Layer Of Cotton Research Articles

Use of Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Skin-Containing Free Tissue Transfer.

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) was initially introduced for wound management, but its benefits have stimulated the investigation of its use in new clinical scenarios. Most recently, incisional NPWT has been shown to be a benefit. Incisional NPWT applied to skin-containing free tissue transfer has not been well defined. This may originate from concerns of dressing material obscuring frequent examination of the newly transferred tissue or risk of pedicle compression and potential for increased risk of tissue loss. We aim to describe incisional NPWT in cutaneous free tissue transfer. An institutional review board-approved retrospective review of consecutive free tissue transfer patients was completed over a 3-year period. Free tissue transfer procedures were performed in standard manner. After fixation of the flap to the donor site with interrupted sutures, one or two drainage tubes were inserted in the subflap position. The surface of the flap was protected with Vaseline gauze followed by a 1 cm thick layer of sterile cotton. The vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) sponge (KCI, TX) was then placed in the standard fashion and negative pressure at -125 mm Hg was initiated in a continuous mode. A window was routinely made over the flap's distal region to allow for serial flap examination. For extremity procedures, no splints were utilized, and patients were limited to motion in the hospital bed. NPWT was employed continuously for 7 days and subsequently removed along with operative drains. A total of 24 consecutive patients underwent free tissue transfer. The average patient age was 39.8 years with a mean body mass index of 23. Tobacco use was noted in 58% of patients in the series. The indication for the free tissue transfer included trauma (N = 21), malignancy (N = 2), and burn reconstruction (N = 1). The areas of reconstruction included scalp (N = 5), lower extremity (N = 11), and upper extremity (N = 8). Skin-containing free flaps employed consisted of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous free flap (N = 16), anterolateral thigh free flap (N = 6), thoracodorsal artery perforator free flap (N = 1), and radial forearm free flap (N = 1). The average defect size reconstructed was 238.3 cm2 with a mean operative time of 501 minutes. Postoperatively, patients remained in the hospital an average of 15.5 days (range: 9-32 days) with a mean follow-up of 8.1 months. No hematomas, seromas, surgical-site infections, or deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism occurred in the series. None of the flaps required return to the operating room. There were no documented cases of partial or complete flap loss. NPWT may be employed in a fashion similar to the standard incisional application. With this technique, serial flap examination remains possible and is not associated with pedicle compression or increased rates of flap loss. Interestingly, no splints were utilized with the VAC device which itself may serve as a relative immobilizer of an extremity.

Completely integrated multilayered weave electro-textile antenna for wearable applications

This paper proposes a unique, first of its kind fabrication technique for the making of textile antennas. A novel method that provides scope for automation in textile antenna production is presented here. A completely integrated textile antenna fabrication method that eliminates the tasks of positioning and fastening of the various components of a patch antenna is discussed. The technique employs multilayer weaving for the production of a wearable antenna on a cotton substrate. Silver yarn is used for the conductive regions of the textile antenna. Two layers of woven cotton serve to isolate the radiating patch from the ground plane of the antenna. The designed antenna was chosen to operate at the frequency of 2.45 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network. The built prototype resonated at 2.43 GHz with a |S11|of −18.62 dB. The integrated textile antenna exhibited a gain of 1.06 dBi at 2.43 GHz.

STUDY AND DESIGN OF PORTABLE ANTIMICROBIAL WATER FILTER

Objective: This study was conducted to design a portable antimicrobial water filter which is both economic and easy to use.Methods: A prototype following the designing of the water filter was constructed. Layers of sand, cloth, activated charcoal, and cotton containing compartments were built for carrying out water analysis.Results: Most probable number index of Vellore Institute of Technology lake water was compared with that of filtered water. Complete water analysis was done, and the sand filter layer was observed to be responsible for a maximum of the antimicrobial action of the filter.Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the proposed design of water filter is efficient in removal of turbidity, odor, and microbial content of lake water along with decreasing the acidity of water.

Abstract: The Use of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Skin-Containing Free Tissue Transfer

INTRODUCTION: Initially introduced for wound management, the benefits of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) have stimulated the investigation of its use in new clinical scenarios.1 Most recently, incisional NPWT has been shown to be beneficial.2 Incisional NPWT applied to skin containing free tissue transfer has not been well defined.3 This may originate from concerns of dressing material obscuring frequent examination of the newly transferred tissue or risk of pedicle compression and potential for increased risk of tissue loss. Our aim is to describe NPWT in fasciocutaneous free tissue transfer. METHODS: An IRB-approved retrospective review of consecutive free tissue transfer patients was completed over a 3-year period. After fixation of the free flap, one or two drains were inserted in the sub-flap position. The surface of the flap was protected with vaseline gauze followed by a layer of sterile cotton. The V.A.C.® (KCI, Texas, USA) was applied and NPWT was initiated at -125 mm Hg. A window was routinely made over the flap’s distal region to allow for serial flap examination. For extremity procedures, no splints were utilized. NPWT was employed continuously for 7 days and subsequently removed along with operative drains. RESULTS: A total of 24 consecutive patients underwent fasciocutaneous free tissue transfer with a mean follow-up of 8.1 months. The average patient age was 39.8 years with mean BMI of 23. Tobacco use was noted in 58% of patients. The indications for the free tissue transfer included trauma, malignancy, and burn reconstruction. The areas of reconstruction included scalp, lower extremity, and upper extremity. Free flaps employed consisted of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous, anterolateral thigh, thoracodorsal artery perforator, and radial forearm free flap. The average defect size reconstructed was 238.3 cm2 with a mean operative time of 501 minutes. Postoperatively, patients remained in the hospital an average of 15.5 days. No hematomas, seromas, surgical site infections, or DVT/ PE occurred in the series. None of the flaps required return to the OR. There were no documented cases with partial or complete flap loss. CONCLUSION: NPWT may be employed in a fashion similar to standard incisional application. With this technique, serial flap examination remains possible and is not associated with pedicle compression or increased rates of flap loss. Reference Citations: 1. A Anghel EL, Kim PJ. Negative-pressure wound therapy: a comprehensive review of the evidence. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2016;138(3S):129S-137S. 2. A Stannard JP, Volgas DA, McGwin G 3rd, et al. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy after high-risk lower extremity fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2012;26:37a€”42. 3. A Yu P, Yu N, Yang X, Jin X, Lu H, Qi Z. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy on Flaps: A Systematic Review. Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 2017;33(05):358–366.

Effect of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of maize

An incubation experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University during Rabi season 2015 to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of maize. There were ten treatments consisting of different concentrations of salinity viz. 0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 and 320 mM NaCl. The germination experiment was conducted in petri dish lined with a layer of cotton consisting ten ml of each test solution. Germination percentage gradually decreased with the increase of concentration of salt. Up to 80 mM concentration was found safe for maize seed germination. Salinity caused delay in germination. Highest seedling height was found at 40 mM NaCl concentration (21.51 cm) and root length (23.61 cm) was found in 20 mM NaCl concentration. In 320 mM NaCl concentration roots were abnormal, deformed and twisted. The 0 to 80 mM NaCl concentration gave statistically similar shoot fresh weight. Compared to control treatment 20 mM NaCl concentration gave 0.55 % higher fresh weight and at 80 mM NaCl concentration shoot fresh weight reduced by only 6.9 %. The 80 mM NaCl concentration was found acceptable for germination and early seedling growth of maize.Progressive Agriculture 28 (1): 18-25, 2017

DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAW COTTON PACKED IN THE COIL

As a result of experimental studies, a special mathematical model of raw cotton is developed. The effect of density change on the thermal conductivity coefficient is determined. A nonlinear differential equation of heat propagation in coils is obtained. The dependence of the density of raw cotton on the coil height is determined experimentally. The heat flux is intense propagating from denser layers of raw cotton to less dense ones. In a saturated form, the effect of density changes on the propagation of heat is less than in the coils. Pocket spontaneous heating occurs locally with sharp boundaries. An expression is found, which is the general solution of the mathematical model of heat propagation in raw cotton in coils, on the basis of which a number of physical real models can be constructed. The model allows to preliminarily give an estimation of the likely picture of the temperature field in the given microvolumes of raw cotton.

Experimental study of a novel integrated system of indirect evaporative cooler with internal baffles and evaporative condenser

In this study, the performance of a novel integrated system of indirect evaporative cooler with internal baffles as air pre-cooling unit and evaporative condenser has been experimentally investigated. For this purpose, the experimental setup consisting of an indirect evaporative cooler with internal baffles followed by an evaporative condenser contains the hot water serpentine tubes with external thin film cotton layer was designed, constructed and tested. The influences of pre-cooling unit and the external thin film cotton layer on the performance of the evaporative condenser are investigated. The experimental results show that, for increasing the air flow rate from 250 to 1450 m3/h, the temperature difference of hot water through the evaporative condenser change in the ranges between 13 and 24.9°C for the case without pre-cooling unit, 17.6–38.4°C for using the pre-cooling unit with internal baffles and with use the thin film cotton layer. Also, the rate of change of the cooling load is in the ranges between 166 and 318kW for case without pre-cooling unit, but for using the pre-cooling unit with internal baffles and with use the thin film cotton layer the cooling load change between 224.7 and 490.3kW. For using the external thin film cotton layer on the tubes of cross flow heat exchanger and with use the pre-cooling unit with internal baffles before the evaporative condenser the percentage increases in the cooling load change between 35.4 and 54.2% compared to the evaporative condenser without pre-cooling unit.

Design of 3D knitted structures for impact absorption in sportswear

<p>Some sports involve frequent collisions between the players, and between a player and the playing surface, leading to injuries such as muscular strains, dislocations, sprains, lacerations, fractures and soft tissue injuries. In several instances, these injuries are so severe that they may cause bone fracture or dislocation of joints. In recent years, researchers are focusing on reducing these injuries by using protective gears and protective clothing to cover the torso, head, hands and legs. For rugby uniforms, shoulder pads are integrated to reduce the incidence of shoulder injury during the making or receiving of front-on tackles. Although some shoulder pads such as closed cell foams are commercially available, they are often discarded by the players due to their stiffness and discomfort. Hence, in this research an attempt was made to explore the potential of using flexible textile structures to replace the currently used commercial foam. Three flexible textile structures (A, B and C) were designed in three dimensional (3D) structure using Shima Seiki flatbed machine. Each fabric consisted of 3 layers, 2 external (face and back) and one internal layer. Fabric A consisted of mercerized cotton (space dyed) and Elastane external layers, whereas ballistic nylon internal layer. Fabrics B and C were prepared using Dyneema (untwisted) and Elastane external layers and Dyneema (untwisted) internal layer, but with different structures. These textile structures were analysed for their collision protection using the technique of ‘drop test’. The test was based on principle of energy absorption by the textile structure due to the impact of a hard surface with them. It was assumed that the higher is the energy absorbed by the textile structure, the smaller will be the impact to the wearer. It was found that the 3D structures can provide equivalent amount of impact protection as the commercial foam (Sample D). The flexible structures recover easily with the body movement, and provide a high level of comfort. The methods of drop-test including the results are discussed in this paper. The findings of this study suggested that an equivalent level of protection can be achieved with the use of 3D textile structures and higher amount of comfort for the rugby players. Hence, the 3D textile structures can be used as an alternative material to replace the commercial closed foam currently in use in the shoulder pad to achieve similar protection and improved thermal comfort.</p>

Things Remembered: On Being Human and the Works of David Driskell

Things RememberedOn Being Human and the Works of David Driskell Chase Quinn (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution [End Page 37] It is difficult to name one driving force behind the prolific artist and scholar David Driskell’s artwork. He has explored many different artistic mediums, including wood-prints, oil painting, and collage. He has also mined in a wide variety of subject matter, including nature and landscape painting, most notably in his series of pine tree studies, introspective drawings and self-portraits, and paintings with social justice themes. One aspect of his work that feels essential, however, is his distinct use of layering and color, a vestige of his background in printmaking which he concentrated in as an undergraduate at Howard University in the 1950s. Julie L. McGee points out in her book David C. Driskell: Artist and Scholar that indeed “Some Driskell prints have become collage elements in later paintings.” Driskell has said himself, “I’m relying on patterns of color to be the bearer of form.” He insists that it is the colors that urge him to “dig deeper into the surface of the work.” What these disparate elements and influences amount to are a body of work as diverse as the experiences that have shaped the artist, and a style that has earned him comparisons to Romare Bearden, with whom, McGee notes, Driskell not only shares North Carolina roots but also a “mutual devotion to an iconography . . . expressive of black culture.” To that I would add, a black folk tradition. Driskell was born to Reverend George Clyde Driskell and Mary Lou Cloud Driskell in Eatonton, Georgia, in 1931. When he was five years old the family moved to North Carolina where they were sharecroppers on a cotton and vegetable farm fifty miles away from Charlotte. Driskell’s talent and eye for shape and color no doubt were inherited traits. His father, in addition to his ministry, was a blacksmith, whom Driskell has described as an itinerant painter. His mother was a quiltmaker. The influence of his rural upbringing and his enduring appreciation for nature is evident in works like My Father’s Farm, North Carolina (1955), which depicts a green field skimmed by a layer of white cotton. The backdrop is composed of a wall of various trees. The style is far more impressionistic and classical than his later arboreal studies. The seeds of his lifelong passion for education were planted early. While the family could have used his labor on the farm, he was encouraged to pursue his studies. And, indeed, school was a commitment. Charlotte Wilder notes in Down East Magazine, “It took two hours on a winding route to get to a school Driskell could attend, since, due [End Page 38] to segregation, the four schools closest to him were whites only. He would wake up at 4 a.m., be at the bus stop (a mile down the road) by 5, go to class, then ride two hours back home every day.” Even during harvest he remained in school. After graduating from Grahamtown High School in Forest City, North Carolina, Driskell went on to Howard University, the first member of his family to attend college. By the 1950s Howard had become a touchstone for talented black artists, having produced artists and scholars like Alain Locke and James Porter who both made important contributions to the documentation of African American art with their respective publications The Negro in Art: A Pictorial Record of the Negro Artist and the Negro Theme in Art (1940) and Modern Negro Art (1943). At Howard, Driskell would come under the tutelage of James Porter, whose influence would lead Driskell to change his major from history to art and set him on a course not only to find his own artistic voice, but also to make preserving and documenting the voices of other black artists a part of his life’s work. While studying at Howard, Driskell also met his wife, Thelma Deloatch, in 1951. After they were married and had their first child, Driskell was hand-picked by artist and educator Loïs Mailou Jones to participate in a summer scholarship program in Skowhegan, Maine...

Investigating the effect of material and weave design on comfort properties of bilayer-woven fabrics

The paper focuses on the development of a bilayer-woven fabric and investigating the effect of weave design and material type on its comfort properties. Face layer was plain woven with cotton yarn, while two different weave designs (2/2 and 3/1 twill) and four different materials (cotton, polyester, micropolyester and nylon) were used for the back layer. The comfort properties of fabric, including air permeability (AP), thermal resistance, water vapour resistance and overall moisture management capacity, were determined. It was found that both the layers of fabric as a whole contribute to the comfort properties of bilayer fabric. The highest AP was exhibited by fabrics having both layers of cotton, while 3/1 twill samples have a lower value of thermal resistance as compared to the 2/2 twill samples. The results further showed that micro polyester woven in 3/1 twill weave exhibits better comfort properties.

Cotton growth and yield dynamics across canopy layers in response to soil waterlogging

Due to an indeterminate growth habit, we hypothesised that different canopy layers of cotton might be variably influenced by soil waterlogging. The field-grown cotton cultivar (Sicot 71BRF) was waterlogged at early (WL, 77 days after planting [DAP]) and late reproductive phases (WL, 101 DAP) for 120 h. Data from different canopy layers e.g. bottom eight (MSN), middle five (MSN), and upper five main stem nodes (MSN) were collected 1 d (post-WL) and 7 d after termination of waterlogging (post-recovery). Both waterlogging events significantly reduced post-WL dry biomass, leaf N concentration and fruit development on MSN. In addition, WLearly significantly reduced photosynthesis and increased total soluble sugars (TSS) in the MSN and MSN leaves, although MSN leaves restored photosynthesis, N levels and TSS at recovery. It suggested that WL plants maintained photosynthesis of the upper leaves possibly by transporting N from the lower canopy leaves. Reduction (22%) in seed cotton yield under WL was the result of fruit loss from first position fruits of the upper and lower sympodial fruiting branches (FB and FB). Despite restoring the growth through improved photosynthesis and N supply, no yield recovery on FB suggested that the plants used these assimilates for growth of the established fruits. No significant yield reduction in response to WL suggested that the established cotton bolls were less sensitive to abscission across all canopy layers.

A bendable and wearable cardiorespiratory monitoring device fusing two noncontact sensor principles.

A mobile device is presented for monitoring both respiration and pulse. The device is developed as a bendable/flexible inlay that can be placed in a shirt pocket or the inside pocket of a jacket. To achieve optimum monitoring performance, the device combines two sensor principles, which work in a safe noncontact way through several layers of cotton or other textiles. One sensor, based on magnetic induction, is intended for respiratory monitoring, and the other is a reflective photoplethysmography sensor intended for pulse detection. Because each sensor signal has some dependence on both physiological parameters, fusing the sensor signals allows enhanced signal coverage.

Foreign Fiber Image Segmentation Based on Maximum Entropy and Genetic Algorithm

In machine-vision-based systems for detecting foreign fibers, due to the background of the cotton layer has the absolute advantage in the whole image, while the foreign fiber only account for a very small part, and what’s more, the brightness and contrast of the image are all poor. Using the traditional image segmentation method, the segmentation results are very poor. By adopting the maximum entropy and genetic algorithm, the maximum entropy function was used as the fitness function of genetic algorithm. Through continuous optimization, the optimal segmentation threshold is determined. Experimental results prove that the image segmentation of this paper not only fast and accurate, but also has strong adaptability.

Use of Mitomycin C to reduce the incidence of encapsulated cysts following ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in refractory glaucoma patients: a new technique.

BackgroundTo evaluate the surgical outcome of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation with a new technique of mitomycin C (MMC) application.MethodsThis is a retrospective study. All patients with refractory glaucoma underwent FP-7 AGV implantation. Two methods of MMC application were used. In the traditional technique, 6 × 4 mm cotton soaked with MMC (0.25–0.33 mg/ml) was placed in the implantation area for 2–5mins; in the new technique, the valve plate first was encompassed with a thin layer of cotton soaked with MMC, then inserted into the same area. A 200 ml balanced salt solution was applied for irrigation of MMC. The surgical success rate, intraocular pressure (IOP), number of anti-glaucoma medications used, and postoperative complications were analyzed between the groups.ResultsThe surgical outcomes of two MMC applied techniques were compared. The new technique group had only one case (2.6%) of encapsulated cyst formation out of 38 eyes, while there were eight (19.5%) cases out of 41 eyes the in traditional group. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.030). According to the definition of success rate, there was 89.5% in the new technique group and 70.7% in the traditional group at the follow-up end point. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.035). Mean IOP in the new technique group were significantly lower than those of the traditional group at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05).ConclusionsBy using a thin layer of cotton soaked with MMC to encompass the valve plate, the new MMC application technique could greatly decrease the incidence of encapsulated cyst and increase the success rate following AGV implantation.

조선 후기 면갑(綿甲) 유물 분석 - 국립중앙박물관 소장 유물을 중심으로 -

The cotton fabric armour for lower class soldiers can be found from the historical records of the mid-Joseon Korea. And the records show that the form and the structure of the armour was modified in the late 19th century in order to provide better protection from gunshots for the soldiers in the midst of the invasions from the West. This is a survey and research of the only artifact of the cotton fabric armour remaining in Korea - for its form, dimensions, and design. Using the historical records as reference, we can confirm the structure and characteristics of the cotton fabric armour of the Joseon period. This cotton fabric armour, preserved in National Museum of Korea, is a vest-type armour made of 30 layers of cotton. On the right shoulder, there is a button for tying knots and strings were tied under both armpits. On the surface of the cotton fabric armour there were some characters and patterns stamped in black. Presently, this artifact in Korea is the only specimen relic of its sort, but there are some other related relics in foreign countries including helmets and belts. Continuous researches would help extend the scope of armour study beyond the traditional researches that only focuses on the armours of the officials, thus helping us to understand the military costumes in traditional Korea.

The Spectral Reflection Analysis of Several Typical Foreign Fibers in Different Thick Cotton Layers

The Spectral Reflection Analysis of Several Typical Foreign Fibers in Different Thick Cotton Layers

Germination of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L) seeds under the influence of several conditions

Our study indicates that jojoba is suitable plant for cultivation of the Egyptian marginal soils, in the desert area, where the seeds were germinated and grown in sandy soil of marginal fertility. To study the effect of NaCl and mannitol on seeds germination, jojoba seeds were placed on cotton layer flooded with solution containing different concentrations of them. Salinity stimulated seed germination, especially, when the seeds were subjected to relatively low concentration of NaCl (0.5 – 3 gm/l). Increase the concentration of NaCl over 3 gm/l resulted in inhibition of seed germination as well as radicle growth. Application of 2 or 3 gm/l mannitol in germination medium improved the seed germination, vice versa was detected under progressive increase of mannitol in germination medium. Mannitol as same as NaCl delayed seed germination of jojoba plant. On the other hand, jojoba seeds can be germinated in low frequency under high concentration of mannitol, up to 100 gm/l, when seeds were placed on three cotton layers just wetted by distilled water containing mannitol. Temperature may be the most critical factor during jojoba seed germination, therefore summer was the best season for seed germination; also, 30 oC was the best temperature degree for seed germination and emergence of radical in the shortest time.

Difference in hydrophobic and hydrophilic multilayered systems

Functional clothing, sportswear and military uniforms, are mainly made of polyester or cotton fabrics for dealing with sweat absorption and heat transfer produced by the human body. The human body typically wears two or three garments, such as innerwear, T-shirt, and jacket, thus comprising a multilayered system. Garments’ responses to heat transfer and vapor flow differ depending on whether their physical structures are hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Hence, this study analyzes differences in heat transfer and vapor flow, induced by the human body covered with multilayered garment systems, consisting of three polyester or cotton layers. In particular, it verifies three differences in the heat transfer and relative humidity, amount of relative humidity, and response time of thermal equilibrium in multilayered systems by using a new measurement system, “H&M evaluation device”. Resultant data provide precise information regarding several differences in hydrophilic and hydrophobic multilayered fabric systems.

Efeito Pesticida de Ésteres de Sacarose Sobre Calacarus heveae Feres (Acari: Eriophyidae) em Dois Clones de Seringueira

Sucrose esters are biodegradable, non pollutant and health safe; moreover, they have shown great potential in the pest control. We tested a crude mix of sucrose esters on the survivorship and oviposition of Calacarus heveae Feres (Acari, Eriophyidae) females, an important rubber tree pest mite, from leaflets of clones GT 1 and RRIM 600. The mites were kept on stock arenas placed in rearing chamber at 28 + 0,1C°, 80 + 10% of relative humidity and 12h of light phase about two weeks before the essays. The essay arenas were made from cut leaflets on wet cotton layer, into Petri dishes (n = 11). The mites were transferred to essay arenas made with leaflets from the same clone of stock arenas. The survivorship of females sprayed with sucrose esters in the concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L and their oviposition effect with 0.5 and 1g/L were analyzed. The mites sprayed with 4 g/L had about 80% of mortality, while those with 1 g/L around 60%. All mites that died in the treatments with sucrose ester became dark with wrinkled tegument and decreased their body volume, suggesting dehydration. We also observed the efficacy of 1g/L concentration to decrease the female oviposition in about 50%, in the third day after spraying. No differences were observed in the mortality and oviposition between females kept on both clones.

Finite Element Modeling of a Baseball

A baseball consists of a spherical cork core that is wrapped with two layers of rubber, three layers of wool, one layer of cotton, cement glue and one layer of cowhide. The respective nonlinear and time-dependent material properties of these layers make it challenging to capture the behavior of a baseball accurately over a range of impact speeds. As a result of this challenge, finite element models (FEMs) of the baseball typically treat the baseball as a single viscoelastic material where the respective material properties have been homogenized. These single-material models do not necessarily possess the same hyperelastic and viscoeleastic qualities as a real baseball, and these missing behaviors limit the applicability of these baseball models to simulate a bat-ball collision over a very narrow range of impact speeds. In the current work, a layer-by-layer approach is used to create a robust baseball FEM. The pill, which is a cork core wrapped in two layers of rubber, were subjected to bounce and compression testing at a wide range of impact speeds and compression rates. These data are used to tune the pill properties and ensure close agreement between experimental and FEM results. The remaining layers are added individually until the complete baseball is modeled and agrees closely with experimental results over a wide range of impact speeds. Possible applications for a new and improved baseball FEM include accurate simulations of baseball testing and bat-ball collisions. The improved ball model can also be used to predict performance of future bat designs not yet manufactured.