts.ResultsSingle-cell RNA-seq analysis revealed a unique immune microenvironment landscape in primary samples compared to metastatic samples, with an enrichment of macrophage cells. Using HdWGCNA, MPMφ and marker genes were identified. Functional analysis showed an enrichment of genes related to antigen processing progress and immune response. Machine learning and deep learning models based on key genes showed significant effectiveness in distinguishing between primary and metastatic patients. The prognostic model based on key genes demonstrated substantial predictive value for the survival of UVM patients.ConclusionOur study identified key macrophage subpopulations related to metastatic samples, which have a profound impact on shaping the tumor immune microenvironment. A prognostic model based on macrophage cell genes can be used to predict the prognosis of UVM patients.

Estimation of Leaf Water Content of a Fruit Tree by In Situ Vis-NIR Spectroscopy Using Multiple Machine Learning Methods in Southern Xinjiang, China

Water scarcity is one of the most significant environmental factors that inhibits photosynthesis and decreases the growth and productivity of plants. Using the deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model, this study evaluates the ability of spectroscopy to estimate leaf water content (LWC) in fruit trees. During midday, spectral data were acquired from leaf samples obtained from three distinct varieties of fruit trees, encompassing the spectral range spanning from 350 to 2500 nm. Then, for spectral preprocessing, the fractional order derivative (FOD) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) algorithms were used to reduce the effects of scattering and noise on the collected spectra. Finally, the CNN model was developed to predict LWC in different fruit trees. The results showed that: (1) The spectra treated with CWT and FOD could improve the spectrum expression ability by improving the correlation between spectra and LWC. The correlation level of FOD treatment was higher than that of CWT treatment. (2) The CNN model was developed using FOD 1.2, and CWT 3 performed better than other traditional machine learning methods, such as RFR, SVR, and PLSR. (3) Further validation using additional samples demonstrated that the CNN model had good stability and quantitative prediction capability for the LWC of fruit trees (R2 &gt; 0.95, root mean square error (RMSE) &lt; 1.773%, and relative percentage difference (RPD) &gt; 4.26). The results may provide an effective way to predict fruit LWC using a CNN-based model.

Deep learning with convolution neural network detecting mesiodens on panoramic radiographs: comparing four models.

The aim of this study was to develop an optimal, simple, and lightweight deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model to detect the presence of mesiodens on panoramic radiographs. A total of 628 panoramic radiographs with and without mesiodens were used as training, validation, and test data. The training, validation, and test dataset were consisted of 218, 51, and 40 images with mesiodens and 203, 55, and 61 without mesiodens, respectively. Unclear panoramic radiographs for which the diagnosis could not be accurately determined and other modalities were required for the final diagnosis were retrospectively identified and employed as the training dataset. Four CNN models provided within software supporting the creation of neural network models for deep learning were modified and developed. The diagnostic performance of the CNNs was evaluated according to accuracy, precision, recall and F1 scores, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, and area under the ROC curve (AUC). In addition, we used SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to attempt to visualize the image features that were important in the classifications of the model that exhibited the best diagnostic performance. A binary_connect_mnist_LeNet model exhibited the best performance of the four deep learning models. Our results suggest that a simple lightweight model is able to detect mesiodens. It is worth referring to AI-based diagnosis before an additional radiological examination when diagnosis of mesiodens cannot be made on unclear images. However, further revaluation by the specialist would be also necessary for careful consideration because children are more radiosensitive than adults.

Pneumonia Detection through Deep Learning: A Comparative Exploration of Classification and Segmentation Strategies

The Convolution Neural Network (CNN) algorithm is one of the most widely used methods for identifying and categorizing lung cancer. This paper covers the most suitable architecture and CNN algorithms for lung cancer and pneumonia deduction and classification. The main contributions to the diagnosis and classification of lung cancer with four steps are Nonlinear transfer learning framework (NLTF), Hierarchical Feature Mapping (HFM), Lifelong Partial Dissection (LPD), and Deep Lifelong Convolutional Neural Network (DLCNN). The application of non-local total fuzzy (NLTF) filtering removes various categories of noise after lung CT imageries and enhances cancer areas. The application of Hybrid Fuzzy Morphology (HFM) constructed segmentation to minimize the region of interest (ROI) for cancer using morphology opening and closing processes. Extraction of traits unique to each disease employing Lung Parenchyma Division (LPD) and extraction of deep seismic features using the Geometric Optimal Algorithm (GOA). Training and testing the proposed Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network (DLCNN) model using the extracted features to classify benign, malignant lung cancers and Recent advancements in deep learning methods have shown accurate results in the investigation and diagnosis of medical image data, including the detection of pneumonia.

MEGANET: Improved framework with nature inspired approach for colorectal cancer polyp classification

BACKGROUND: Polyps are tumorous growths in the colon or rectal area which can turn into cancer at later stages, thus detection of polyps is very important for timely prevention of colorectal cancer. The aim of the study is to develop a framework to accurately detect polyp images in colonoscopy images. OBJECTIVE: Development of an intelligent framework for classification of colorectal cancer from colon and rectal images. The standard machine learning, convolutional neural networks and ensemble models with nature inspired approach were implemented for this study. Model optimization was performed by varying hyper parameters. The main objective was to find an optimal model with high accuracy, optimized weights and less parameters. METHODS: The deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models such as VGG19, ResNet50, EfficientNet, Ensemble Model (EM), and Modified Ensemble CNN with Genetic Algorithm (MEGANET) were implemented for the classification of colon images. RESULTS: Ensemble model was also created with two best performing deep learning models to further achieve higher accuracy of 96%. The ensemble model outperformed the other models in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. But this model has more complexity. The MEGANET, nature inspired evolutionary ensemble CNN model was implemented with transfer learning and genetic algorithms for weights optimization and parameter reduction. It achieved accuracy of 95%, on training data. CONCLUSION: The MEGANET performed similar to EM with less number of parameters on training, validation and test dataset. In future different methods will be implemented to further reduce the parameters and attain reasonable accuracy using MEGANET.

Enhancing oral squamous cell carcinoma detection: a novel approach using improved EfficientNet architecture

ProblemOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the eighth most prevalent cancer globally, leading to the loss of structural integrity within the oral cavity layers and membranes. Despite its high prevalence, early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment.AimThis study aimed to utilize recent advancements in deep learning for medical image classification to automate the early diagnosis of oral histopathology images, thereby facilitating prompt and accurate detection of oral cancer.MethodsA deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model categorizes benign and malignant oral biopsy histopathological images. By leveraging 17 pretrained DL-CNN models, a two-step statistical analysis identified the pretrained EfficientNetB0 model as the most superior. Further enhancement of EfficientNetB0 was achieved by incorporating a dual attention network (DAN) into the model architecture.ResultsThe improved EfficientNetB0 model demonstrated impressive performance metrics, including an accuracy of 91.1%, sensitivity of 92.2%, specificity of 91.0%, precision of 91.3%, false-positive rate (FPR) of 1.12%, F1 score of 92.3%, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 90.1%, kappa of 88.8%, and computational time of 66.41%. Notably, this model surpasses the performance of state-of-the-art approaches in the field.ConclusionIntegrating deep learning techniques, specifically the enhanced EfficientNetB0 model with DAN, shows promising results for the automated early diagnosis of oral cancer through oral histopathology image analysis. This advancement has significant potential for improving the efficacy of oral cancer treatment strategies.

Improving the Concrete Crack Detection Process via a Hybrid Visual Transformer Algorithm.

Inspections of concrete bridges across the United States represent a significant commitment of resources, given their biannual mandate for many structures. With a notable number of aging bridges, there is an imperative need to enhance the efficiency of these inspections. This study harnessed the power of computer vision to streamline the inspection process. Our experiment examined the efficacy of a state-of-the-art Visual Transformer (ViT) model combined with distinct image enhancement detector algorithms. We benchmarked against a deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. These models were applied to over 20,000 high-quality images from the Concrete Images for Classification dataset. Traditional crack detection methods often fall short due to their heavy reliance on time and resources. This research pioneers bridge inspection by integrating ViT with diverse image enhancement detectors, significantly improving concrete crack detection accuracy. Notably, a custom-built CNN achieves over 99% accuracy with substantially lower training time than ViT, making it an efficient solution for enhancing safety and resource conservation in infrastructure management. These advancements enhance safety by enabling reliable detection and timely maintenance, but they also align with Industry 4.0 objectives, automating manual inspections, reducing costs, and advancing technological integration in public infrastructure management.

Traffic Flow Optimization at Toll Plaza Using Proactive Deep Learning Strategies

Global urbanization and increasing traffic volume have intensified traffic congestion throughout transportation infrastructure, particularly at toll plazas, highlighting the critical need to implement proactive transportation infrastructure solutions. Traditional toll plaza management approaches, often relying on manual interventions, suffer from inefficiencies that fail to adapt to dynamic traffic flow and are unable to produce preemptive control strategies, resulting in prolonged queues, extended travel times, and adverse environmental effects. This study proposes a proactive traffic control strategy using advanced technologies to combat toll plaza congestion and optimize traffic management. The approach involves deep learning convolutional neural network models (YOLOv7–Deep SORT) for vehicle counting and an extended short-term memory model for short-term arrival rate prediction. When projected arrival rates exceed a threshold, the strategy proactively activates variable speed limits (VSLs) and ramp metering (RM) strategies during peak hours. The novelty of this study lies in its predictive and adaptive capabilities, ensuring efficient traffic flow management. Validated through a case study at Ravi Toll Plaza Lahore using PTV VISSIMv7, the proposed method reduces queue length by 57% and vehicle delays by 47% while cutting fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by 28.4% and 34%, respectively. Additionally, by identifying the limitations of conventional approaches, this study presents a novel framework alongside the proposed strategy to bridge the gap between theory and practice, making it easier for toll plaza operators and transportation authorities to adopt and benefit from advanced traffic management techniques. Ultimately, this study underscores the importance of integrated and proactive traffic control strategies in enhancing traffic management, minimizing congestion, and fostering a more sustainable transportation system.

An Artificial Intelligence Driven Approach for Classification of Ophthalmic Images using Convolutional Neural Network: An Experimental Study.

Early disease detection is emphasized within ophthalmology now more than ever, and as a result, clinicians and innovators turn to deep learning to expedite accurate diagnosis and mitigate treatment delay. Efforts concentrate on the creation of deep learning systems that analyze clinical image data to detect disease-specific features with maximum sensitivity. Moreover, these systems hold promise of early accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with common progressive diseases. DenseNet, ResNet, and VGG-16 are among a few of the deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms that have been introduced and are being investigated for potential application within ophthalmology. In this study, the authors sought to create and evaluate a novel ensembled deep learning CNN model that analyzes a dataset of shuffled retinal color fundus images (RCFIs) from eyes with various ocular disease features (cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy). Our aim was to determine (1) the relative performance of our finalized model in classifying RCFIs according to disease and (2) the diagnostic potential of the finalized model to serve as a screening test for specific diseases (cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy) upon presentation of RCFIs with diverse disease manifestations. We found adding convolutional layers to an existing VGG-16 model, which was named as a proposed model in this article that, resulted in significantly increased performance with 98% accuracy (p<0.05), including good diagnostic potential for binary disease detection in cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy. The proposed model was found to be suitable and accurate for a decision support system in Ophthalmology Clinical Framework.

HepScope: CNN-based single-cell discrimination of malignant hepatocytes

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant global health challenge. This study aims to identify robust single-cell biomarkers specifically designed to distinguish between malignant and non-malignant hepatocytes, thereby advancing precision medicine strategies for HCC. Methods: At the single-cell level, we investigated the reliability of established marker genes for malignant hepatocytes in distinguishing them from their non-malignant counterparts. Leveraging one of the largest integrated single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) datasets of healthy and diseased liver tissues, alongside independent scRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics (stRNA-seq), bulk RNA-seq, and bulk proteome datasets, we defined a signature gene set, denoted as HepScope. Five other publicly available gene sets related to HCC were used for comparison with HepScope. The development of machine learning (ML) and 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) models involved utilizing normalized expression of signature genes from scRNA-seq datasets. The HepScope-1D-CNN model was developed to assess differentiation performance by considering the expression values of each signature gene across different tissues and within the same tissue. Finally, we calculated a risk score based on the signature genes to evaluate its prognostic capability. Result: We demonstrated the lack of specificity and consistency among current HCC marker genes in distinguishing malignant hepatocytes from non-malignant hepatocytes. The differential expression (DEG) analysis identified 113 genes upregulated in malignant hepatocytes, forming the HepScope. In contrast to HepScope, the expression values of the five other publicly available gene sets did not exhibit the ability to discriminate between malignant and non-malignant hepatocytes. Utilizing the genes from HepScope, the Gaussian Naive Bayes ML model proficiently distinguished between malignant and non-malignant hepatocytes. The HepScope-CNN model showed the highest performance and effciency compared to other 1D-CNN models trained with different gene sets. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study reveals a novel gene set designed to precisely identify malignant hepatocytes at the single-cell level. This research holds promise for advancing precision medicine in HCC, providing valuable insights into the development of targeted therapies and personalized treatment strategies. We acknowledge support provided by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (2020R1A6A1A03043539, 2020M3A9D8037604, and 2022R1C1C1004756) and the Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project of the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea (HR22C1734). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Development of a chest X-ray machine learning convolutional neural network model on a budget and using artificial intelligence explainability techniques to analyze patterns of machine learning inference.

Machine learning (ML) will have a large impact on medicine and accessibility is important. This study's model was used to explore various concepts including how varying features of a model impacted behavior. This study built an ML model that classified chest X-rays as normal or abnormal by using ResNet50 as a base with transfer learning. A contrast enhancement mechanism was implemented to improve performance. After training with a dataset of publicly available chest radiographs, performance metrics were determined with a test set. The ResNet50 base was substituted with deeper architectures (ResNet101/152) and visualization methods used to help determine patterns of inference. Performance metrics were an accuracy of 79%, recall 69%, precision 96%, and area under the curve of 0.9023. Accuracy improved to 82% and recall to 74% with contrast enhancement. When visualization methods were applied and the ratio of pixels used for inference measured, deeper architectures resulted in the model using larger portions of the image for inference as compared to ResNet50. The model performed on par with many existing models despite consumer-grade hardware and smaller datasets. Individual models vary thus a single model's explainability may not be generalizable. Therefore, this study varied architecture and studied patterns of inference. With deeper ResNet architectures, the machine used larger portions of the image to make decisions. An example using a custom model showed that AI (Artificial Intelligence) can be accessible on consumer-grade hardware, and it also demonstrated an example of studying themes of ML explainability by varying ResNet architectures.

Wavelet entropy-based damage characterization and material phase differentiation in concrete using acoustic emissions

Damage evolution in concrete is a complex phenomenon involving micro-cracks that originate from different material phases (mortar matrix, ITZ and aggregate), and culminate into a major crack. The information about the individual damaged material phases can provide major insights into the global failure behaviour, cracking path, and fracture processes. The evolution of damage, damage mechanisms and the material phase of origin of micro-cracks is highly influenced by the type of concrete (Normal and high strength). In order to investigate the evolution of damage in concrete of varying strength, notched beam specimens with different water-to-cement ratios have been prepared and tested under CMOD control. The evolution and growth of damage have been continuously monitored during testing through acoustic emission techniques. Based on acoustic emission results, it has been demonstrated that the damage progression in concrete can be better described as a function of the wavelet entropy of the AE events occurring during the entire loading duration, and therefore, an analytical model for the damage evolution has been proposed. The study reveals that, under the high-strength category, the level of deterioration reduces as the w/c ratio rises, while in normal-strength concrete, a reverse trend is observed. Furthermore, a novel approach has been proposed that utilizes wavelet entropy and amplitude to differentiate amongst various damaged material phases with the help of an unsupervised clustering algorithm. Normal-strength concrete with a w/c ratio of 0.4 has been used to demonstrate the proposed methodology and has been validated with the help of experiments performed on the mortar and the parent stone of aggregate. A higher occurrence of mode-I cracks compared to mode-II cracks across all material phases has been observed for the specimen. Additionally, ITZ and aggregate exhibit a greater proportion of tensile and shear cracking events than the matrix phase. In the end, a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model is devised utilizing labelled scalogram images of the AE waveforms to discriminate between the various damaged material phases. A 10-fold training cross-validation of the dataset has been carried out to achieve a stable performance. The deep learning model performs well in discriminating the damaged material phases with high training, validation, and testing accuracy.

Smart Societal Optimization-based Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network Model for Epileptic Seizure Prediction

ABSTRACT Epilepsy is a long-term neurological condition that disrupts brain function in people of all ages, epilepsy is a condition that is analysed through the brain signals via electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. To analyse epilepsy using spatial and temporal data, various machine-learning-based techniques are used. However, most of the techniques suffer from inaccuracy issues in dealing with the dynamic and raw EEG signal. In this research, an intelligent societal optimisation-driven classifier is introduced based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) for epileptic seizure prediction using EEG signals. To boost predictive accuracy, we extract frequency band features from the EEG signal utilising wavelet decomposition. The frequency band features form the feature vector, is provided smart societal optimisation- CNN such that the prediction performance is enhanced through the optimal tuning of the CNN with the smart societal optimisation. Smart societal optimisation is proposed by integrating the behaviour of the Lobos wolf and the Moggie. The smart societal optimisation-based CNN attains 87.673% accuracy, 84.949% sensitivity91.274%specificity for the K-Fold-10 for CHB-MIT scalp EEG database.

Automatic classification of 10 blood cell subtypes using transfer learning via pre-trained convolutional neural networks

Human blood is primarily composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It plays a vital role in transporting oxygen and nutrients to all organs, and stores essential health-related data about the human body. Blood cells are utilized to defend the body against infections and disease. Hence, analysis of blood permits physicians to assess an individual's physiological condition. Blood cells are sub-classified into eight groups: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, immature granulocytes (promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes), erythroblasts, and platelets (thrombocytes) on the basis of their nucleus, shape and cytoplasm. Traditionally, pathologists and hematologists have identified and examined these via microscopy prior to manual classification, with this manual approach being slow and prone to human error. Therefore, it is essential to automate this process. In the current study, transfer learning with a series of pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models—VGG16, VGG19, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, ResNet-152, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2 and DenseNet-201 was applied to the normal peripheral blood cells dataset (PBC). The overall accuracy achieved with individual CNNs ranged from 91.4 % to 94.7 %. Based on these pre-trained architectures, a CNN-based architecture has been developed to automatically classify all ten blood cell types. The proposed transfer learning CNN model was tested on blood cell images from the PBC, Kaggle and LISC datasets. Achieved accuracy was 99.91 %, 99.68 % and 98.79 %, respectively, across these three datasets. The presented CNN architecture outperforms all previous results reported in the scientific/medical literature with a high capacity for framework generalization in future applications of blood cell classification.

OEC[sbnd]Net: Optimal feature selection-based email classification network using unsupervised learning with deep CNN model

The escalating prevalence of email communication in global interactions underscores the critical need for robust security measures. However, the existing methods to safeguard email communication, including spam, phishing, and ham emails, have exhibited suboptimal classification performance and inadequate security. So, this work introduces the Optimized Email Classification Network (OECNet) to categorize emails and mitigate security risks effectively. Leveraging a hybrid dataset comprising spam, phishing, and ham email information, we perform meticulous preprocessing to ensure data uniformity. Our approach incorporates principal component analysis (PCA) to extract email-specific pattern properties, enhancing feature discernment through eigenvalue analysis. Inspired by natural swarm behaviours, we employ Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to select highly correlated features from PCA outcomes, optimizing the model's efficacy. The OECNet uses PSO-optimised features to integrate a Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network (DLCNN) model for classification. This novel methodology surpasses traditional methods, yielding an accuracy of 98.43 %, precision of 97.78 %, recall of 96.41 %, and an impressive F1-score of 97.07 %. The proposed OECNet advances email classification technology and establishes a robust security framework against malicious intrusions in global communication. The hybrid dataset incorporates UCI, CSDMC, and SpamAssassin information, ensuring comprehensive coverage and realistic scenarios for effective model training and evaluation.

Identifying the probability of genetic mutations in lung cancer using predictive and prognostic biomarkers from histopathological images

Background: Lung cancer is the highest deadliest disease and second largest disease being diagnosed worldwide. In the age of precision medicine, determining a patient’s genetic status is critical. Finding the percentage of gene mutation of a particular biomarker will help in targeted therapy of a patient at an early stage. Objective: Histopathology images are larger in size which needs to be converted into smaller tiles for the computational purpose. Deep Learning Techniques could be applied on this huge number of histopathological images to derive the probability of gene mutation occurrence in predictive and prognostic biomarkers of lung cancer. Methods: In this work, a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model (InceptionV3) is trained on histopathology images obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to accurately predict the mutated genes in lung adenocarcinoma. The convolutional neural network-based model predicts 10 major genetic mutations percentage, i.e., EGFR, FAT1, FAT4, KEAP1, KRAS, LRP1B, NF1, SETBP1, STK11, TP53. Results: InceptionV3 predicted the probability of gene mutation from the histopathology images and categorized the genes as predictive and prognostic. InceptionV3 yielded an accuracy of 82.36% and cross entropy of 37.62%. Conclusion: InceptionV3 was trained on histopathology images to predict gene mutations with an accuracy of 82%. Prediction of gene mutations with different CNN models like AlexNet and ResNet can be explored further.