Leaf Meal Research Articles

Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal as Substitute of Fishmeal on Performance of Catla catla Fingerlings Reared in Earthen Ponds

Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal as Substitute of Fishmeal on Performance of Catla catla Fingerlings Reared in Earthen Ponds

Evaluation of fermented Moringa oleifera leaf meal as mustard oil cake replacer in Labeo rohita fingerlings production

Evaluation of fermented Moringa oleifera leaf meal as mustard oil cake replacer in Labeo rohita fingerlings production

Effect of Moringa olifera leaf meal on production performance and egg quality characteristics of Swarnadhara breeders

Effect of Moringa olifera leaf meal on production performance and egg quality characteristics of Swarnadhara breeders

Oregano Leaf Meal as Phytogenic Feed Supplements: A Potential Antibiotic Alternative in Broiler Chicken Diets

Oregano Leaf Meal as Phytogenic Feed Supplements: A Potential Antibiotic Alternative in Broiler Chicken Diets

Impact of Brachiaria decumbens Leaf Meal Supplementation on Broiler Chickens Raised in Tropical Environments in Terms of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, and Stress Biomarkers

Impact of Brachiaria decumbens Leaf Meal Supplementation on Broiler Chickens Raised in Tropical Environments in Terms of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, and Stress Biomarkers

Relative palatability and preference of sorghum silage, moringa or sesbania leaf meals by red Maasai sheep

Relative palatability and preference of sorghum silage, moringa or sesbania leaf meals by red Maasai sheep

Impacts of Probiotic and Dietary Lamtoro Leaf Meal on the Growth Performance, Digestibility and Small Intestinal Morphometry of Kampung Chicken

Impacts of Probiotic and Dietary Lamtoro Leaf Meal on the Growth Performance, Digestibility and Small Intestinal Morphometry of Kampung Chicken

Performance of West African Dwarf Growing Bucks Fed Varying Levels of Gliricidia Sepium Leaf Meal Supplement in Pelleted Diets

Insufficient resources and subpar pasture quality during the dry season necessitate a proven supplement to enhance the nutritional status of goats. In this study, Gliricidia sepium leaf meal (G-supplement) derived from a leguminous deciduous protein tree was proportionally incorporated into pelleted cassava peel-based diets (concentrate). The study aimed to assess the impact of this supplement addition to the concentrate on the growth performance of West African dwarf (WAD) goat bucks. Twenty bucks were assigned to four groups in a completely randomized design, with varying levels of G-supplement in pelleted concentrate (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Each group comprised five animals. The inclusion of the supplement significantly influenced (p<0.05) diet consumption and utilization. Bucks fed with 10% G-supplement exhibited the highest feed intake (24,248g), weight gain (2650g), and a feed conversion efficiency of 9.15%. Parameters such as total feed intake, daily feed intake, final body weight, total weight gain, and average daily weight gain were significantly affected (p<0.05) by the diet. The animals on the 10% G-inclusion diet demonstrated higher (p>0.05) nutrient digestibility compared to other treatments. In conclusion, this study suggests that incorporating 10% G-supplement in pelleted concentrate enhances the performance of WAD goats in terms of feed intake, live body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and nutrient digestibility. The efficacy of the G-supplement at the 10% inclusion level notably contributed to improved performance

Growth and Immune Responses, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, and Antioxidative Enzymes of Broilers Fed with Supplementation of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Crassocephalum crepidioides leaf meals

This study assessed the effect of dietary supplementation of Crassocephalum crepidioides (CCLM) and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (CALM) leaf meals on relative growth rate, oxidative stress biomarkers, immune response, serum and meat antioxidative enzymes of broilers. A total of 120 one-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (three replicates of 10 birds/treatment) as follows, Diet 1 (basal/control diet), Diet 2 (basal +200mg/kgVitC), Diet 3 (basal +2500mg/kgCCLM) and Diet 4 (basal +2500mg/kgCALM) for 42 days. The result revealed that supplementation of CCLM and CALM significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of heat shock protein and hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in broilers compared to the control group. Broilers fed diet containing CCLM and CALM exhibited higher (P < 0.05) serum glutathione peroxidase content compared to the control group. The level of immunoglobulins were significantly higher in birds fed diet containing CCLM, CALM and Vit C compared to control group. However, supplementation of CCLM and CALM did not influence (P > 0.05) the relative growth rate and antioxidant content of breast muscle compared to control group. It’s concluded that CCLM and CALM could be used as natural additive to alleviate oxidative damage, improve immune system and serum antioxidant content of broilers.

Antiviral efficacies of neem (Azadirachta indica J.) and scent (Ocimum sanctum L.) leaf meals against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease in broiler chickens

The effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) and scent (Ocimum santum) leaf meals fed singly or in combination on the growth response, haemato-biochemical parameters and their antiviral potencies in broiler chickens were investigated. Two hundred 1-day old Ross 308 unsexed broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 5 treatments, consisting of 5 replicates with 8 birds each. Treatments 1 and 2 were basal diets with no leaf meals, treatments 3, 4 and 5 had the basal diets plus 3% neem leaf meal (NLM), 3% scent leaf meal (SLM) and the blend of 2% NLM + 2% SLM, respectively. Birds in treatments 2-5 were unvaccinated against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease while birds in treatment 1 were vaccinated. On days 21 and 42, blood samples were randomly collected from 2 birds per replicate for haemato-biochemical assay, haemagglutination inhibition and agar gel precipitation tests. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p<0.05. At the starter phase, an improved feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) was recorded in birds fed the blend at the starter (1.83) and finisher (1.92) phases and the overall performance (1.88) compared to other treatment groups. The least platelet counts (11.08 ×104/µL) were recorded in birds placed on the blend of 2% neem leaf meal + 2% scent leaf meal while the 3% scent leaf meal group recorded the lowest lymphocyte counts (53.60%). At the finisher phase, lymphocyte counts of birds that received the blend of 2% neem leaf meal + 2% scent leaf meal (63.00%) were higher than the other treatments. In conclusion, birds fed diets supplemented with 3% neem and 3% scent leaf meals singly had haemagglutination inhibition titre values and conferred immunity above the protective threshold against Newcastle disease and produced antibodies against Infectious bursal disease. Birds fed the blend of 2% neem + 2% scent leaf meal diets had improved overall performance.

Haematological and serum biochemical indices of growing female pigs fed dietary Spondias mombin leaf meal

Blood serves as physiological indicator of assessing quality of feed offered to an animal, their health status and body functionality. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the haematological and serum biochemical profiles of growing female pigs fed diets with varying levels of Spondias mombin leaf meal (SMLM). Sixteen growing female pigs weighing 10.5 to 14.0 kg were randomly allotted to four treatments supplemented maize feed ingredient with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% in two phases of feeding with Spondias mombin leaf meal w/w in a Completely Randomized Design with four animals per treatment and replicated twice. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters were assessed. The results show that Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Platelets and White Blood Cell (WBC) differentials were similar (p>0.05) in mean values, except for Hb which in T4 was significantly (p<0.05) different from other treatments in Hb (p<0.05). There were similarities in mean values of serum biochemical indices across treatments, except albumin and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values in T3 indicating SMLM inclusion improves serum protein synthesis giving rise to more tissue formation. From this study, supplementation of SMLM up to 5.0% maize in growing female pigs’ diet have no deleterious effect on physiological health status and has potential to improve tissue development of animals.

Growth Respons of Javanese Fat Tail Sheep (DEG) on Probiotic Supplementation in Diet with Different Nitrogen Source

The growth performance of ruminant animals depend mainly on the quantity and quality of the feed provided. In feedlot systems, the ruminant diet consists of roughages, which are in most cases preserved as native grass or hay, and concentrate feeds as Nitrogen sources. To meet their nutritional requirements and achieve the expected growth performance, these animals must be provided with adequately balanced diets. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of probiotic supplementation in diet with different nitrogen sources on growth performance of Javanese Fat Tail Lambs. The study was conducted experimently using 48 male lambs 6-7 month of age and average body weight 18,7±2,6 kg. The probiotic tested was EM-4, a probiotic containing Lactobacillus sp, Streptomices sp. and Sacharomyces cerevisiae, with tested levels were: zero (R0, control), 0.5 ml (R1), 1.0 ml (R2), and 1.5 ml (R3) per head per day. Two types of diets were prepared, each composed of 70% native grass and 30% concentrate with different nitrogen source, both formulated to be isoprotein and isoenergy. The experimental lambs were divided into 8 groups of 6 lambs each group, each placed randomly in 48 similar individual cages. Experimental diets were given twice a day in equal portions at 08.30 in the morning and at 16.30 in the afternoon. The amount of remaining feed was measured every day at 06.00 am. Each lamb was weighed once a week for a 120-day experimental period. Data were analyzed using ANOVA according to Randomized Block Design, and further tested by the Least Significant Difference Test. The results showed that probiotic supplementation in diet had no effect (P>0.05) on Dry Matter Intake (DMI), but could increase (P<0.05) Daily Weight Gain (PBBH), Growth Rate (LP), and reduced the Feed Conversion Rate (FCR), both in the lambs fed diet with nitrogen source from Turi (Sesbania grandiflora) leaf meal (R1) and Tofu Dreg (R2). The DEG fed R1 showed a 7.7% higher PBBH than those of fed R2. The probiotic supplementation on R1 and R2 gave the optimum effect on PBBH and FCR at the supplementation level of 1.5 ml/head/day.

Influence of Moringa Leaf Meal As a Feed Additive on Antibody and Bursa Histomorphometry of Hybrid Ducklings

Moringa leaf meal contains various phytonutrients that benefit animal and human health. This research is designed to evaluate Moringa leaf meal as a feed additive on antibody response and histomorphometry of the bursa Fabricius of hybrid duck administrated by ND vaccine. The experimental design used is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using thirty-two male hybrid ducks of three days old. They were divided into four treatment groups and eight replicates of each. The first group was standard commercial fed without adding of Moringa leaf meal (0%), while the second until the fourth group was a standard commercial fed with 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% adding of Moringa leaf meal. All groups were vaccinated by ND1 and ND2, respectively, at the age of seventh and fourteenth days. The results showed that Moringa leaf meal as a feed additive had no significant effect on antibody titer, leukocyte count, lymphocytes (L), heterophils (H), H:L ratio, bursa weight, cortex, and medulla thickness of bursa. The concentration of serum MDA, the diameter of plica, and follicles bursa were significantly influenced (P0.05) by adding Moringa leaf meal. In conclusion, the Moringa leaf meal additive could stimulate the proliferation of bursa follicles and have no adverse effect on the immune response of hybrid ducks post-ND vaccine.

Utilization of Minerals in Pregnant West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cassava Peel and Leaf Meal as a replacement for wheat offal and Palmkernel cake in a Guinea Grass Based Diet

Utilization of Minerals in Pregnant West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cassava Peel and Leaf Meal as a replacement for wheat offal and Palmkernel cake in a Guinea Grass Based Diet

The Effect of Papaya Leaf Meal on Broiler Productivity

Feed is one of the factors that greatly affect the productivity of livestock. Livestock productivity can be known from the performance of livestock. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of papaya leaf meal on livestock performance which includes body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion. This study used 100 DOC of Lohman strain broilers with four ration treatments which as follows: T1 (ration without papaya leaf meal), T2 (ration with 1.5% papaya leaf meal), T3 (ration with 2.5% papaya leaf meal). The results of this study are the treatment has a significant affect to the body weight gain and feed conversion (P<0.05) but there was no significant affect to the ration consumption (P>0.05). T3 (ration with 2.5% papaya leaf meal) can increase body weight gain up to 274.59±20.26 g/head/day and reduce the feed conversion value up to 1.62±0.10. T3 also can reduce ration consumption up to 435.22±20.80 g/head/day. The conclusion of this study is that giving papaya leaf meals up to 2.5% can increase body weight gain, reduce ration consumption and feed conversion of broilers.

Reduction of methane and nitrogen emission and improvement of feed efficiency, rumen fermentation, and milk production through strategic supplementation of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) leaf meal in the diet of lactating buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Buffalo plays a compelling role in reducing malnutrition and ensuring food to the people of Asian countries by its major contribution to milk and meat pool of the livestock agriculture farming system in the region. As Asia is the home for more than 90% of world buffalo population, they are also one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gasses. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) leaves are rich sources of naturally occurring essential oils and phenolic compounds, which could modulate rumen fermentation through mitigation of methanogenesis and nitrogen excretion along with stimulation of immune system and production performances of animals. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of dietary inclusion of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) leaf meal (ELM) on voluntary feed intake, rumen functions, methane emission, nutrient utilization, milk yield and fatty acids profile, and immune response in lactating buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). An in vitro experiment conducted with graded dose (10-40 g/kg) inclusion of ELM into the total mixed ration to select ideal level for feeding to lactating buffaloes, an improvement (P < 0.05) in feed degradability (IVDMD), microbial biomass and ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration with reduced (P < 0.05) methane and ammonia-N production were evidenced when ELM was added at 10-20 g/kg DM, beyond which negative effects on rumen fermentation were pronounced. An in vivo experimentation was conducted with sixteen Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) buffaloes of mean live weight, 544.23 ± 10.02 kg; parity, 2-4 at initial stage (~60 days) of lactation with average milk yield of 11.43 ± 1.32 kg and were divided into two groups (CON, ELM) of eight each in a completely randomized design. All the animals were kept individually on wheat straw-based diet with required quantity of concentrate mixture and green fodder. The control group buffaloes were fed a total mixed ration; however, the treatment group (ELM) was supplemented with 10 g/kg DM diet of dry grounded eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) leaves by mixing with the concentrate mixture. The feeding experiment was conducted for 120 days, including 15 days for adaptation to the experimental diets and 105 days for data recording. The nutrient digestibility (DM, OM, CP, and EE) was improved (P < 0.05) without affecting feed intake (P > 0.05) and fiber digestibility (NDF and ADF) in ELM supplemented buffaloes. Increased (P < 0.05) milk production and rumenic acid concentration (cis 9 trans 11 C18:2 CLA) were demonstrated with comparable (P > 0.05) milk composition and major fatty acids profile of milk in the supplemented buffaloes. Dietary inclusion of ELM reduced (P < 0.05) enteric methane production and fecal excretion of nitrogen. The health status of buffaloes fed ELM improved throughout the experimental period was improved by enhancing cell mediated (P = 0.09) and humoral (P < 0.01) immune responses without affecting (P > 0.05) major blood metabolites. The study described feeding ELM at 10 g/kg diet to lactating Murrah buffaloes as a natural source of phenols and essential oils to increase milk production and CLA content, reduce methane and nitrogen emissions, and improve health status. Thus, feeding of ELM could be beneficial for climate smart buffalo production system for enhancing milk production with lesser impact on environment.

Optimisation of protein extraction from selenium-enriched Brassicaceae leaves

Vegetable side-streams have gained attention for their potential as sustainable and nutritious food sources for human consumption. This study focused on the optimisation of leaf protein extraction from selenium (Se)-enriched leaf meals (LMs) derived from the Brassicaceae family, including broccoli (Se-BrLM), cabbage (Se-CbLM), radish (Se-RaLM), and Cardamine violifolia (Se-CmLM) leaf meals. The primary focus of the extraction process revolved around two key protein fractions: albumin and glutelin, both highly abundant in the LMs. The results highlighted the significance of ionic strength, extractant pH, and solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio in leaf protein extraction, with sonication time exerting a comparatively less pronounced influence. Within the Brassicaceae species investigated, the optimal conditions included an extractant pH of 9–10, sonication duration of 30–45 s, an S/L ratio of 1:40, and the inclusion of salt at concentrations of 60 and 300 mM. Under these conditions, Se-CmLM achieved a significantly higher mass yield of 4.80 % (dry basis, db) and protein recovery of 17.55 % (db), with RuBisCo as the major protein within the resulting protein concentrates. The protein–phenolic complex content was minimal, with in vitro protein digestibility of 76.71–80.36 %. This study emphasises the potential of Brassicaceae leaves as sustainable protein sources.

Effect of vitaliquid multivitamin addition and cassava leaf flour to feed on the growth and survival of saline tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus)

Saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a fish that is relatively easy to maintain in fresh or brackish water conditions. Adding cassava leaf meal and multivitamin vitaliquid to the feed can increase the high appetite of fish and accelerate the growth of saline tilapia. This research was implemented to find the effectiveness of multivitamin vitaliquid on the growth and survival rate of saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The rule used is an experiment with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), four treatments and six replications. Data showed that the largest absolute weight growth was achieved by P4 of 4.98 ± 3.14 grams, while the smallest result was at P1 which was 2.78 ± 0.21 grams. The greatest absolute length growth was achieved at P3 resulting in a length of 2.3 ± 0.86 cm, while the smallest result was at P1 which was 1.3 ± 0.41. The highest specific growth rate was achieved at P3 11.35 ± 0.57%, while the lowest was at P2 of 9.53 ± 1.58%. The highest survival rate of saline tilapia was found in P1 at 95%, while the lowest was found in P3 and P4 which had no different results, 81.7%. The effectiveness of multivitamin vitaliquid in commercial feed given cassava leaf flour in terms of absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, specific growth rate and survival of saline tilapia fry is very effective compared to just being given pellet feed.

Ameliorative effects of Sida acuta and vitamin C on serum DNA damage, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in roosters fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets

The ameliorative effects of Sida acuta leaf meal (SALM) and vitamin C on the serum pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as DNA damage of cocks fed aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated diets were examined. The experiment was a completely randomized design with a total of 250 sexually mature Isa White cocks aged 24 weeks, randomly allotted into five experimental diets; each diet contained 5 replicates with 10 roosters. The diets were A (control/basal diet), B (A + 1 mg/kg AFB1), C (B + 200 mg/kg vitamin C), D (B + 2.5 g/kg SALM) and E (B + 5.0 g/kg SALM). Fresh and clean water was also provided for the whole experimental period of twelve weeks. Inclusion of 1 mg/kg AFB1 without vitamin C or SALM increased TNF-α and IL-1β as well as 8-OHdG and NF-κB in the serum significantly (P < 0.05) among the cocks on diet B. However, the fortification of AFB1 contaminated diets with vitamin C and SALM depressed serum TNF-α, IL-1β, 8-OHdG and NF-κB concentrations of the cocks significantly (P < 0.05). Conversely, serum IL-4 and IL-10 in birds given 1 mg/kg AFB1 without vitamin C or SALM decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison with the roosters on the control. However, improvements (P < 0.05) in IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations with corresponding reduction (P < 0.05) in TNF-α, IL-1β, 8-OHdG and NF-κB concentrations were recorded among cocks fed Diets C, D and E, respectively. Therefore, dietary addition of SALM at the level used in this study was beneficial and has comparable effects with inorganic antioxidant (C vitamin) by significantly reducing the inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage biomarkers as well as enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokines thereby promoting the health status of the cocks fed AFB1 contaminated ration.

Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation improves nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and reproductive performances in dairy cows during early lactation.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) supplementation on nutrient utilization, milk yield, and reproductive performance of early lactating Sahiwal cows. Control cows (GC) received a basal diet, while the treatment cows (GM) were supplemented with concentrate comprising 12% MOLM. Ovarian activity and uterine involution were monitored by trans-rectal ultrasonography on the 21st, 28th, 35th, and 42nd days postpartum. The result indicated that MOLM-supplemented cows required fewer days (P ≤ 0.05) to complete uterine involution. As lactation progresses, there was a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in the diameter of the cervix and uterine horns in GM than GC. There was a significant increase in the number of follicles on the 21st day and average milk yield in GM than GC. The incidence of endometritis and cystic ovarian disease was less in MOLM supplemented group. The use of MOLM in the diet reduced the total cost per cow per successful service. It is concluded that MOLM can be safely included at 12% in the diet of early lactating cows to modulate the reproductive performances of dairy cows. Dairy farmers can use moringa leaf meal to feed their dairy cows, which is cheaper and improves production and reproduction performance.