Lead In Wastewater Research Articles

Application of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite in the Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Contaminated Wastewater

Toxic metal wastewater is a challenge for exposed terrestrial and aquatic environments, as well as the recyclability of the water, prompting inputs for the development of promising treatment methods. Consequently, the rGO/ZnONP nanocomposite was synthesized at room temperature for four hours and was tested for the adsorption of cadmium and lead in wastewater. The optimized nanocomposite had the lowest band gap energy (2.69 eV), and functional group interactions were at 516, 1220, 1732, 3009, and 3460 cm−1. The nanocomposite showed good ZnO nanoparticle size distribution and separation on rGO surfaces. The nanocomposite’s D and G band intensities were almost the same, constituting the ZnO presence on rGO from the Raman spectrum. The adsorption equilibrium time for cadmium and lead was reached within 10 and 90 min with efficiencies of ~100%. Sips and Freundlich best fitted the cadmium and lead adsorption data (R2 ~ 1); therefore, the adsorption was a multilayer coverage for lead and a mixture of heterogenous and homogenous coverage for cadmium adsorption. Both adsorptions were best fitted by the pseudo-first-order model, suggesting the multilayer coverage dominance. The adsorbent was reused for three and seven times for cadmium and lead. The nanocomposite showed selectivity towards lead (95%) and cadmium (100%) in the interfering wastewater matrix. Conclusively, the nanocomposite may be embedded within upcoming lab-scale treatment plants, which could lead to further upscaling and it serving as an industrial wastewater treatment material.

Preparation of Coal Gangue-Based Porous Ceramics and Its Application on Pb2+ Cycling Adsorption

The presence of lead in wastewater poses a significant threat to human health. To address this issue, coal gangue-based porous ceramics (CGPC) were developed to remove Pb2+ in wastewater. Coal gangue (CG) waste from Lvliang City, Shanxi province in China was used as raw material, and porosity was introduced through the addition of a pore-forming agent and an extrusion molding process. Properties of CGPC were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to explore its adsorption mechanism. The researchers examined the impact of pH, dosage of adsorbent, initial concentration, duration of adsorption, and temperature on the adsorption efficiency of CGPC. The CGPC of best performance had a porosity of 32.91% and compressive strength of 20.5 MPa prepared at 800 °C under nitrogen atmosphere with 10 wt% Na2CO3 pore-forming agent and 8 wt% CaO-MnO2 combined fluxing agent. The removal rate of Pb2+ in simulated lead-containing wastewater with a concentration of 200 mg/L reached 99.63%, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 32.15 mg/g. The adsorption process of Pb2+ by CGPC involves chemical adsorption and ion exchange. After being regenerated for seven cycles with 1 mol/L NaOH as the desorption agent, the removal rate of Pb2+ by CGPC still had 72%.

Constructing physical and chemical synergistic effect of graphene aerogels regenerated from spent graphite anode of lithium ion batteries achieves high efficient adsorption of lead in wastewater

The treatment and disposal of lead in wastewater is deeply troubled in industry due to the limitations of physical adsorption and exclusivity of chemical adsorption methods. Herein, an unique graphene aerogel (GA) structure, rich in active functional groups such as sulfur, carboxyl and hydroxyl, etc., is designed and synthesized from the waste graphite anode of lithium ion batteries in our work. Through the physical adsorption of the porous structure of graphene itself, combined with the chemical adsorption of special functional groups, the synergistic effect can achieve high efficiency absorption of lead in wastewater, reaching the maximum of 152.70 mg/g. The best conditions for the adsorption of lead-containing wastewater are using 50 mg of GAs for adsorbing at 30 °C for 1 h when the initial concentration is 50 mg/L. The adsorption process conforms to the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, the adsorption dynamics conform to the quasi-secondary kinetic equation, and the adsorption activation energy is 47.29 kJ/mol, confirming that the adsorption is controlled by the chemical reaction. Owing to the superiority of waste recycling, our research provides a novel idea for the combined physical adsorption and chemical adsorption of heavy metals in wastewater.

Powdered and beaded zeolite A from recycled coal fly ash with modified iron (III) oxide-hydroxide for lead adsorptions

Lead is a highly toxic metal and bioaccumulation through food chain, so it causes human health effects. Thus, contaminated lead in wastewater is required to treat below the water quality standard. This study was to synthesize zeolite A powder (Z), zeolite A powder mixed iron (III) oxide-hydroxide (ZF), zeolite A beads (ZB), and zeolite A powder mixed iron (III) oxide-hydroxide beads (ZFB), characterize with various techniques, investigate their lead removal efficiencies by batch experiments, and study their adsorption patterns and mechanisms. All characterizations of Z have matched to the zeolite A standard (STD) which confirmed the ability to synthesize zeolite A. ZF had the highest specific surface area and smallest pore size than others, and they were mesoporous materials. Silicon, aluminum, and sodium were observed in all materials. The specific crystalline formation of zeolite A was found in all materials corresponding to the STD. Z was a cubic structure representing the specific zeolite A structure, and ZF, ZB, and ZFB had rough surfaces with presenting traces of cubic shapes confirmed being zeolite A. OH, Si or Al–O, and D4R were their main chemical functional groups, and Si–O–Fe was found in ZF and ZFB. In addition, –COOH was observed in ZB and ZFB. The binding energies of Na 1s, O 1s, Si 2p, and Al 2p were found in all materials, and Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2 were observed in ZF and ZFB. In addition, Pb 4f7/2 and Pb 4f5/2 were detected after lead adsorptions. The point of zero charges of Z, ZF, ZB, and ZFB were 6.45, 8.65, 6.04, and 8.12. They could remove lead at 50 mg/L of more than 97.5 %. They corresponded to Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Moreover, they could reuse more than 5 cycles. Finally, ZFB is a good offer for real industrial applications.

The synthesis, characterizations, and lead adsorption studies of chicken eggshell powder and chicken eggshell powder-doped iron (III) oxide-hydroxide

The contamination of lead in wastewater causes water quality problems, which is toxic to aquatic organisms and environment, so wastewater treatment is required before discharging to receiving water. Chicken eggshell powder (CP) and chicken eggshell powder-doped iron (III) oxide-hydroxide (CPF) were synthesized, characterized, and investigated lead removal efficiencies by batch experiments, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and desorption experiments. The specific surface area and pore volume of CPF were higher than CP, whereas the pore diameter size of CPF was smaller than CP. The phase structures of both materials demonstrated semi-crystalline phases with presenting peaks of calcium carbonate. Their surface morphologies were irregular, rough, and uneven surfaces. In both materials, they detected carbon, calcium, oxygen, OH, NH, CO, CO, and CH. The point of zero charges (pHpzc) of CP and CPF were 4.47 and 4.83. For batch experiments, CPF demonstrated a higher lead removal efficiency than CP because of spending less material dosage and contact time than CP, and both materials had high lead removals at a lead concentration of 50 mg/L by more than 95 %. Thus, the addition of iron (III) oxide-hydroxide helped to increase material efficiency for lead adsorption. CP corresponded to the Langmuir model while CPF corresponded to the Freundlich model. In addition, both materials corresponded to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model relating to a chemisorption process. Moreover, both materials could be reusable for more than 5 cycles for lead adsorption of more than 77 %. Therefore, CPF was a potential material to apply for lead removals in industrial applications.

Polarographic determination of heavy metal lead in waste water in Jaipur

Polarographic determination of heavy metal lead in waste water in Jaipur

Continuous immobilization of lead by biomineralization in a fluidized-bed biofilm reactor

Microbial-induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) is a promising biomineralization technology to immobilize lead in wastewater. However, more in-depth biological principles and reactor models with more biomass need to be further explored to guide its engineering applications. In this study, a fluidized-bed biofilm reactor with biomineralization capability was proposed for immobilizing lead continuously and circularly. The optimal operating parameters for the reactor stages of start-up, operation and circulation were investigated. Stable biofilms could be formed by circulating Lysinibacillus suspension into the column containing the polypropylene fiber with the addition of montmorillonite. Its lead removal efficiency reached above 80% within 3 h and decreased to 23% after 12 h continuous operation. Besides, the reactor could maintain a high lead removal efficiency after multiple elutions and had a better performance without secondary pollution in treating practical wastewater due to the organic matter contained. The functional bacteria stability of the dominant position and functions was the main reason for keeping high removal efficiency during the process. This research provided an effective method for the engineering application of biomineralization for lead removal.

Alginate-modified biochar derived from rice husk waste for improvement uptake performance of lead in wastewater

In this work, alginate-modified biochar derived from rice husk waste was synthesized using a simple process. The modified biochar (MBC) and rice husk biochar (RhBC) were investigated for removing Pb (II) ions in wastewater. The BET result displayed significantly improved specific surface area of MBC up to 120 m2/g along with a total pore volume of 0.653 cm3/g. FTIR spectrums presented the higher oxygen-contained functional groups of MBC as compared to RhBC, resulting in increasing adsorption capacity of Pb (II). MBC had higher adsorption capacity (112.3 mg/g) and faster removal rate (0.0081 g mg−1 min−1) than those of RhBC (41.2 mg/g and 0.00025 g mg−1 min−1). Modified RhBC can remove more than 99% of Pb (II) from wastewater and it could be utilized for three cycles with a removal performance of over 90%. In addition, the Pb adsorption mechanism by using MBC was proposed and the practical application of MBC for the treatment of wastewater in Vietnam was discussed.

Date pits waste as a solid phase extraction sorbent for the analysis of lead in wastewater and for use in manufacturing brick: An eco-friendly waste management approach

Lead (Pb(II)), an extremely hazardous heavy metal that has been shown to have detrimental effects on both the environment and humans, mostly gets into the ecosystem through industrial activities. In this work, a new solid-phase extraction (SPE) based on treated date pits bio-sorbent and iCAP Q inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (iCAP Q ICP/MS) method has been optimized for the trace determination of Pb(II) in various industrial wastewater effluents. A cost-effective biomass material was prepared from date pits (DP), and chemically modified with H2O2 and successively used as SPE bio-sorbent for Pb(II) extraction. Extracting solutions for instance H2SO4, HNO3 and HCl at various concentrations (1–5 mM) were optimized, and best extraction of Pb(II) was obtained by HCl (1 mM). The optimized SPE and iCAP Q ICP/MS method has offered excellent validation conditions in terms of coefficient of determination (CoD, R2 > 0.999), detection limit (DL, 0.011 µg/L), quantification limit (QL, 0.034 µg/L), and run-to-run and day-to-day precision (RSD < 6 %). The optimized procedure was practically applied in the determination of Pb(II) in industrial wastewater comprising iron and steel, textile, printing and battery industries. Among the analyzed samples, the battery industry produced higher amounts of Pb(II) (18.55 µg/L) followed by iron and steel (14.65 µg/L), petroleum (12.38 µg/L) printing (5.78 µg/L) and textile (3.76 µg/L) industries. The recovery values were achieved between 95 % and 99 %. The obtained results have established the appropriateness of the offered technique as a new useful method for the routine examination of Pb(II) in industrial wastes. In addition, the current method could be expansively used in the proficient removal and identification of other heavy metals contaminants from similar matrices. Further, the metal ions saturated bio-sorbents were used in the preparations of bricks and it was found to be a successful approach for heavy metals and agricultural waste management.

Bioremediation of chromium and lead in wastewater from chemistry laboratories promotes by cyanobacteria

Microorganisms have been considered as an alternative for bioremediation of contaminated water, and they are naturally available in the environment. This work evaluated the potential of cyanobacteria for bioremediation of chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) from wastewater obtained from chemistry laboratories. Cell density and total cyanobacterium biomass were evaluated during 240 h to compare the growth in the control medium and the water contaminated by heavy metals, as well as the lethal concentration of metals to cyanobacteria. After 240 h of incubation, the Cr concentration in laboratory wastewater decreased from 63.8 to 56.2 μg/L (around 12 % less than the initial concentration) and Pb decreased from 418 to 239 μg/L (around 43 %). The total accumulation of Cr and Pb in the cyanobacterium biomass was around 30 % and 65 %, respectively. Therefore, these results showed that the cyanobacteria could be suitable for bioremediation of Cr and Pb from wastewater.

Effectiveness of Lead and Cadmium Reduction with Adsorption Method using a Combination of Chitosan and Coffee Grounds (Case Study of Industrial Wastewater PT.X Indonesia)

PT. X Indonesia (PXI) is a company engaged in laboratory services in Bekasi Regency. Based on a preliminary study, the concentration of cadmium and lead in wastewater shows that it exceeds the quality standard of PerMenLHK No. P12 of 2020. The presence of cadmium and lead in PXI's wastewater must be resolved immediately to avoid dangerous human activities and polluting the environment. The research was initiated by taking wastewater samples and synthesizing the adsorbent from the combination of chitosan and activated carbon from coffee grounds. The method used in this study is an experimental approach with quantitative descriptive methods based on laboratory data using FT-IR, SEM EDX and AAS instruments. The results showed that chitosan biosorbent and 1.4-gram coffee grounds activated carbon resulted in the highest cadmium metal reduction efficiency of 94.35% and led to a metal reduction efficiency of 90.86%. The results concluded that the adsorbent of chitosan-activated carbon coffee grounds is very effective in reducing cadmium and lead metals in the wastewater of PXI. This research needs to follow up by increasing the mass of activated carbon of coffee grounds to meet quality standards.

Evaluation of Clay Brick and Laterite Brick as Low-Cost Adsorbents for the Removal of Cd&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Pb&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; in Aqueous Solutions

Adsorption is recognized as a low-cost and effective method for treating C admium and Lead in wastewater. Therefore, this study focu sed on investigating the potential of construction demolition wastes (CDWs), laterite bricks (LB), and clay brick (CB) to re move Cd and Pb in synthetic wastewater. A series of batch a dsorption experiments were conducted to study the adsorption characteristics and capacities. The results revealed that the ma ximum adsorption capacity of CB and LB reached 210.85 mg/g and 210.72 mg/g for Pb²⁺, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd²⁺ by CB and LB was 4.52 mg/g and 4.51 mg/g. From adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir and Freundlich models fitted well for 0 ≤ Ci ≤ 1000 mg/L of Cd²⁺ adsorption on both CB and LB. Adsorption of Pb²⁺ onto CB and LB is well captured by all isotherm models tested. A similar pattern of adsorption was observed among all particle sizes of CB and LB (&lt;0.5, 0.5-1.0, and 1.0–2.0 mm), indicating that the particle size of tested adsorbents is not affecting the adsorption isotherms of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. However, the particle size ranges used in this study lay within a narrower range, which might be the reason for not showing any difference in adsorption among the different size fractions. Therefore, it is concluded that both CB and LB are effective and environmentally friendly adsorbents to remove Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺in wastewater.

Bioremediation of Chromium and Lead in Wastewater from Chemistry Laboratories Promotes by Cyanobacteria

Bioremediation of Chromium and Lead in Wastewater from Chemistry Laboratories Promotes by Cyanobacteria

The Ability of Edible Fungi Residue to Remove Lead in Wastewater

Lead (Pb)-contaminated wastewater is the most common source of heavy metal ion pollution. In this study, agricultural waste edible fungi residue (EFR) was used to adsorb Pb(II) ions in wastewater as a strategy to reduce environmental pollution and minimize poisoning by Pb. The influence of Pb(II) concentration, solution pH, and EFR concentration on the removal efficiency (R) of Pb(II) was investigated with single factor design and response surface analysis. The maximum predicted R for Pb(II) was 76.34% under optimal conditions of Pb(II) concentration of 483.83 mg/L, EFR concentration of 4.99 g/L, and pH of 5.89. The actual experimental value of R reached 76.97% under these conditions. The competition of Pb(II) ions for the available adsorption sites on EFR limited the maximum R. A comparison of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy before and after the adsorption of Pb(II), indicated that the functional groups of EFR significantly affected the effect of adsorption of heavy metals, and that the adsorption process was primarily affected by functional groups in the range of wavenumbers from 500 to 2,000 cm−1.

Biomineralization of lead in wastewater: Bacterial reutilization and metal recovery

Biomineralization has not been widely applied due to the lack of bacterial reusability, which needs to be investigated urgently. In this study, we found Lysinibacillus could immobilize Pb2+ at initial pH ≥ 2.0. Lead ion recovery and cell reutilization could be achieved efficiently at pH = 1.0 (c(HNO3) = 0.1 mol/L). Besides, the strong chelating agent EDTA-2Na (c(EDTA-2Na)= 0.1 mol/L) was used for comparison. The oxidative damaging effect of cells could be reduced by both eluents. Mechanism analysis was conducted through zeta potential measurement, 3D-EEM, cyclic voltammetry, FE-EPMA, XRD, FTIR, and XPS. After the cells were eluted by HNO3, the enzyme activity enhanced and the removal efficiency increased continuously. Cells were used to remove Pb2+ repeatedly, and regular-shaped Pb3(PO4)2 crystals were always formed. After the cells were eluted by EDTA-2Na, cells were more prone to redox reaction and were induced to produce mercaptan (R-SH). The active hydrogen in R-SH could react with peroxide free radicals. New free radicals were formed after the R-SH was stripped of hydrogen, and finally, PbS stable mineral was formed. This research provides a new strategy to realize bacterial reutilization, which is a breakthrough in the field of biomineralization.

Stabilization of lead in waste water and farmland soil using modified coal fly ash

As a by-product of coal-fired power plants, fly ash has attracted widespread attention because of its heavy metal adsorption potential. In this study, two fly ashes from different power plants were re-used through modification to adsorb Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution and field soil. The physicochemical properties of adsorbents were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, batch sorption experiments and field study were conducted to investigate their adsorption capacity on Pb(Ⅱ). The results demonstrated that, the surface area of modified fly ash-2 (MFA-2) has increased 25 times. The kinetic study illustrated that the adsorption process on both modified fly ash-1 (MFA-1) and MFA-2 were more suitable for pseudo-second-order model. Nevertheless, MFA-2 took less time to reach adsorption equilibrium. Compared with the raw fly ashes, the prepared MFAs had stronger affinities to Pb(II). When used as adsorbents, more than 146 and 165 mg of Pb(II) could be adsorptively stabilized by per gram of MFA-1 and MFA-2 at 318 K from waste water, respectively; when employed as amendments, the addition of MFA-1 and MFA-2 into soil could reduce Pb accumulation in rice, with the total Pb content in rice grains is lower than the level of natural standard. The investigation declared that the MFAs were promising materials which had great potentials on adsorptive stabilization of Pb(II) from waste water and contaminated soil, which also realizes the recycling of resources and cleaner production.

Critical risk analysis of metals toxicity in wastewater irrigated soil and crops: a study of a semi-arid developing region

Toxic elemental exposure through consumption of contaminated crops is becoming a serious concern for human health. Present study is based on the environment and health risk assessment of wastewater irrigated soil and crops in a semi-arid region Faisalabad, Pakistan. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements (Cu, Cr, Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni) were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometer in five different crops (Corn, rice, wheat, sugarcane and millet), while, their topsoil’s and multi targeted risks analysis were assessed. Results showed, the mean values of Pb and Zn were higher in crop than Food and Agriculture Organization guidelines for food additives and contaminants. A strong positive correlation was found among wastewater and crop’s toxic metals (r2 values in Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cr were 0.913, 0.804, 0.752, 0.694, 0.587 respectively). Whereas, a strong correlation was also found among soil and wastewater lead (r2 = 0.639). The calculations of Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) showed the soil samples maximum pollution limit (NIPI > 3) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) was found to be higher than maximum limit (PERI > 600) for all samples. While, for non-carcinogenic risk, Hazard Index (HI) values in adult were near threshold (HI > 1) for all crop samples. In children, the HI values for Corn, Rice and Wheat were above threshold limit and for Sugarcane and Millet, these were near to threshold. Cancer risk values for Cr found higher than safe limit (1 × 10–6) in adult and children for crop samples. Crop irrigation by wastewater irrigation is a prominent alternative option for water scarce countries, however prior testing and treatment of such wastewater streams must be employed to minimize the adverse impacts on human health and environment.

Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Synthesized from Calcium Hydroxide and Phosphoric Acid as Adsorbents of Lead in Wastewater

Calcium hydroxyapatite (also known as hydroxyapatite - HA), formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH) or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is a double salt of tri - calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide. And apatite exists naturally in the form of fluorine-apatite Ca10(PO4)6F2. In human and animal body, HA is the main component in bone (accounting for 65-70% weight) and teeth (99%). In this study, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were used as raw materials to produce hydroxyapatite (HA). The hydroxyapatite was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Physico-chemical and microstructural properties of the HA were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunnaeur-Emmett- Teller (BET) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and compared with standard sample of HA. For lead treatment in wastewater, adsorption of HA was tested by measuring concentration of lead of the adsorption process. In which, Pb is one of the toxicity heavy metals that caused many dangerous diseases and threatening human health and life.

Adsorption of cadmium and lead in wastewater by four kinds of biomass xanthates.

This study determined the adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ (100 mg·L-1 of each) in simulated wastewater by biomass xanthates made from starch, chitosan, wheat stalk and corn stalk. The results showed that the adsorption efficiency of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions followed the order: corn stalk xanthate > wheat stalk xanthate ≥ chitosan xanthate > starch xanthate. The results of kinetic modeling showed that the adsorption process was characterized by physical-chemical adsorption, and that a second-order kinetics equation described the adsorption process well. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ by corn stalk xanthate were: adsorption time 2 hours, temperature 20-25 °C, and pH 6-8. The results serve as a reference for treating wastewater containing Cd2+ and Pb2+.

Sulfonated polyether sulfone reinforced multiwall carbon nanotubes composite for the removal of lead in wastewater

An effective sulfonated polyether sulfone/multiwall carbon nanotubes composite (SPES/MWCNTs) has been designed to adsorb lead (Pb2+) ions from synthetic wastewater. Structural characteristics of the SPES/MWCNTs were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, BET surface area, and FTIR techniques. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the role of various experimental conditions including solution pH, reaction time, and initial adsorbate concentrations. The kinetics for Pb2+ adsorption on SPES/MWCNTs followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model which suggests chemisorption mechanism was involved in Pb2+ removal onto SPES/MWCNTs. Adsorption equilibrium data were best described through Langmuir isotherm and calculated maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 54.054 mg g− 1. Furthermore, the regeneration and reusability of spent SPES/MWCNTs were investigated with 0.1 M HNO3, and about 83.18% removal of Pb2+ was observed after third cycle. The obtained results suggested that SPES/MWCNTs’ composite could be very effective and favorable adsorbent in wastewater treatment.