Layer Of Cotton Research Articles

A coalescer for soybean oil emulsions

AbstractA simple device was designed, consisting of alternate layers of absorbant cotton supported on fiberglass that accelerated the coalescence of oil droplets from an emulsion of soybean oil in aqueous isopropyl alcohol. Separation was generally complete in 90 min or less.

PH in Vacuoles Isolated from Castor Bean Endosperm

Vacuoles were prepared from germinating castor bean endosperm (Ricinus communis var Hale) and purified by filtration through a cotton layer under physiological osmolarity. The purity of vacuoles prepared by this method was comparable with that prepared by a sucrose step gradient centrifugation reported in a previous paper (Nishimura, Beevers 1978 Plant Physiol 62: 44-48). It was shown by assays of marker enzymes that the final preparation contained trace contamination of other organelles (glyoxysomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum) and the cytosol. The isolated vacuoles were stained with neutral red, indicating that the intravacuolar pH is acidic. Intravacuolar pH of isolated vacuoles was determined by measuring the distribution of [(14)C]methylamine in the vacuoles and by directly measuring the pH of vacuolar extracts. The pH of isolated vacuolar extracts was 5.7 to 5.9. Similar values were obtained by the methylamine method and it was shown that intravacuolar pH increased as the pH of the medium was increased.

Physiological Responses and Thermal, Humidity, and Comfort Sensations in Wear Trials with Cotton and Polypropylene Vests

Relations were studied between skin temperature of the back as well as temperature and humidity inside clothing, and subjective estimates of thermal, humidity, and comfort sensations in 5 subjects wearing cross-country ski dress. The 2-h wear trials were performed in a climatic chamber at −2°C and simulated the actual circumstances under which such a dress is worn by alternating periods of intensive walking (20 min) on a treadmill with periods of resting (5–10 min). Each subject participated in 4 trials wearing alternately one of the 4 experimental, double-layer vests (double-cotton, cotton-polypropylene with cotton layer next to skin, same combination with polypropylene layer next to skin, double-polypropylene). Skin temperature of the back was during the experiments systematically lower ( P<0.05) by about 1°C with the double-layer cotton vest than with the double-layer polypropylene vest. Since the physical parameters of the two fabrics were not identical, the findings cannot be definitely attributed to the inherently different properties of the fibers. No significant differences were found in the 4 experimental series either in other objective measurements (temperature and humidity of the microclimate, energy output, total amount of sweat, amount of sweat trapped in the vests) or in subjective estimates of thermal, humidity, and comfort sensations. Gradual increase of skin temperature as well as of temperature and humidity (sweating) of the microclimate was recorded during walking periods. When walking was interrupted by a pause, both the temperature and humidity rose steeply, due to the cessation of bellows ventilation of the clothing, and fell again when walking was resumed. The thermal and humidity sensations on the back reported after the turning-points of the intermittent activity showed opposite direction of changes than those of the recorded parameters— i.e., decrease during pauses and increase after walking was resumed. It is possible that the perception of local sensations was affected by superimposed, central perception of changes in the amount of heat delivered from muscles to the brain receptors. The sensations of comfort seemed to be affected mostly by perception of “warmth” when walking and “cold” when resting.

The Transfer of Flame-Retardant Effects

Burning-rate measurements on double layers of the same fabric having one layer treated with flame retardant reveal that effects of the retardant can be transferred to the untreated layer. A system consisting of a layer of cotton sheeting treated with a phosphate flame retardant placed underneath a layer of untreated material burns at about the same rate as two identically treated layers with the same net average add-on. When this average is low, the combination bums more rapidly than two untreated layers, in accordance with evidence that inorganic phosphate retardants can increase the flame-propagation rate of cotton at low add-on levels. For the double layers of synthetic fabrics studied thus far, it was found that treating only one of the layers results in almost as good and sometimes better reduction of burning rate as treating both layers to the same net add-on. Such transfer effects need to be recognized and understood by those using flame retardants in practical heterogeneous textile systems.

アカイエカに血液の諸成分などをあたえたさいの産卵状況の検討

Under natural condition ovarial developments followed by oviposition of a mosquito is usually affected only sucking blood of host animals. In the present study, observations were made to see whether the blood, some of its components served to mosquitoes as liquids soaked in cotton layers might effect in producing the eggs, and such artificial breeding method might be used for maintaining laboratory colony of Culex pipiens form fatigans for which absence of autogeny had been checked for more than 20 generation. In a comparative observation on the efficiency of ingestion of the blood served by different methods, the mosquito was found to engorge either of the three routes, defibrinated bovine whole blood coated with chicken membrane, that soaked in cotton layer in a petri dish, or through biting on a laboratory mouse fixed in wire-screen cage, with the rates to the total mosquitoes of 94.0%, 85.7% and 72.3% respectively. However, the rates of reproduction as calculated by dividing the total numbers of eggs deposited by the number of females tested were 36.8, 37.9 and 98.8, and the above two artificial feeding methods were found to be less than half in the efficiency of reproduction than through natural bite on animals. Results of dissections of mosquitoes which ingested the blood soaked in cotton have shown that it is usually taken into dorsal or ventral diverticles of oesophagus but later transffered into the midgut, and that no peritrophic membrane is formed like after natural bite on animals. Many of the mosquitoes thus fed artificially were found to discharge the blood without fully utilizing it as the nutrient. However, developments of yolk in ovarian follicles as well as production of mature eggs were affected when the blood meal was served repeatedly for several days at least in a part of the mosquitoes tested. Further experiments were made to see which of the blood component was effective to induce maturation of the eggs when fed by the above method. Out of 25 mosquitoes tested for each lot oviposition was seen only in 8 females engorged with bonine whole blood with the average egg number of 80.8, and all of the others fed once by saline suspension of blood corpuscles, serum, purified hemoglobin or sugar solution failed to produce mature eggs. However, in another experiment in which hemoglobin was fed cotinuously for successive days, a part of females which ingested it for more than three times were found to produce small numbers of eggs. A similar experiment was made with hemolysed blood, the rates of the number of the oviposited mosquitoes to the number of the blood ingested mosquitoes were lower than the none hemolysed blood, but were no significant difference in the egg number. The whole blood obtained from chicken, cattle, horse, rabbit and mouse was all effective to induce egg production through the artificial ingestions, and no significant difference were seen in the rate of ingestions as well as the rate of reproductions by blood source. The course of blood digestions in the midgut and the development of ovaries after the artificial ingestion was carefully checked daily following Sella's classification proposed for Anopheles. However, the blood fed by the abnormal route was often discharged from the anus or often caused death of the mosquitoes probably due to an intoxication, thus cousing irregular results. The addition of 1, 000 unit percent of pencilline and 250mg percent of streptomycine to the blood were found to be effective to reduce the mortality and to increase the reproduction rates. In a similar experiment made with an autogenuous colony or molestus-form of Culex pipiens complex, the ingestion of blood or its components did not cause any significant increase in its first batch of autogenous egg production. The more oviposition was not seen in the groupes that did not engorge blood meal after the autogeny, and in this strain of the molestus-form

Mass Rearing Pink Bollworms1

The use of physical barriers between ¼-in. cubes of a semisynthetic diet allowed mass rearing of pink bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). A layer of nonabsorbent cotton was the most effective barrier. A negative, highly significant correlation between number of larvae and percent moisture of medium was obtained for diets with 76 and 84% moisture. Medium containing 75% moisture produced the highest number of larvae. The most effective use of media and 1st instar larvae was obtained with 100 medium cubes and 100 larvae per 8-oz jar. Pink bollworms are now mass reared in 9-oz waxed-paper cups with ¼ in. cubes of medium scattered between layers of cotton.

Experiments on the Bone-Conduction Threshold in a Free Sound Field

Earlier investigators of the free-field bone-conduction threshold occluded the auditory meatus with plugs and muffs and reasoned by various arguments that the real-ear attenuation obtained was less than the attenuation provided for air-conducted sound. The conclusion was that the sound perceived reaches the auditory system via bone conduction. The present experiments are a check on these conclusions for the frequencies from 1000 to 8000 cps. With the auditory canal occluded by plugs and muffs the whole skull, or sections of it, was covered with a 2-in. layer of absorbent cotton. The muffs were not covered. A higher free-field threshold with the cotton indicated that without cotton the sound was reaching the ear via bone. [The sound pressure level (SPL) at the surface of the muffs was not altered by the surrounding cotton.] Cotton over the entire head raised the bone-conduction threshold by 10 to 18 db from 2000 to 8000 cps (8 subjects). Bone-conduction thresholds determined previously were confirmed from 1000 to 8000 cps. The front and back of the head were approximately of equal sensitivity with respect to bone conduction. Covering only the side of the head facing the sound source raised the threshold more than covering the “shadow” side alone. The results suggest a possible method for improving the effectiveness of special noise-attenuating devices.

Studies on modification of cortical electrical potentials by overlying structures and substances, with special reference to subdural hematoma.

SUMMARY1. Two cases have been reported in which normal symmetrical alpha waves were observed in the presence of a large and thick unilateral subdural hematoma.2. These cases necessitated experimental investigation on short‐circuiting effect of hematoma on cortical electrical potentials, which had been insisted upon by various authors and could be accepted from the standpoint of common sense. In this connection modifying effects of the structures overlying the brain on cortical potentials were also examined.3. Modification of cortical electrical potentials by the skull and the scalp consists of spatial diffusion, reduction in amplitude and changes in frequency spectrum. Spatial diffusion was found very extensive and the most responsible structure for causing diffusion and reduction in amplitude was found to be the skull. Relative attenuation of fast waves by those structures was observed, but the relationship between the degree of attenuation and wave frequency was not simple. The cause was discussed.4. Observation was made on modifying effects of a rubber sheet and a cotton layer soaked in normal saline, each of which was inserted between the cortex and the skull, on cortical potentials as well as on potentials applied to the surface of the cortex or the dura, and following inference has been made. Short‐circuiting effect on cortical potentials may be manifested when the hematoma is relatively fresh and not so small nor so thin. Normal symmetrical EEG may be observed in the presence of a large unilateral subdural hematoma when it developes very chronically and its capsule much thickly and when main sources of alpha waves participating in the scalp EEG on the hematoma lie outside the cortex covered by the hematoma.

Experiments on the Bone-Conduction Threshold in a Free Sound Field

Earlier investigators of the free-field bone-conduction threshold occluded the auditory meatus with plugs and muffs and reasoned by various arguments that the real-ear attenuation obtained was less than the attenuation provided for air-conducted sound. The conclusion was that the sound perceived reaches the auditory system via bone conduction, i.e., not through the auditory meatus. The present experiments are a check on these conclusions for the higher frequencies. With the auditory canal occluded, the whole skull or sections of it, excluding the muffs, was covered with a 2-in. layer of absorbent cotton. A higher free-field threshold with the cotton indicated that without cotton the sound was reaching the ear via bone. (The SPL over the muffs was not altered by the cotton.) Cotton over the face and back of head raised the bone-conduction threshold by 10 to 18 db (2000 to 8000 cps). Bone conduction thresholds measured previously were confirmed from 1000 to 8000 cps. Front and back of the head were approximately of equal sensitivity with respect to bone conduction. Covering only the side of the head facing the sound source raised the threshold more than covering the “shadow” side alone. The results suggest a possible method for improving the effectiveness of special noise attenuating devices.

The SRRL Carding Cleaner

A detailed description is given of an experimental machine somewhat similar to a downstroke buckley-type cleaner, but with the customary beater replaced with a licker-in type of carding cylinder. Also described is an improved feed system using a novel type of roll, called an "anti-pluck" roll. The new feed roll permits rapidly advancing a relatively thin layer of cotton to the carding cylinder, while simultaneously resisting the efforts of the carding cylinder to pull the cotton away. This results in opening the cotton to such a degree that cleaning efficiencies as high as 60-78% in a single machine are feasible at production rates of 400 lb per hr. Data are presented to show the per formance achieved in a quarter-size experimental machine.

Studies on the soil-erosive force of preciptation

The rapid reduction in the rate of in ake of water by bare soil as rain falls on the surface is accompanied by the formation of a thin compact layer at the surface. Previously we reported that this layer was due chiefly to the beating action of raindrops.Now, we constructed a rain simulator, drop-size and fall-velocity of which are almost near to those of a intense rainfall, and installed small plots in which soil was put under the simulator. The effect of various combination of rain characteristics and slope upon the infiltration capacity or the rate at which water can enter the soil was studied, and following results was obtained.a) When the soil surface is covered with a layer of absorbent cotton instead of litter or cover grass, the infiltration capacity is constant without regards to both the degree of slope and duration of a rainfall.b) When rainfall intensity is equal but constitution of drops is not same, the infiltration capacity reduces more rapidly and gleatly in the rain which is composed of larger drops.c) Under the same rainfall, the reduction of infiltration capacity is inversely proportionate to the increase of the degree of slope. On the surface of steep slope, the ramming action by drops is slight, and soil particles are readily washed away, so the impermeable layer can not develope at the surface.

The Examination of 2,433 Human Sera for Agglutinins of Brucella Abortus

Abstract During the winter months of 1926–27 this Laboratory through the courtesy of the Maryland State Board of Health, was able to test 2,433 human sera for reactions against a Brucella abortus antigen by the agglutination method. The sera had been sent in for routine Wassermann examination, from various parts of the Satate. In this series of tests, Myer's strain no. 80 of Br. abortus was used. The cultures were grown on agar slants having a pH of about 6.8. These were incubated at 37°C. for forty-eight hours and then washed off with about 10 cc. of phenolized physiological salt solution. The heavy suspension of organisms resulting was filtered through a thin layer of sterile cotton to remove any foreign material present. The filtrate was stored as a stock antigen at about 15°C. and examined occasionally for purity. For test purposes, the stock antigen was diluted with phenolized physiological salt solution until the turbidity corresponded with the no. 1 tube of McFarland's nephelometer.

The Rectal Dumb-bell

1. Position.-The patient may be in any position. However, the postoperative patient is usually in the dorsal recumbent position. 2. Protection for foundation bed.Place a bed pad under the patient. (This may be made by using a foundation of newspaper-one sheet of newspaper folded in quarters-upon which are placed the odds and ends of absorbent cotton and gauze left from surgical dressings or a layer of cellucotton and a layer of crude cotton over which is stretched one thickness of gauze secured in place with large stitches. Some hospitals use the oakum pad which was so popular during the World War.) The rectum almost always contains some liquid feces. This will be expelled with the flatus and will be absorbed into the pad, thereby saving the foundation bed. 3. To insert.-Lubricate the smaller

New Method of Dressing the Chest in

<h3>Pneumonia and Pleurisy.</h3> —The following method is recommended by Dr. William Hunt: A very thin layer of cotton is applied over the affected side, from spinal column to sternum, and secured with collodion smeared thoroughly over it by means of a broad brush, like a mucilage brush. Then add thicker layers, securing them in turn with collodion, until a good padding is obtained, paying particular attention to the edges. In double cases the dressing may encircle the chest. The advantages are: I. The one dressing, if well applied, will last throughout the case; and hence, 2, the fatigue and discomfort of frequent poulticing are avoided. 3. The side, in unilateral cases, is held as in a splint, while the free side does the breathing. A first-class nonconductor is covering the chest. The contracting collodion may have some influence in controlling the blood supply. 4. There is no particular interference with