Lead Acetate Solution Research Articles

Beet pulp dietary fiber exposed to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field: detoxification properties

Introduction. The lack of dietary fibre in the Russian people diet contributes to the development of various diseases. In this regard, it seems worthwhile to enrich foods with dietary fibre obtained from various types of raw materials. In our experiments, we used beet pulp. This study aimed to develop a technology for obtaining combined dietary fibre using the electrophysical method and evaluate its detoxification properties.
 Study objects and methods. Study objects were pectin substances and combined detoxicants from beet pulp obtained by extracting with succinic acid with and without an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF EM) treatment. The profiles of combined detoxicants and pectin substances were identified by IR-Fourier spectrometry. Beet pectin, beet cellulose, and their combined detoxicants were tested for complexing (binding) capacity with respect to lead ions (Pb2+). For this, we applied the trilonometric method with some modifications.
 Results and discussion. The analysis of the absorption bands of carboxyl groups carbonyls revealed the presence of free carboxyl groups in the combined detoxicants. The combined detoxicant with a 1:0.5 ratio of cellulose and pectin substances showed a high complexing (binding) capacity (601 mg/Pb2+) with respect to lead ions (Pb2+).
 Conclusion. We developed a technology for producing combined detoxicants with a high complexing capacity with respect to lead ions analysed microstructures of gels obtained during the interaction between the combined detoxicant and lead acetate solution.

Lead intoxication and beneficial effect of administering the aqueous extract of Artemisia absinthium on lipid metabolism and hypertension in male Wistar rats

Lead is a persistent and common environmental contaminant that can be found in food and water. It is well-known that lead acetate causes hyperten-sion, disturbance of lipid metabolism in humans and animals. Nowadays, the phytotherapy remains a very interesting field to recovery of deleterious effect of heavy metals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Artemisia absinthium to modulating the effect of lead acetate induced changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, lipid profiles in serum, heart, aorta and liver tissues and determination of lead burden in blood, when added to intoxicated animal. Male rats (80-120) g were divided into four groups of six animals each. Intoxicated animals re-ceived intraperitoneally (i.p) injections of lead acetate (20 mg/kg/body weight) solution for 4 weeks every two days. Rats treated with plant receive orally the extract of A.absinthium (5%) for 4 weeks. Orally administration of the wormwood extract in rats intoxicated with lead acetate decreased sig-nificantly the systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and blood lead level. Levels of total lipids, TC and TG were decreased significantly in group (Pb+PL) compared to control, especially in heart and liver tissues. In serum, a significant elevation of TC and TG was noted in intoxicated rats compared to control. The cardiac damage induced by Pb was evidenced by an increase in the levels of LDH and AST. In conclusion, the data indicate that the worm-wood extract has a significant ability to reduce hypertension, blood lead lev-el, equilibrate lipid metabolism and cardiac enzymes level.

HEPATO-RENAL EFFECT OF Solanum anomalum Thonn. Ex. Schumach FRUIT EXTRACTS ON LEAD-EXPOSED ALBINO RATS

Lead is a non-biodegradable multi-organ toxicant implicated in various disorders including renal and hepatic diseases. In the quest for a cheaper and readily available antidote, this study has investigated the role of Solanum anomalum fruit extract in lead-induced kidney and liver toxicities in male albino rats. Twenty-four mature male albino rats were used, divided into four groups of six rats per group. Group 1 (control rats) received distilled water (10 ml/kg), group 2 was given lead acetate solution 60 mg/kg, group 3 rats were given lead acetate (60 mg/kg) followed by Solanum anomalum, SA (452 mg/kg) and group 4 rats were given lead acetate (60 mg/kg) followed by Solanum anomalum, SA (678 mg/kg)  by oral gavage daily for 28 days. Animals in the lead acetate-treated group showed significant increases in ALT, AST, ALP, urea, bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein, Very Low Density Lipoproteins, total white blood cell counts, Interleukin-6, and decreases in body weight, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, total proteins and albumins. Co-administration of Solanum anomalum fruit extract significantly reversed most of these biomarkers. Histopathology of kidney and liver also points to the protective effect of Solanum anomalum fruit against lead induced hepato-renal damage.Keywords: lead, liver, kidney, Solanum anomalum, biomarkers, toxicant.

Hepatoprotective and Hematological Effects of Solanum melongena (Garden Egg), Solannum lycopersicum (Tomato) and Daucus carrots Subsp. Sativus (Carrot) Extracts against Lead Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Background of the Study: Lead effects were assessed by analyzing the impacts of the extract on the liver enzyme concentrations and hematology parameters.
 Materials and Methods: Thirty five male wistar rats weighing 85-110 g were distributed into five groups consisting of seven rats each. Group I served as control group, group II served as the test group, groups III, IV and V served as treatment groups. Lead acetate solution was given to the rats orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and 200 mg/kg of fruit extracts for 14 days. On day 15, biochemical analysis were carried out.
 Results: Effects of extracts showed that ALT,AST and ALP concentration in group II was observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control and treatment groups with values. The hematology results showed that lead did not cause a significant reduction in the packed cell volume, white blood cell and red blood cell counts. However, the group treated with carrot and garden egg showed slight increase in RBC and WBC count when compared with the positive and negative control groups.
 Conclusion: From the results above, it showed that the fruits extract have hematopoietic potentials and hence aid in the hepatoprotection of the liver of lead induced Wistar rats.

In Vitro Study on Tribologically Micronized Zeolite as A Natural Cell Protecting Chelator of Lead (II) Acetate

In order to determine whether clinoptilolite, a naturally occurring zeolite, had any toxic effect on keratinocyte cells when combined with lead (II) acetate, real time cell analysis and MTS assays were performed. Herein, Micronized Zeolite (MZ) was obtained by tribomechanical micronization of natural clinoptilolite. The effect of lead (II) acetate (Pb (CH3COO) 2.3H2O) adsorption of clinoptilolite at different durations (30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours) was investigated. When 5% clinoptilolite was applied to the lead (II) acetate solution, the adsorption capacity was 55.15% in 30 minutes, 58.09% in 1 hour, 71.62% in 2 hours, 82.66% in 4 hours, 87% in 8 hours. These results were in parallel with cell culture studies which showed when lead is treated with tribologically micronized zeolite (Clinoptilolite) it increases the cell viability. Clinoptilolite, had an adsorbing effect on lead (II) acetate, did not show toxic effect on keratinocyte cells, and even eliminated lead (II) acetate toxicity. It might suggest an alternative natural cell protecting chelator.

Protective effect of Solanum melongena (garden egg), Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes), Daucus carota subsp. sativus (carrot) extracts on some electrolytes and renal biomarkers of lead induced toxicity in albino wistar rats

The impact of lead toxicity was assessed in this study by analyzing the effects of the extracts on some electrolytes, urea and creatinine concentration. Thirty-five male wistar rats (150+50g) were distributed into five groups with seven rats in each group. Extraction and all biochemical analysis were carried out using standard laboratory techniques. Group one served as control, group two as test and were exposed to lead acetate only. Groups three, four and five were treatment groups, administered carrot and garden egg, carrot and tomato, garden egg, carrot and tomato respectively. All groups received feed and water ad libitum. Lead Acetate solution was administered orally at 50mg/kg body weight while 200mg/kg body weight received mixed juicy extract. On day 15, food was withdrawn, fasted overnight with free access to water. They were euthanized under chloroform vapor and sacrificed. Whole blood was collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in potassium and chloride ion in group 2 (test group), compared to the control and treatment groups. Concentration of urea and creatinine in the test group was significantly higher compared with the other groups. Concentration of creatinine in group 3 and 5 significantly increased compared to control group. Effect of lead acetate was significantly reversed in group 5 compared to group 2. The results of the study indicate the potency of plants extracts against toxicity caused by the lead acetate. Flavonoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids were present in the extracts.

RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ME DICINE BASED ON NATURAL COMPOUNDS

The relevance of the search for effective hypoglycemic drugs is undeniable, due to the growth of patients with diabetes mellitus, accompanied by various diabetic complications. The purpose of the studies was to develop the composition, methods of analysis, quality standards with hypoglycemic and detoxifying effects. Developed drug includes total preparation of inulin and pectin and taurine. Qualitative analysis was carried out on the identification of pectoinline and taurine. To detect pectoinulin, the total preparation of inulin and pectin, color reactions were used (with a solution of α-naphthol alcohol 20% and with a solution of carbazole alcohol 0.5%), as well as a precipitation reaction with a solution of lead (II) acetate of the main 10%. To detect taurine, a color reaction with ninhydrin was used. The chosen procedures make it possible to establish the authenticity of taurine in the composition of the proposed drug in the joint presence of ingredients. The quantitative determination of inulin was carried out by the Bertran titrimetric method in the Maken and Shoorl modifications. Quantitative determination of pectin is proposed to be carried out by calcium-pectate method. Spectrophotometric method is proposed for determination of taurine in composition. The proposed methods of identification and quantitative determination of the ingredients of the composition are valid according to the main criteria. The studies made it possible to propose drug quality standards that are included in the draft regulatory documentation for the drug. As a result of all the conducted studies, the composition was developed and the optimal methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ingredients of the proposed drug were selected, which make it possible to determine them in the joint presence, which are included in the draft pharmacopoeia article of the enterprise.

The effects of folic acid on RNA m6A methylation in hippocampus as well as learning and memory ability of rats with acute lead exposure

• Lead exposure increased the level of Fat mass and obesity-associated protein expression in brain tissue. • Lead exposure resulted in decreased N6- methyladenosine levels, learning and memory ability. • The level of m6A after the intervention of folic acid, and the obvious improvement in learning and memory ability. The heavy metal lead in the environment is a neurotoxin with very strong biological toxicity which can cause serious damage to the learning and memory ability of humans and animals, folic acid can be involved in biological process to prevent impaired learning and memory. however, the specific mechanism is not clear. Herein, in order to explore whether folic acid has a protective effect on learning ousing on the M6A of FTO/METTL3 pathway control and learning and memory ability by lead exposure. Forty 6-week-old male rats were randomly divided into four groups, which drinking water freely model to establish folic acid (0.4 mg/ kg ·bw/day) intervention model of acute lead (0.2% lead acetate solution) exposure, and the determination of lead in hippocampus and Serum by GFAAP and the expression of FTO and METTL3 protein was detected by immunofluorescence assay, the methylation level of m6A in hippocampus was detected by EpiQuik TM m6A RNA methylation quantitative. A Morris water maze was used to test the spatial learning and memory ability of animals by positioning navigation experiment and space exploration experiment. Result display: Comparing to the control group, in the hippocampus, the expression of FTO in the lead exposure group was significantly increased ( P < 0.05), while METTL3 and M6A were significantly reduced in the lead exposure group ( P < 0.05). The ability of learning and memory in folic acid group was significantly high than that in lead exposure group ( P < 0.01). Our data showed that folic acid can effectively protect the body's ability of learning and memory by enhancing the mechanism of RNA m6A.

Subacute exposure to lead promotes disruption in the thyroid gland function in male and female rats.

Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, is a global public health problem. Lead has a long historic relation to several adverse health conditions and was recently classified as an endocrine disruptor. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of subacute exposure to lead on the thyroid gland function. Adult male and female Wistar rats received a lead acetate solution containing 10 or 25mg/kg, by gavage, three times a week, for 14 days. One week later, behavioral testing showed no alterations in anxiety and motor-exploratory parameters, as evaluated by Open-Field and Plus-Maze Tests, but impairment in learning and memory was found in the male 25mg/kg lead-treated group and in both female lead-treated groups, as evaluated by the Inhibitory Avoidance Test. After one week, serum levels of tT3 were reduced in the 25mg/kg female group and in the 10mg∕ kg male group. However, tT4 levels were increased in the 25mg/kg male group and in both female treated groups. TSH levels did not change and lead serum levels were undetectable. Morphologic alterations were observed in the thyroid gland, including abnormal thyroid parenchyma follicles of different sizes, epithelial stratification and vacuolization of follicular cells, decrease in colloid eosinophilia and vascular congestion, accompanied by morphometric alterations. An increase in collagen deposition was also observed. No differences were observed in TPO activity or protein expression, H2O2 generation by NADPH oxidases or hepatic D1 mRNA expression. However, thyroid NIS protein expression was considerably decreased in the male and female lead-treated groups, while TSHr expression was decreased in the 25mg/kg female lead-treated group. These findings demonstrated that subacute exposure to lead acetate disrupts thyroid gland function in both sexes, leading to morphophysiological impairment and to changes in learning and memory abilities.

Lead sulfide films with low iron doping: Correlation between iron position and optical properties evolution

Thin polycrystalline films of cubic lead sulfide doped with iron (II) PbS:Fe have been synthesized by chemical bath deposition from aqueous solutions of lead acetate, sulfidizing agent, and complexing and alkaline agents in the presence of FeCl2 salt in the concentration range from 10−5 to 7 × 10−3 M. At the iron (II) chloride concentration lower than [FeCl2] = 5 × 10−3 M, the crystal lattice parameter of PbS increases indicating the interstitial position of Fe2+ ions. At [FeCl2] = 5 × 10−3 M, the substitution of iron ions for lead ones is found. The absorption spectra show that on increasing FeCl2 concentration in the reaction bath up to 10−3 M, the band gap of the synthesized PbS:Fe films hardly changes (Eg∼0.4 eV); only the growth of the impurity bands near the absorption edge is observed. At [FeCl2] = 5 × 10−3 M, the blue shift of the absorption edge occurs, the band gap increases to 0.58 eV, and the impurity absorption band shifts toward the higher energies. Cooling the films in the magnetic field influences the intensity of the impurity absorption bands associated with iron when Fe2+ ions are located in interstitial position. The observed changes in the optical spectra are explained by the difference in the band structure and the position of the impurity levels when Fe2+ ions are at the interstices or in the Pb ions position.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PROPOLIS LEBAH TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI HEPAR MENCIT (Mus musculus) BETINA YANG DIPAPAR LOGAM BERAT PB ASETAT [Pb(C2H3O2)2

Lead acetate in the hepatobiliary system may cause peroxidation catalysis of unsaturated fatty acids, reduce nitrogenoxide and increase hydroxyl radical. Lead acetate produces oxidative stress characterized by free radical formation and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Giving antioxidants can neutralize free radicals from the detrimental effects that arise on the process or excess oxidation reactions. The purpose of this research was to find out how the effect of bee propolis on histopathologic images of hepatic mice (Mus musculus) of females exposed to lead acetate [Pb(C2H3O2)2]. The subjects were 25 mice (Mus musculus) mushulus of BALB/C strain with average weight 25-30 gram and 8 weeks old, divided into 5 treatment groups, each consisting of 5 heads per group. The K- group was given a Tween 80 solution at a doses of 0.5 mg/kgBW for 20 consecutive days. The K+ group, which was given only lead acetate at a doses of 10 mg/kgBW orally for 10 days. P1, P2, and P3 were given 10 mg/kgBW lead acetate solution orally for 10 days. The following 10 days were given bee propolis with doses of P1 200 mg/kgBW, P2 400 mg/kgBW, and P3 800 mg/kgBW. On the 21th days the mice were dissected, to observe the extent of the damage. All data were performed using a statistical test with Kruskal Wallis test and if there was a marked difference between treatment groups (p&lt;0.05), then the Mann-Whitney test was followed. The results obtained that bee propolis can repair hepatic cell damage in mice (Mus musculus) of females exposed to lead acetate. Increased dose of bee propolis is ineffective in repairing hepatic cell damage in mice (Mus musculus) of females exposed to lead acetate.

INTENSITY OF LIPID PEROXIDAL OXIDATION PROCESSES IN RATS' BLOOD AT CONTINUOUS CADMIUM AND LEAD LOAD

Lead and Cadmium are attributed to thiol poisons due to their ability to bind to SH groups of proteins. The aim of the study was to study the effect of Cadmium and Lead salts on the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in the blood of rats. The experiments were performed on male rats of the Wistar line, weighing 200–220 g, from which 4 groups of animals were formed: control and 3 experimental groups. Control rats were administered drinking water through a metal probe in a volume equivalent to the volume of aqueous solution of Cd2 + and Pb2 + salts. The animals of the first experimental group were administered a 0.029% aqueous solution of cadmium chloride at a dose of 4.0 mg / kg. Animals of the second experimental group were administered a 16.6% aqueous solution of lead acetate at a dose of 200 mg / kg. Animals of the third experimental group were administered 16.6% aqueous lead acetate solution at a dose of 100 mg / kg and 0.029% aqueous cadmium chloride solution at a dose of 2.0 mg / kg.&#x0D; The administration of cadmium chloride and lead acetate to the body leads to the accumulation in the blood of rats of the experimental groups of both intermediate and final products of lipid peroxidation. A significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation products was observed in the blood of rats of all three study groups from the first day of the experiment. With cadmium and lead combined, rats were found to have the highest levels of diene conjugates and TBA-active products compared to the first and second experimental groups. On the 28th day of the experiment, the level of lipid peroxidation oxidation products in the blood of rats of the third experimental group increased by 76.1%, and the level of TBA-active products - by 38.4% relative to the control group. These changes in the level of lipid peroxidation products indicate an increase in the intensity of radical formation processes. Peroxide oxidation forms, at almost all stages of its course, a number of products that result from the interaction of free radicals with each other and with biological macromolecules.&#x0D; The investigations made it possible to reveal the pathogenesis of Cadmium and Lead toxic effects on the rat organism more deeply and to use these data in the development of antidote for cadmium-lead intoxication.

Effect of Exposure to Air on the Phase Composition and Particle Size of Nanocrystalline Lead Sulfide

Nanocrystalline powders of lead sulfide with particle size from 5 to 105 nm have been synthesized by chemical deposition from aqueous solutions of lead acetate or nitrate using sodium sulfide as sulfidizing agent and in the presence of sodium citrate or Trilon B as complexing agents. The exposure of the nanopowders to air for six years has shown that PbS nanopowders obtained in the presence of sodium citrate Na3Cit, which behaves as both complexing and stabilizing agent, display the largest stability of phase composition. The stabilizing role of Na3Cit is due to its ability to form a shell on nanoparticle surface to prevent lead sulfide oxidation. It has been established that nanoparticle size remains constant and stable upon long-term keeping in air. The phase composition of PbS nanopowders prepared using Trilon B gradually changes owing to oxidation into lead sulfate upon long-term exposure to air.

Sorption of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Crown Ethers

Abstract—The sorption of copper and lead ions by polymeric sorbents based on crosslinked polyacrylamide containing chemically bound or immobilized 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 was studied, as was the effect of various parameters on the efficiency of metal sorption from aqueous solutions. It is shown that the sorption capacity of these sorbents increases dramatically with an increase in the content of crown ethers in them from 3 to 6 wt %. When aging sorbents containing 6 wt % 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6, in an aqueous solution of copper chloride or lead acetate, respectively, the salt concentration in the solution decreases by 3–4 orders of magnitude. When aging sorbents based on 18-crown-6 in a solution containing equivalent amounts of lead acetate or copper sulfate, the amount of absorbed copper did not exceed 5% of the amount of extracted lead, which indicates the high selectivity of such sorbents.

Disruption of synaptic expression pattern and age-related DNA oxidation in a neuronal model of lead-induced toxicity

Lead (Pb) is recognized as a potent inducer of synaptic toxicity generally associated with reduced synaptic transmission and increased neuronal fiber excitability, becoming an environmental risk for neurodegenerative processes. Despite numerous toxicological studies on Pb have been directed to the developing brain, attention concerning long-term consequences of pubertal chronic Pb exposure on neuronal activity is still lacking. Thus, we exposed 4-week-old male mice to 0.2 % lead acetate solution for one month, then, conducted behavioral tests or extracted brain homogenate from mice prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus at the age of 4, 13 and 16-month-old respectively. Our results showed that treated mice exhibited an evident increase in latency to reach platform following pubertal Pb exposure and aging. The increase of 8-OHdG revealed evident neural DNA oxidative damage across time upon pubertal Pb exposure. In the hippocampus of lead exposed mice at three age nodes, the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) increased, while that of mature BDNF (mBDNF), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) decreased compared with the control group. Furthermore, the expression of BACE1 protein and tau phosphorylation level in PFC and hippocampus increased, APP mRNAs in PFC and prolonged induction of BACE1 in hippocampus. Our results show that chronic Pb exposure from pubertal stage onward can either initiate divergent synaptic-related gene expression patterns in adulthood or trigger time-course of neurodegenerative profile within the PFC or hippocampus, which can contribute consistent deficits of cognition across subsequent age-nodes.

Study on Effects and Mechanism of Lead and High-Fat Diet on Cognitive Function and Central Nervous System in Mice

We sought to investigate the effects and mechanism of lead and a high-fat diet on cognitive function and the central nervous system in mice. Eighty-four healthy male mice were randomly divided into a control group (n= 21) (fed with common diet and free drinking), a lead exposure group (n= 21) (fed with common diet and 300 mg/L lead acetate solution), a high-fat group (n= 21) (fed with high-fat diet and free drinking), and a lead+ high-fat group (n= 21) (fed with high-fat diet and 300 mg/L lead acetate solution). In 10 weeks after lead exposure, the mice of all groups were tested for the cognition, learning and memory abilities, body weight, serum triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein, as well as for the contents of lead, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon γ, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), glutathione S-transferase (GSH-ST), and hydrogen peroxide in the brain tissues. Compared with the control group and the lead-exposed group, the body weights of mice in the high-fat group and the lead+ high-fat group increased significantly from the sixth week of the experiment, of which the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group and the high-fat group, the lead content in brain tissue of the lead exposure group and the lead+ high-fat group increased significantly, of which the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the escape latent period, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, IL-6, IL-17, interferon γ, and AGEs of the remaining 3 groups increased significantly, but the recognition index, passing platform times, high-density lipoprotein, and GSH-ST significantly decreased (P < 0.05); the second and third escape latent periods, IL-6, IL-17, and AGEs of lead+ high-fat group, were obviously higher than the remaining 3 groups, but the passing platform times were obviously lower than the remaining 3 groups, of which the difference was statistically significant. The content of hydrogen peroxide in brain tissues had no difference among groups (P > 0.05). The lead and high-fat diet resulted in lipid metabolism disorders and impaired the cognitive function and central nervous system by promoting the secretion of inflammatory factors in glial cells, inducing the inflammatory reaction of brain tissue, inhibiting GSH-ST expression, and increasing AGEs content.

ДИНАМИКА УГЛЕВОД-ФЕРМЕНТНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА ПРОРОСТКОВ РЖИ ПРИ АДАПТАЦИИ К ИОНАМ СВИНЦА ПОСЛЕ ТЕПЛОВОГО ЗАКАЛИВАНИЯ И БЕЗ НЕГО

We studied the dynamics of glucose content, the activity of amylase and invertase, as well as the intensity of photosynthesis in the process of adaptation of rye seedlings to lead stress (1 mM solution of lead ace-tate) in the presence or absence of heat hardening (+ 40 ° С, 3 h). We found a significant decrease in the level of both glucose funds (compartmentalized and free), caused both by the negative effect of lead on the intensity of photosynthesis and by an increase in the outflow of sugars from leaves to the roots as a result of a decrease in invertase activity. Another possible reason is a high degree of glucose metabolism, as in-directly indicated by an increase in amylase activity. It is assumed that both glucose funds are involved in the implementation of the thermal hardening mechanism, which provides a combination of an increased level of vital activity and the development of metal resistance of plants

Some outcomes and a hypothetical mechanism of combined lead and benzo(a)pyrene intoxication, and its alleviation with a complex of bioprotectors

Rats were exposed 3 times a week during 6 weeks to repeated intraperitoneal injections of lead acetate solution in water (Pb) and/or benzo(а)pyrene solution in petrolatum oil (B(а)P) in various dose ratios. Towards the end of the period, the animals developed a moderate subchronic intoxication having some features characteristic of lead effects. The type of combined toxicity estimated with the help of isoboles constructed by the Response Surface Methodology was found to be varied depending on a particular effect, its level, and dose ratio. However, Pb and B(a)P in combination often displayed an additive or even superadditive action. In the group exposed to this combination compared with the group of rats exposed to B(a)P alone, its concentration in the organism was increased while the concentration of some B(a)P oxidative metabolism products was reduced. Such inhibition of B(a)P biotransformation, assumingly associated with impaired heme and, thus, cytochrome P450 synthesis induced by lead intoxication, can serve as an explanation for certain enhancement of the genotoxic effect of B(a)P. This effect was not present in the same combined intoxication if a complex of antitoxic bioprotectors was being administered in the background.

The Effect of Substrate Temperature on The Structure and Morphologies of PbS Thin Films Deposited by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis

In this work, we aimed to deposit PbS thin films at relatively low temperature and therefore thin films were deposited onto preheated glass substrates at 473 K and 523 K by ultrasonically spraying of equimolar aqueous solution of lead acetate and thiourea. The thickness of deposited thin films was determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) prior to investigate physical properties of deposited PbS films. In order to investigate structural and morphological properties of PbS thin films, x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images were obtained. Crystal structure, mean crystallite size, lattice parameters, micro-strain of deposited thin films were evaluated by means of XRD patterns and it was seen that deposited PbS thin films were successfully obtained in polycrystalline form with cubic crystal structure. Also lattice parameter of a was calculated as 5.866 Å and 5.870 Å for thin films deposited at 473 K and 523 K, respectively. Additionally, the surface roughness of PbS thin films was determined via AFM images as 5.8 nm and 9.9 nm in non-contact mode. The obtained results confirm that deposition of PbS thin films can be successfully achieved at relatively low temperature.

Comparison of enzymatic properties of production strains of microorganisms used in the bakery industry with those of reference strains

The article deals with the results of the comparative analysis of the enzymatic properties of the production strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida milleri and Lactobacillus plantarum,which were isolated from the ferment used in the production facilities of the Kiev region with the properties of the reference strains purchased in the Russian Federation. There were investigated the properties of two production strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida milleri and one strain of Lactobacillus plantarum. The isolation of the production strains was carried out by generally accepted methods in microbiology, and their identification was carried out on the basis of the results of the investigation of morphological features and cultural and enzymatic properties according to the determinant of bacteria Burge (1997). The biochemical properties of the bacteria were studied by the indicators of their relation to oxygen, the ability to break down carbohydrates with the accumulation of certain products of metabolism. To determine the ability to ferment carbohydrates and alcohols used short and long “colored” series of Giss. The short series included environments with glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose and mannitol, and in the long – additionally introduced environments with arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, galactose, as well as inulin, starch, dextrin and glycerol, dulcite and inositol. The incubation was carried out in a thermostat at a temperature of 30 ± 1 °C, and the results were evaluated in 2–4 days, taking into account the change whether there is no change in the color of the indicator and the environment, the appearance or absence of gas in the float, etc. Proteolytic activity was investigated for the ability of microorganisms to dilute gelatin and peptone milk, catalase – by interaction with a 10% solution of hydrogen peroxide, the ability to synthesize indole – Morel method, and ammonia and hydrogen by changing the color of the strip of litmus paper impregnated with the Andrade reagent and lead acetate solution, respectively. It is installed, that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae production strains used at the production facilities of the Kyiv region, as well as the reference strain purchased from the Russian Federation, they fermented glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, melibiosis, raffinose, melecitosis and ethanol and did not ferment cellobiose, rhamnose, lactose and insulin. However, unlike the reference strains, the production strains did not have the ability to ferment xylose. Candida milleri strains, unlike Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, do not have the ability to ferment maltose and, unlike reference strains, their production strains do not ferment xylose. The searches have found no differences in the enzymatic properties of the reference and production strain of Lactobacillus plantarum. Both microorganisms fermented glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, mannitol and did not ferment rhamnose, arabinose and xylose. Based on the results of microbiological searches of production strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermenti, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida milleri, in particular the search of their enzymatic properties by means of the standardized colorimetric identification system KB009 TM HiCarburgate Kit, at the Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Product Safety at the AIC of the National University of Bioresources and nature management of Ukraine were certified the following strains: Lactobacillus plantarum LPR-2018/5; Lactobacillus fermenti LLF-2018/5, Saccharomyces cerevisiae SLC-2017/5, Candida milleri CLM-2017/7.