Lean Mass Components Research Articles

Body composition as an indicator of metabolic changes in mice obtained by in vitro fertilization.

To identify body systems subject to epigenetic transformation during in vitro fertilization (IVF), comparative morphological and functional studies were performed on sexually mature offspring of outbred CD1 mice, specific-pathogen-free (SPF), obtained by IVF (experiment) and natural conception (control). The studies included assessment of age-related changes in body weight and composition, energy intake and expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. To level the effects caused by the different number of newborns in the control and in the experiment, the size of the fed litters was halved in the control females. Males obtained using the IVF procedure were superior in body weight compared to control males in all age groups. As was shown by analysis of variance with experiment/control factors, gender, age (7, 10 and 20 weeks), the IVF procedure had a statistically significant and unidirectional effect on body composition. At the same time, IVF offspring outperformed control individuals in relative fat content, but were behind in terms of lean mass. The effect of the interaction of factors was not statistically significant. IVF offspring of both sexes had higher fat to lean mass ratios (FLR). Since adipose tissue contributes significantly less to total energy intake compared to muscle, the main component of lean mass, it is not surprising that at the same level of IVF locomotor activity offspring consumed less food than controls. When converted to one gram of body weight, this difference reached 19 %. One of the consequences of reduced utilization of IVF energy substrates by offspring is a decrease in their tolerance to glucose loading. The integral criterion for the effectiveness of restoring the initial glucose level is the area under the curve (AUC), the value of which was 2.5 (males) and 3.2 (females) times higher in IVF offspring compared to the corresponding control. Thus, the totality of our original and literature data shows an increase in the risk of metabolic disorders in IVF offspring, which is confirmed by epidemiological studies of a relatively young cohort of people born using assisted reproductive technologies.

Food and fluid intake and hydration status does not affect ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue in active adults

ObjectivesTo investigate the impact of acute food and fluid intake or hydration status on the standardised brightness-mode ultrasound measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness. DesignThirty active adults (female n = 10) participated in a randomised cross over study. MethodsParticipants completed three body composition assessment sessions via standardised brightness-mode ultrasound and Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Participants were assessed under standardised presentation during ‘food only’ and ‘food plus water’ sessions at baseline and reassessed after their allotted intake. ‘Hypohydration plus water’ was undertaken in a hypohydrated state at baseline and reassessed after water intake. ResultsThe sum of eight subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness was lower when measured after ‘food only’ or ‘food plus water’ compared to baseline (−0.1 to −0.9 mm; p < 0.01). However, these changes were less than the 95% confidence interval of the technical error of measurement of the investigator. Body mass, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry total and trunk mass, lean mass and trunk lean mass estimates increased (p < 0.01) following ‘food only’ or ‘food plus water’, and decreased with hypohydration (p < 0.01). Total and regional fat mass estimates were not impacted. ConclusionsThe sum of eight subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness measured via standardised brightness-mode ultrasound was unaffected by acute food and fluid consumption or hydration status changes. Comparatively, these interventions altered dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry body composition estimates, especially that of lean mass components. Standardised brightness-mode ultrasound can therefore be used to monitor changes in fat patterning when standardised client presentation is not practically achievable.

P38 Cambios en la composición corporal en pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica

Introducción: el objetivo del descenso de peso en pacientes con obesidad es la pérdida de masa grasa (MG), sin embargo, también se pierde una proporción de masa magra (MM) que contribuye a la tasa metabólica. El músculo esquelético (ME) es un componente importante de la MM y el mejor predictor de la tasa metabólica basal (TMB). Los resultados de la cirugía bariátrica (CB) en los cambios de composición corporal y TMB son controvertidos. La disminución de la TBM puede predisponer a reganancia de peso post-quirúrgica. La bioimpedancia (BIA) es una técnica no invasiva, de bajo costo y rápido manejo, útil para medir la composición corporal en la práctica clínica.Objetivos: evaluar los cambios en la composición corporal mediante bioimpedancia en pacientes sometidos a CB.Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a CB desde enero de 2009 a enero de 2019.

Are body circumferences able to predict strength, muscle mass and bone characteristics in obesity? A preliminary study in women.

Measurement of body circumferences (BCs) is widely used as an anthropometric tool to assess body composition and health risk in obese individuals. In this preliminary work we evaluated the association of several BCs with Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)-measured lean mass as well as leg press test scores with an aim at exploring the potential of BCs as predictor of body composition and muscle strength. A total of 34 female participants aged 47.3±7.6 y who were obese (BMI, 30.4-43.7 kg/m2) were recruited. The upper arm (relaxed), wrist, chest, waist, hip, thigh, and calf circumferences were measured. The skinfold-corrected muscle (including bone) circumferences at the arm, thigh, and calf site were also calculated. Lean mass components were measured by DXA with a Hologic QDR Explorer scanner according to the manufacturer's procedures. Lower limbs strength was assessed with the 1-Repetition Maximum leg press. Bivariate association between variables was assessed with the Spearman's correlation coefficient after the Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate procedure. Predictive equations were developed using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Several statistically significant correlations (Benjamini and Hochberg corrected P [Pc] < 0.05) were present between BCs and DXA-measured body composition variables, and leg press test scores with special regard to the chest, arm, waist, and hip circumferences. Multiple regression analysis yielded statistically significant predictive models (Pc < 0.05 for all; adjusted R2 ranging 0.123 - 0.504; standard error of the estimate ranging 4.0% - 11% of the mean measured value) for all body composition as well as leg press outcomes. The current findings show that BCs represent a simple, suitable anthropometric measurement with a potential to predict several lean mass components as well as lower limbs strength in obese females. The proposed predictors need to be validated in a larger sample of participants and in obese males.

Anthropometric prediction of DXA-measured body composition in female team handball players.

BackgroundThe relevance of body composition (BC) to performance in sport has long been appreciated with special concern on the total and regional proportion of fat and muscle. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is able to accurately measure BC, but it may not be easily available in practice; anthropometry has long been used as a simple and inexpensive field method to objectively assess BC. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to develop and validate a sport-specific anthropometric predictive equation for total body fat mass (FM) and lean mass components in female handball players to be used in the sport setting; second, to cross-validate in female team handball players several independently developed, predictive equations for BC in female athletes.MethodsA total of 85 female team handball players (30 wings, 31 backs, 14 pivots, 10 goalkeepers) of different competitive levels underwent anthropometry and a whole-body DXA scan. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop predictive equations in a derivation sample (n = 60) of randomly selected players using demographic and anthropometric variables. The developed equations were used to predict DXA outcomes in an independent validation sample (n = 25).ResultsStatistically significant (P < 0.001) models were developed for total body FM (adjusted R2 = 0.943, standard error of the estimate, SEE = 1,379 g), percentage FM (adjusted R2 = 0.877, SEE = 2.00%), fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM) (adjusted R2 = 0.834, SEE = 2,412 g), fat-free mass (FFSTM + bone mineral content; adjusted R2 = 0.829, SEE = 2,579 g). All models were robust to collinearity. Each developed equation was successfully validated in the remaining 25 players using correlation analysis, mean signed difference, t-test, and Bland–Altman plot. The whole dataset of team handball players (n = 85) was used to cross-validate several predictive equations independently developed by others in female athletes. Equations significantly (P < 0.001 for all; t-test) over- or underestimated the corresponding DXA measurements.DiscussionIt is concluded that in team female handball players the anthropometric equations presented herein are able to estimate body fat and FFSTM with accuracy. Several BC predictive anthropometric equations developed in different female athletic populations revealed inaccurate when tested in team handball players. These results should be of use for coaches, physical trainers, and nutritionists when evaluating the physical status of female team handball players.

Phase Angle and Body Composition in Breast Cancer Survivors Compared to Healthy Age-Matched Women

Breast cancer survivors (BCS) experience well documented treatment induced alterations in body composition, particularly the loss of lean mass (LM) and bone mineral density. Less is known about the treatment-related effects on phase angle, body cell mass (BCM), extracellular mass (ECM) and the ratio of ECM/BCM. Phase angle is an objective indicator of cellular health and integrity, and BCM is a measure of the actively metabolizing component of LM that also decreases with age. A phase angle less than 5° is indicative of poorer cellular health and nutritional status. An ECM/BCM ratio less than 1.0 is optimal. PURPOSE: To identify any differences in measures of body composition, phase angle, BCM, ECM and ECM/BCM in BCS compared to healthy age-matched women (HC). METHODS: Thirty post-menopausal BCS (stages 0-III) (age: 57 ± 8yrs; BMI: 26.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2) and 26 HC (age: 58 ± 7 yrs; BMI: 26.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2) participated in this cross-sectional study. After an 8 hr fast, whole body bioelectric impedance analysis was used to assess measures of body composition including lean mass, fat mass, body fat (%), phase angle, BCM, ECM, and ECM/BCM. Data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA. Significance was accepted at p<0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in lean mass (BCS: 45.7 ± 5.7; HC: 47.0 ± 7.1 kg), fat mass (BCS: 24.4 ± 8.3; HC: 25.7 ± 8.2 kg), body fat % (BCS: 34.0 ± 6.0; HC: 34.8 ± 5.7 %), BCM (BCS: 20.9 ± 3.0; HC: 21.3 ± 2.8 kg), ECM (BCS: 34.9 ± 3.1; HC: 25.2 ± 3.9 kg), ECM/BCM (BCS: 1.20 ± 0.1; HC: 1.18 ± 0.1), phase angle (BCS: 6.06 ± 0.7; HC: 6.17 ± 1.0 °). Only one BCS had a phase angle less than 5°. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that BCS that are at least five years into survivorship appear to have similar phase angle, BCM, ECM, ECM/BCM as HC. Future research should be conducted to determine the effects of cancer treatments on these phase angle, BCM and ECM/BCM in BCS that have recently completed treatment.

&lt;b&gt;Use of murinometrics indices and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) in the determination of experimental obesity in oophorectomized rats

In this study, we tested the use of murinometric indices and bioimpedance (BIA) to determine obesity in rats. Female Wistar rats (8 weeks/130-160 g) were divided into control and oophorectomy group. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and Lee index (LI) were used as anthropometric techniques to determine obesity, and the determination of body composition by BIA, as a way to partition body weight into fat mass and lean mass components. The dissection of muscle tissues and adipose deposits was used as a direct determination of body fat content. The groups had body weight gain (p <0.05) after the trial period, with a differential gain in body fat (p <0.05) observed by the dissection of tissue in the oophorectomy group. This gain in body fat was detected more accurately by BIA, due to the greater ability of this method to distinguish lean from fat mass. BIA was able to measure the differential gain of body fat in a BMI considered as eutrophic by murinometric indices.

Making use of J. Tanner’s scale of sexual dimorphism for assessment of the physical state of older women

An assessment of the physical status of older women was performed based on anthropometry and bioelecytrical impedance analysis. The somatotype was determined with the use of J. Tanner’s index of sexual dimorphism (1951). In the surveyed sample, 46.15% women had a gynecomorphic body type manifested in the structural feminization of the skeletal system; masculinization of the skeletal system (andromorphism) was found in 4.74% of cases; and mild dysplasia towards the opposite sex was observed in 49.11% of older women, which corresponded to the mesomorphic somatotype. It was found that women with a gynecomorphic body type were significantly shorter than those with mesomorphic or andromorphic types; they had lower mass and transverse dimensions of the body. The largest absolute content of the fat mass and lean mass components were found in women with andromorphic body type, while the representatives of the sample with a gynecomorphic body type demonstrated the lowest values of these indicators of body composition. The results of anthropometric and bioimpedance measurements with allowance for the body type of elderly women involving J. Tanner’s index of sexual dimorphism reflect their adaptive capabilities and can serve as markers (predictors) of nonspecific somatic diseases.

Alternative measures to BMI: Exploring income-related inequalities in adiposity in Great Britain

Socio-economic inequalities in adiposity are of particular interest themselves but also because they may be associated with inequalities in overall health status. Using cross-sectional representative data from Great Britain (1/2010-3/2012) for 13,138 adults (5652 males and 7486 females) over age 20, we aimed to explore the presence of income-related inequalities in alternative adiposity measures by gender and to identify the underlying factors contributing to these inequalities. For this reason, we employed concentration indexes and regression-based decomposition techniques. To control for non-homogeneity in body composition, we employed a variety of adiposity measures including body fat (absolute and percentage) and central adiposity (waist circumference) in addition to the conventional body mass index (BMI). The body fat measures allowed us to distinguish between the fat- and lean-mass components of BMI. We found that the absence of income-related obesity inequalities for males in the existing literature may be attributed to their focus on BMI-based measures. Pro-rich inequalities were evident for the fat-mass and central adiposity measures for males, while this was not the case for BMI. Irrespective of the adiposity measure applied, pro-rich inequalities were evident for females. The decomposition analysis showed that these inequalities were mainly attributable to subjective financial well-being measures (perceptions of financial strain and material deprivation) and education, with the relative contribution of the former being more evident in females. Our findings have important implications for the measurement of socio-economic inequalities in adiposity and indicate that central adiposity and body composition measures should be included health policy agendas. Psycho-social mechanisms, linked to subjective financial well-being, and education -rather than income itself-are more relevant for tackling inequalities.

Perfil antropométrico de judocas de élite y juveniles en la modalidad de combate

El tipo de estudio de esta investigación observacional descriptivo de corte transversal cuyo objetivo fué determinar y analizar el perfil antropométrico de los judocas santandereanos elites y juveniles en la modalidad de combate. El porcentaje de masa ósea y porcentaje de masa residual, de los judocas elites es 15,41%, 24.1%, mientras que los judocas juveniles presentan porcentaje de 18,021%, 24.1% respectivamente. Para las judocas elites y juveniles la masa ósea y porcentaje de masa residual media 15,4%, 20,91% y 14,19 y 20,9 respectivamente. El componente masa grasa la media es de 13,17% de acuerdo a la clasificación ofrecida por Yuhasz la muestra de estudio se clasifica en percentil P&gt;91 que se describe como muy alto. En la categoría juvenil el componente masa magra es de 7,36 el cual se encuentra en un percentil P21-40 que se describe como adecuado, las judocas elites la masa grasa es de 20,68%, clasificada en percentil P&gt;91 que se describe como muy alto, en la cual de acuerdo a la desviación estándar 5,25 la muestra no presenta homogeneidad., en la categoría juvenil el porcentaje del componente masa magra la media es de 27,26, en el percentil P&gt;91 que se describe como muy alto.La masa muscular de los judocas elites es de un 46.72%, en cuanto a las judocas elites, los valores de la composición corporal son de un 43.01%; y las judocas juveniles la media es de 37.64%, mostrando una diferencia significativa con los judocas elites.

Association Between Direct Measures of Body Composition and Prognostic Factors in Chronic Heart Failure

To explore the covariate-adjusted associations between body composition (percent body fat and lean body mass) and prognostic factors for mortality in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) (nutritional status, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], quality of life, exercise capacity, and C-reactive protein). Between June 2008 and July 2009, we directly measured body composition using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in 140 patients with systolic and/or diastolic heart failure. We compared body composition and CHF prognostic factors across body fat reference ranges and body mass index (BMI) categories. Multiple linear regression models were created to examine the independent associations between body composition and CHF prognostic factors; we contrasted these with models that used BMI. Use of BMI misclassified body fat status in 51 patients (41%). Body mass index was correlated with both lean body mass (r=0.72) and percent body fat (r=0.67). Lean body mass significantly increased with increasing BMI but not with percent body fat. Body mass index was significantly associated with lower NT-proBNP and lower exercise capacity. In contrast, higher percent body fat was associated with a higher serum prealbumin level, lower exercise capacity, and increased C-reactive protein level; lean body mass was inversely associated with NT-proBNP and positively associated with hand-grip strength. When BMI is divided into fat and lean mass components, a higher lean body mass and/or lower fat mass is independently associated with factors that are prognostically advantageous in CHF. Body mass index may not be a good indicator of adiposity and may in fact be a better surrogate for lean body mass in this population.

Bone, lean and fat mass of newborn twins versus singletons

Twin gestations are associated with disturbed fetal growth. The aim of this study was to compare body composition measurements of twins to those of singletons. Anthropometric and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements were performed in twins and in matched singleton neonates. There were 48 pairs of twins in which 76 infants were appropriate for gestational age (AGA) with birth weights between the 10th and 90th percentile and 20 were small for gestational age (SGA) with birth weights <10th percentiles. Each AGA twin was matched as closely as possible for birth weight to an AGA singleton. Each SGA twin was matched with two cohorts of AGA singletons: one with similar birth weight and one with similar gestation. For AGA twins and their singleton cohort matched for birth weights, profile analysis using repeated measure analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences in bone, fat and lean mass either as absolute values or as percentage of total weight. This was also the case for body composition of SGA twins compared to singletons matched for birth weight. In contrast, SGA twins have significantly lower absolute amounts of lean with tendency to lower fat and bone mass. For clinically normally grown neonates, with comparable weight, the body composition with respect to bone, fat and lean mass components are similar regardless whether they are products of singleton or twin pregnancies.

Bone, lean and fat mass of newborn twins versus singletons

Abstract Aim: Twin gestations are associated with disturbed fetal growth. The aim of this study was to compare body composition measurements of twins to those of singletons. Methods: Anthropometric and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements were performed in twins and in matched singleton neonates. There were 48 pairs of twins in which 76 infants were appropriate for gestational age (AGA) with birth weights between the 10th and 90th percentile and 20 were small for gestational age (SGA) with birth weights &lt;10th percentiles. Each AGA twin was matched as closely as possible for birth weight to an AGA singleton. Each SGA twin was matched with two cohorts of AGA singletons: one with similar birth weight and one with similar gestation. Results: For AGA twins and their singleton cohort matched for birth weights, profile analysis using repeated measure analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences in bone, fat and lean mass either as absolute values or as percentage of total weight. This was also the case for body composition of SGA twins compared to singletons matched for birth weight. In contrast, SGA twins have significantly lower absolute amounts of lean with tendency to lower fat and bone mass. Conclusion: For clinically normally grown neonates, with comparable weight, the body composition with respect to bone, fat and lean mass components are similar regardless whether they are products of singleton or twin pregnancies.

How does Exercise Affect Bone Development during Growth?

It is increasingly accepted that osteoporosis is a paediatric issue. The prepubertal human skeleton is quite sensitive to the mechanical stimulation elicited by physical activity. To achieve the benefits for bone deriving from physical activity, it is not necessary to perform high volumes of exercise, since a notable osteogenic effect may be achieved with just 3 hours of participation in sports. Physical activity or participation in sport should start at prepubertal ages and should be maintained through the pubertal development to obtain the maximal peak bone mass potentially achievable. Starting physical activity prior to the pubertal growth spurt stimulates both bone and skeletal muscle hypertrophy to a greater degree than observed with normal growth in non-physically active children. High strain-eliciting sport like gymnastics, or participation in sports or weight-bearing physical activities like football or handball, are strongly recommended to increase the peak bone mass. Moreover, the increase in lean mass is the most important predictor for bone mineral mass accrual during prepubertal growth throughout the population. Since skeletal muscle is the primary component of lean mass, participation in sport could have not only a direct osteogenic effect, but also an indirect effect by increasing muscle mass and hence the tensions generated on bones during prepubertal years.

Gizzard and other lean mass components increase, yet Basal Metabolic Rates decrease, when red knots Calidris canutus are shifted from soft to hard‐shelled food

We measured basal metabolic rate (BMR), body mass, lean mass, and gizzard mass of captive red knots Calidriscanutusislandica maintained on a trout chow diet (soft‐texture, low ash and water content) for several years and then shifted to small mussels Mytilus edulis (hard‐texture, high ash and water content). During a 3‐week period of feeding on mussels, body mass, lean mass, and gizzard mass increased 7.3 g (+7%), 10.5 g (+12%), and 4.9 g (+213%), respectively, yet BMR decreased from 0.96 to 0.89 W (−8%). Under the new mussel regime, red knots must have reduced the metabolic intensity of some of the tissues. This suggests that the experimental red knots experienced the transition to a mussel diet as stressful and energy limiting, resulting in an energy‐saving strategy by reducing BMR in spite of hypertrophy of the gizzard and other organs.