Layered Structure Research Articles

Additively manufactured conductive and dielectric 3D metasurfaces for independent manipulation of broadband orbital angular momentum

Recent developments in conductive and dielectric multi-material additive manufacturing have generated significant interest for their potential to enhance the performance of electronic devices. Lights-out digital manufacturing, a sophisticated multi-material printing technique, facilitates the seamless sintering of silver nanoparticles and acrylate inks, enabling the creation of functional electronic devices. In this study, the LDM process is utilized to prototype intricate 3D metasurface designs. A comprehensive analysis of the properties of the printed materials confirms the practicality of this multi-material printing approach. The research examines various element distributions within multi-metal layer structures, including carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, and fluorine, to investigate the interfaces between conductive and dielectric structures. In addition, the conductivities of silver nanoparticle inks at different curing temperatures are studied to identify optimal printing conditions. Both the conductive and dielectric inks exhibit precisely controlled particle sizes and exceptional stability, which are critical for accurate additive manufacturing. Using this sophisticated printing solution, the paper presents a broadband 3D metasurface engineered to independently manipulate two distinct orbital angular momentum states in the V-band (60–70 GHz) and W-band (79–90 GHz), suitable for high-speed wireless communications. The integration of deep neural networks helps reduce the phase coupling between the frequency bands, enabling independent control of the OAM states. The structure of the dual-band metasurface features four distinct silver layers yet is fabricated on a single ultra-thin planar substrate, demonstrating its potential for applications in future wireless communication systems.

Seismic Microzonation and Geotechnical Modeling Studies Considering Local Site Effects for İnegöl Plain (Bursa‐Turkey)

AbstractLocal site effects play a vital role in determining the level of structural damage to the structures built on soil. Therefore, correctly determining the underground layer structure and its physical characteristics in the lateral and vertical directions is essential for the geotechnical model. More information and more accurate results will be obtained if the geotechnical model is evaluated multidisciplinary together with geophysical studies, not only based on drilling results. For this purpose, vertical electric sounding, seismic refraction, microtremor, and mechanical drilling techniques were applied within the scope of geotechnical studies in the İnegöl district of Bursa. The methods were evaluated together, and the geotechnical cross‐sections of the underground were interpreted. In addition, microzonation maps determined from Geophysical parameters were created in the study area. These maps, geotechnical cross‐sections, and microtremor data evaluation results predicted how the study area's buildings and soils would behave under dynamic forces such as earthquakes. As a result, the soils in the study area were mainly saturated with water and had weak strength. Existing or newly constructed engineering structures on such soils are predicted from microzonation maps that will damage both the soils and the buildings in a seven‐magnitude earthquake.

Experiment on Measuring Lake Ice Thickness Using a SFCW Ground Penetrating Radar System

Abstract To ensure transportation safety and for other purposes, it becomes necessary to measure the thickness of the ice layer on natural water bodies during winter. As an efficient and non-destructive subsurface detection tool, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can achieve rapid and accurate measurements of ice thickness. For this experiment, we utilize a stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) GPR system based on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) system to measure the thickness of ice layers. Additionally, based on the scenario of detecting ice layer structures with ground-penetrating radar, the formula for calculating the thickness of ice layers was revised to achieve more accurate measurements of ice thickness. Finally, we compared the calculated results with the ice thickness detection results from ice layer drilling experiments to verify the effectiveness of the system in detecting ice layer thickness.

Study on the internal alteration mechanism of marble jade artifacts from Sanxingdui ritual Pit no. 3, Sichuan

The Sanxingdui site holds significant archaeological value within the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China, representing a key center of civilization. Jade was emblematic of status and rank in this society, playing an essential role in significant rituals and funerary practices. Over an extended burial period, most jade artifacts have undergone varying degrees of alteration. This study analyzed marble jade artifacts excavated from the Sanxingdui site with an ultra-deep field microscope, SEM-EDS, a Raman spectrometer, and XRD to investigate changes in chemical composition and physical phases. The study confirms the presence of a distinct layered structure characteristic of internal hollow alteration. Furthermore, it establishes that the presence of bronze and ivory alteration products notably influenced the alteration process. These interactions resulted in the generation of libethenite [Cu2(PO4)(OH)] within the hollow regions of the jade artifacts. Since the exothermic reactions during generation occur in a buried environment, this can increase the temperature of the surrounding aqueous environment and the formation of a hydrothermal environment. Within this environment, the libethenite undergoes further reactions, leading to the generation of cornetite [Cu3(PO4)(OH)3] and pseudomalachite [Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4]. In the interim, the hydrothermal conditions facilitated a gradual dissolution of libethenite in groundwater, allowing it to infiltrate the interior of the jade. Subsequent crystallization, triggered by a decrease in temperature, induced stress damage to the internal structure of the jade. This process alters the internal hollowing, destroying the crystal structure of the jade and eventually causing a complete loss of its mechanical properties, transforming the jade into an internal powder. The results of this study indicate that the alteration products from bronze and ivory significantly impact jade. Therefore, this factor should be carefully considered in the conservation and preservation of jade, with appropriate measures taken accordingly.

Twinning and 9R Phase Transition Mediated Extraordinary Cold-drawn Deformability in NiCoCrFeMo High-Entropy Alloy.

The production and application of materials are evolving towards the low-dimensional micro-nano scale. Nevertheless, the fabrication of micron-scale alloy fibers remains a challenge. Herein, a novel Ni-Co-Cr-Fe-Mo high-entropy alloy (HEA) fiber with a cold-drawn reduction rate of 99.9995% and a strain (ɛ) of 12.19 is presented without requiring intermediate annealing. The exceptional deformation strain of 11.62 within the fiber leads to extraordinary tensile strengths of 2.8GPa at room temperature and 3.6GPa at 123K. The in-depth investigation of the microstructure of fibers has revealed the cold drawing deformation mechanisms mediated by the synergistic effects of plane defects. Specifically, various geometrically necessary dislocation interfaces, such as dislocation walls and microbands, along with deformation twins and long-period 9R structures, form in response to external stress when ɛ≤2.7. As the strain increases, the saturated layered structure emerges and progressively evolves into a 3D equiaxed crystal. Moreover, the formation and evolution of the 9R structure (i.e., the migration of incoherent twin boundaries), coupled with the interaction of partial dislocations and the role of deformation twins, are crucial factors determining the fiber's plastic response. This work provides a novel approach to discovering new high-strength metallic fibers with excellent deformability through plane defects engineering.

A compact air-coupled SFCW ground penetrating radar and its application in the earthen sites

Abstract As a non-destructive testing technology, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used in archaeological investigations of the earthen sites. Traditionally, a GPR antenna is ground-couple. It is attached to the measured object and thus may cause damage to the earthen sites. This paper develops a lightweight and compact air-coupled stepped frequency continuous waveform (SFCW) GPR system with frequency range from 1GHz up to 6GHz. We suppress the nonlinear variables of the radar system by calibration. And we perform tests on different weathering samples from the earthen sites. Our system is verified that can discriminate layered structures in samples and the results of tests are consistent with the simulations of the gprMax model. In general, this radar system can assess the weathering degree and provide technical support for the preservation of the earthen sites.

Enhanced vacuum brazing joining between Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb/Ti–22Al–25Nb intermetallic alloys by Zr-free Ti-based filler

This study investigates the microstructure and tensile properties of vacuum-brazed joints of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb (Ti4822) and Ti–22Al–25Nb (Ti2AlNb) intermetallic alloys using Ti-based filler metals, with and without the addition of Zr element. Detailed microstructural characterization of the brazed joints was conducted using Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy, identifying various phases and their distributions. The tensile properties were tested at room temperature and at 650 °C, revealing the influence of Zr on the mechanical performance of the joints. The results demonstrated that the microstructure of joints brazed with Zr-containing filler metals exhibited a layered structure with brittle Zr-enriched intermetallic compounds, limiting their mechanical properties. Conversely, Zr-free filler metals yielded more homogeneous and ductile microstructures, significantly improving tensile strength and elongation. The Zr-free joints obtained after holding at 980 °C for 60 min exhibits the highest tensile strength, reaching 368.23 MPa at room-temperature and 293.46 MPa at 650 °C, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing brazing processes and filler metal compositions to enhance the performance of TiAl-based intermetallic alloy joints.

Material and mechanical behavior of bracket fungi context as a mechanically versatile structural layer

Bracket fungi sporocarps present promising environmentally friendly alternatives to harmful and wasteful structural applications with high strength-to-weight ratios mechanical properties. Kingdom Fungi is estimated to have over three million species, yet only 4% of the species have been described by mycologists, and the mechanical behavior has been under-explored. This work aims to characterize the material behavior and mechanical properties of bracket fungi as a whole through micro-mechanical tensile testing combined with microstructural imaging and analysis of two representative species. The context layer from three distinctive fresh bracket sporocarps is used in this study. At the microstructure level, the bracket fungi have a preferred clear alignment in the hyphal network, which correlates to the radial direction. The bracket fungi exhibit an anisotropic mechanical behavior with higher ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus in the radial direction, while the strain to failure is higher in the transverse direction. However, the bracket fungi exhibit an isotropic energy absorption, or toughness, behavior, with no statistically significant difference between the radial and transverse directions. The characterization of anisotropic mechanical properties and isotropic energy absorption will inspire the exploration of bracket fungi as a viable alternative to applications in various industries, such as aerospace and agriculture.

Pattern distortion in nanoimprint lithography using UV-curable polymer stamps

Quantification of pattern distortion in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is required when applying it to specific applications, especially those with tight tolerances. We present a systematic study on full wafer NIL distortion using soft stamps made of different carrier foils and UV-curable polymer structure layers. These errors are evaluated by overlay patterning using NIL and optical lithography on 4-in. wafers over a distance of 80 mm. Potential causes for pattern distortion and possible correction methods are discussed in terms of stamp composition and environmental impact. Pattern distortion along axes causing dimensional change is stamp dependent, and stiffer stamps show less pattern dimensional change than the softer ones. In the best case, the minimum variation is 4 ppm (ppm), and in the worst case, 252 ppm with a softer stamp. Stamp flatness and uniform contact during imprinting are important in reducing high-order pattern distortion. A maximum dimensional variation of 32 ppm in a batch run demonstrates good pattern repeatability. Long-term dimensional stability can be affected by relative humidity, with variations on the order of 100 ppm.

A Comprehensive Detection and Evaluation Method for the Internal Health Status of Highways

Abstract It is necessary to regularly diagnose highway health status. The current evaluation system pays less attention to internal damages, which makes the evaluation results not comprehensive and accurate enough. Therefore, Multi frequency array ground penetrating radar and falling weight deflectometer are adopted to detect the thickness of structural layers, underground disease, and structural bearing capacity. Establish evaluation criteria, quantify and grade the detection results, comprehensively evaluate health status of highways. Experiment results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this method.

Analysis of the Ni-5%at.W Alloy Substrate Texture Evolution at Different Strain Levels Using the EBSD Technique.

In this paper, the texture evolution of the Ni-5%W alloy baseband with different strain variables (εvM = 3.9, 4.9, and 5.1) during rolling and annealing was studied using the electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) technique. The results indicate that after high-temperature annealing at 1150 °C, all three strain levels of the alloy substrates can achieve a strong cubic texture, with a content exceeding 99% (<10°). However, the texture evolution trajectory is significantly influenced by the strain level. When the content of cubic texture in the alloy substrates under strain levels of 3.9 and 5.1 is the same, significant temperature differences exist. Additionally, the different strain levels result in varying nucleation rates and growth rates of cubic texture in the Ni-5%W alloy substrates. The study reveals that in the alloy substrates under strain levels of 3.9 and 4.9, recrystallized cubic grain nuclei grow within a layered structure, resulting in larger grain sizes and lower nucleation rates. In contrast, in the alloy substrates under a strain level of 5.1, recrystallized cubic grain nuclei form from small equiaxed grains, leading to higher nucleation rates but smaller grain sizes, competing with random orientations. In the later stages of nucleation, recrystallized grains in the alloy substrates under a strain level of 5.1 exhibit a significant size advantage, rapidly growing by engulfing randomly oriented grains. Compared to the alloy substrates with lower strain levels, the recrystallized cubic grains in the alloy substrates under a strain level of 5.1 have higher nucleation rates and faster growth rates.

A Strongly Reducing sp2 Carbon‐Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework Formed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Dimerization

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks linked by carbon‐carbon double bonds (C=C COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline, porous, and conjugated polymeric materials with potential applications in organic electronics, photocatalysis, and energy storage. Despite the rapidly growing interest in sp2 carbon‐conjugated COFs, only a small number of closely related condensation reactions have been successfully employed for their synthesis to date. Herein, we report the first example of a C=C COF, CORN‐COF‐1 (CORN=Cornell University), prepared by N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) dimerization. In‐depth characterization reveals that CORN‐COF‐1 possesses a two‐dimensional layered structure and hexagonal guest‐accessible pores decorated with a high density of strongly reducing tetraazafulvalene linkages. Exposure of CORN‐COF‐1 to tetracyanoethylene (TCNE, E1/2=0.13 V and −0.87 V vs. SCE) oxidizes the COF and encapsulates the radical anion TCNE⋅− and the dianion TCNE2− as guest molecules, as confirmed by spectroscopic and magnetic analysis. Notably, the reactive TCNE⋅− radical anion, which generally dimerizes in the solid state, is uniquely stabilized within the pores of CORN‐COF‐1. Overall, our findings broaden the toolbox of reactions available for the synthesis of redox‐active C=C COFs, paving the way for the design of novel materials.

Quantitative control of interfacial structure and thermal conductivity between diamond and copper via thermal diffusion of alloying element

The thermal property of diamond/metal composites mainly depends on the chemical bonding and structure of interfacial layers between two heterogeneous materials. To improve the thermal property of the diamond/metal composites, a metallic carbide layer that bridging both crystal structure and thermal transport of heterogeneous interfaces is required, though the formation mechanism of such carbide interfaces during powder sintering remains under debate, particularly for the scenario of varying thermal diffusion. Here, systematic experiments of diamond/Cu–Cr composites have been conducted to unravel the effects of two important variables for thermal diffusion, temperature (800–1025 °C) and holding time (5–60 min), on the growth of chromium carbide interfaces and the resulting thermal conductivity. It is found that the main characteristics of chromium carbide layer is more related to the holding time, that is, prolonged thermal diffusion. The extraction of diamonds in as-sintered composites allows a detailed quantification of coating efficiency and crystallographic-facet-dependence of chromium carbide interfaces during diamond/metal reaction at varying temperature and holding times. It is found that the prolonged thermal diffusion is not as expected to deteriorate the thermal conductivity, and leads to a more densified structure with highest thermal conductivity instead (∼577 W/(m·K)). Furthermore, thermal diffusion of diamond/metal reaction is discussed based on theoretical models. We theoretically demonstrate that long thermal diffusion could enhance the thermal diffusivity for the composites and achieve ∼90.8% of theoretical thermal conductivity predicted by the Maxwell-Eucken model.

Metal-Free Wet Chemistry for the Fast Gram-Scale Synthesis of γ-Graphyne and its Derivatives.

γ-Graphyne (GY), an emerging carbon allotrope, is envisioned to offer various alluring properties and broad applicability. While significant progress has been made in the synthesis of GY over recent decades, its widespread application hinges on developing efficient, scalable, and accessible synthetic methods for the production of GY and its derivatives. Here we report a facile metal-free nucleophilic crosslinking method using wet chemistry for fast gram-scale production of GY and its derivatives. This synthesis method involves the aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions between fluoro-(hetero)arenes and alkynyl silanes in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium fluoride, where the fluoride plays a crucial role in removing protective groups from alkynyl silanes and generating reactive alkynylides. Our comprehensive analysis of the as-prepared GY reveals a layered structure, characterized by the presence of the C(sp)-C(sp2) bond. The synthetic strategy shows remarkable tolerance to various functional groups and enables the preparation of diverse F-/N-rich GY derivatives, using electron-deficient fluoro-substituted (hetero)arenes as precursors. The feasibility of producing GY and derivatives from fluorinated (hetero)arenes through the metal-free, scalable, and cost-effective approach paves the way for broad applications of GY and may inspire the development of new carbon materials.

A Strongly Reducing sp2 Carbon-Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework Formed by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Dimerization.

Covalent organic frameworks linked by carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline, porous, and conjugated polymeric materials with potential applications in organic electronics, photocatalysis, and energy storage. Despite the rapidly growing interest in sp2 carbon-conjugated COFs, only a small number of closely related condensation reactions have been successfully employed for their synthesis to date. Herein, we report the first example of a C=C COF, CORN-COF-1 (CORN=Cornell University), prepared by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) dimerization. In-depth characterization reveals that CORN-COF-1 possesses a two-dimensional layered structure and hexagonal guest-accessible pores decorated with a high density of strongly reducing tetraazafulvalene linkages. Exposure of CORN-COF-1 to tetracyanoethylene (TCNE, E1/2=0.13 V and -0.87 V vs. SCE) oxidizes the COF and encapsulates the radical anion TCNE⋅- and the dianion TCNE2- as guest molecules, as confirmed by spectroscopic and magnetic analysis. Notably, the reactive TCNE⋅- radical anion, which generally dimerizes in the solid state, is uniquely stabilized within the pores of CORN-COF-1. Overall, our findings broaden the toolbox of reactions available for the synthesis of redox-active C=C COFs, paving the way for the design of novel materials.

Large-scale high purity and brightness structural color generation in layered thin film structures via coupled cavity resonance

Abstract Structural colors, resulting from the interaction of light with nanostructured materials rather than pigments, present a promising avenue for diverse applications ranging from ink-free printing to optical anti-counterfeiting. Achieving structural colors with high purity and brightness over large areas and at low costs is beneficial for many practical applications, but still remains a challenge for current designs. Here, we introduce a novel approach to realizing large-scale structural colors in layered thin film structures that are characterized by both high brightness and purity. Unlike conventional designs relying on single Fabry–Pérot cavity resonance, our method leverages coupled resonance between adjacent cavities to achieve sharp and intense transmission peaks with significantly suppressed sideband intensity. We demonstrate this approach by designing and experimentally validating transmission-type red, green, and blue colors using an Ag/SiO2/Ag/SiO2/Ag configuration on fused silica substrate. The measured spectra exhibit narrow resonant linewidths (full width at half maximum ∼60 nm), high peak efficiencies (&gt;40 %), and well-suppressed sideband intensities (∼0 %). In addition, the generated color can be easily tuned by adjusting the thickness of SiO2 layer, and the associated color gamut coverage shows a wider range than many existing standards. Moreover, the proposed design method is versatile and compatible with various choices of dielectric and metallic layers. For instance, we demonstrate the production of angle-robust structural colors by utilizing high-index Ta2O5 as the dielectric layer. Finally, we showcase a series of printed color images based on the proposed structures. The coupled-cavity-resonance architecture presented here successfully mitigates the trade-off between color brightness and purity in conventional layered thin film structures and provides a novel and cost-effective route towards the realization of large-scale and high-performance structural colors.

Effect of carbon coating on improved electrical and electrochemical performance of Li3Co2SbO6

Abstract We reported a novel high voltage cathode having layered structure and manifold improvement (144%) in electrochemical performance on carbon coating Li3Co2SbO6. The carbon-coated Li3Co2SbO6 has been prepared using a high temperature solid-state method in an air medium with appropriate stoichiometry of the oxide and carbon source (sucrose). The x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy results have confirmed homogeneous carbon coating on oxide (Li3Co2SbO6) surface without disturbing phase, structure and morphology. The immediate effect of carbon coating resulted in electrical conductivity enhancement of the carbon coated Li3Co2SbO6 by four order of magnitudes ∼2.79 × 10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature vis-a-vis pristine Li3Co2SbO6. The electrochemical performance of the carbon coated Li3Co2SbO6 has shown sustainable improvement indicating redox activity by more than one Li+ transaction. The carbon coated Li3Co2SbO6 cathode exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 110 mAhg−1 compared to 45 mAhg−1 for its pristine counterpart. The improvement in electrochemical capacity on carbon coating, as reported in this work, is the highest ever compared to prior literature reports on Li3Co2SbO6.

Improvement of Thermal Stability of Charges in Polylactic Acid Electret Films for Biodegradable Electromechanical Sensors.

Eco-friendly sensors fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable materials are promising candidates for wearable and implantable electronics due to their environmental sustainability and biosafety. This article reports a fully biodegradable electromechanical sensor (FBES) utilizing a sandwich structure with macro ripple structured polylactic acid (PLA) electret films acting as sensitive layers and molybdenum (Mo) sheets serving as electrodes for a wearable device application. The stability of the space charge stored within the PLA film has been enhanced by introducing an internal cellular structure and improving the polarization process. A macro ripple structure of the PLA layer with higher deformation is a great guarantee for boosting the pressure sensitivity. The results indicate that inserting cell microstructures and optimizing the polarization process significantly improve the charge storage stability of PLA films by nearly 55%. This enhancement is attributed to several factors, including the extended charge drift path of the charges in cellular films, a synergy effect of surface charges, and "macroscopic" dipole charges distributed in the cells. The fabricated sensor achieves a high sensitivity of 1000 pC/kPa, a wide pressure detection range of 0.03-62.4 kPa, and satisfactory stability. Such sensors are not only sensitive to body movements but also to subtle physiological signals, satisfying the diverse needs of wearable healthcare. Importantly, all the composition materials of the sensor can be completely degraded after their service, aligning with the environmentally friendly principles of green development.

Optimization of electrochromic Mo doping WO3 films: A study on dual-phase stacked structures for energy-efficient smart windows

Amorphous tungsten trioxide (a-WO3) films were prepared on ITO conductive glass via electrodeposition and subsequently crystallized to obtain crystalline WO3 (c-WO3) films by heating a-WO3. A dual-phase stacked WO3 film was fabricated by covering Mo-a-WO3 film onto c-WO3/ITO substrate using electrodeposition and thermal-assisted electrodeposition methods, respectively. Optimization of electrochromic performance was achieved by varying Mo doping levels (0∼5 atom%). Results demonstrate that appropriate Mo doping (3 atom%) enhances the electrochromic properties of a-WO3 films. Mo doping introduced structural distortions that reduced energy barriers and enhanced ion mobility, leading to improved electrochemical and electrochromic properties. The intermediate c-WO3 layer improves adhesion between a-WO3 top film and ITO glass substrate, while the porous structure of a-WO3 layer increases the number of active sites for electrochromic reactions. Mo3-a-WO3/c-WO3 dual-phase stacked film with doping 3 atom% Mo shows an optical modulation range of 83.4 % at 633 nm, a coloration efficiency of 74.3 cm2/C, rapid response time (bleaching/coloration: 3.4 s/6.1 s), and 86.6 % retention of its maximum current density after 2000 cycles, respectively. The high oxidation ion diffusion coefficient (3.53 × 10−10 cm2/s) and reduction diffusion coefficient (1.55 × 10−10 cm2/s) were also observed. This dual-phase stacked film shows significant improvements in electrochromic performance due to the synergistic effects between the dual phases and Mo-doping. Electrochromic device (ECD) assembled with Mo3-a-WO3/c-WO3 dual-phase films as the working electrode, ITO glass as the counter electrode, and 1 mol/L LiClO4/PC solution as the electrolyte exhibited an optical modulation range of 74.2 % and response time (bleaching/ coloring) of 6.8 s/3.7 s. These findings confirm that ECD with Mo-a-WO3/c-WO3 dual-phase films offer excellent electrochromic performance.

PbO2/rGO Electrode as a Superior and Efficient Anode in Electrocatalytic Degradation of Safranine-O

The electrocatalytic degradation method with PbO2/rGO electrode (anode) was chosen to treat Safranine-O waste because it was cheap and environmentally friendly. This research aimed to study the electrocatalytic efficiency of PbO2/rGO working electrode in Safranine-O removal. In this research, rGO and PbO2/rGO electrodes were synthesized and applied to Safranine-O removal through electrochemical degradation. The characterization results of the morphology of rGO are in the form of a layered structure and have the atomic composition of C (82.87%) and O (17.13%). The characterization results of PbO2/rGO are uniform particles with gaps/pores that appear relatively large. The rGO particles in the form of sheets (layers) seem to be distributed on the surface of PbO2. PbO2/rGO electrode has the atomic composition of C (87.24%), O (9.03), and Pb (3.73). The application of PbO2/rGO anode to the electrochemical degradation of Safranine-O showed good performance. It was able to perform dye removal (DE%), as well as a decrease in BOD and COD values up to &gt;95% within 10 minutes at a concentration of 20 ppm. Application on real waste also showed the ability of dye removal, COD, and BOD reduction up to &gt;95%. Coating or modifying the PbO2 anode with rGO can reduce the dissolution of Pb2+ ions in the solution during the electrochemical degradation. This study concluded that the PbO2/rGO electrode has improved the efficiency in Safranine-O degradation. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).