Novel bioactive composite films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) reinforced with walnut shell powder (WSP) and medicinal plant additives – Lawsonia inermis, Nepeta cataria, and Artemisia vulgaris – were developed using a solution casting method for potential biomedical applications. WSP, a lignocellulosic agricultural waste, was employed as a sustainable reinforcing filler, while the herbal additives were incorporated to impart antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. The structural, morphological, chemical, and thermal characteristics of the composite films were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). XRD analysis revealed the semi-crystalline nature of PVA, with reduced crystallinity upon filler incorporation due to strong intermolecular interactions. FTIR confirmed effective hydrogen bonding between PVA and the bio-fillers, while thermal analyses demonstrated enhanced thermal stability of the composites. Morphological studies showed smooth to porous surface features depending on the herbal additive used. Antibacterial evaluation against Escherichia coli demonstrated significant inhibition, with the Lawsonia inermis-based composite exhibiting the highest antibacterial activity. Biocompatibility assessment using Vigna radiata seed germination indicated low cytotoxicity and favorable biological interaction, particularly for the Lawsonia inermis formulation. The synergistic integration of WSP and herbal additives within the PVA matrix resulted in multifunctional, sustainable, and biocompatible films, highlighting their strong potential for wound healing, drug delivery, and other biomedical applications.

Soil salinity is a major constraint for cultivating the economically important medicinal and ornamental shrub henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) in arid regions like Kerman Province, Iran. To address the lack of systematic germplasm evaluation for salinity tolerance, this study quantified the responses of ten geographically distinct henna populations to salt stress (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) during the critical germination and early seedling stages. A Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) framework, based on the membership function values (MFV) derived from trait-specific Salt Tolerance Indices (STI), was used to integrate data from multiple germination parameters, e.g., germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), germination vigor index (GVI) and seedling growth traits, e.g., radicle length (RL), plumule length (PL), total seedling length (TSL), seedling fresh weight (SFW). Results identified germplasm J-02 as the most salt-tolerant genotype (mean MFV = 0.536), demonstrating exceptional stability in RL (STI = 1.01) and SFW (STI = 0.90) under severe stress (100 mM NaCl). In contrast, K-01 was highly sensitive (mean MFV = 0.322), suffering severe GVI loss (STI = 0.56) and TSL reduction (34.1%) despite superior control performance. Regression analysis identified SFW as the optimal single-trait predictor for overall tolerance (R² = 0.714 at 50 mM; R² = 0.549 at 100 mM). The FCE model effectively resolved genotype-specific trait conflicts, a finding corroborated by principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) which provided mechanistic insights: elite performers (e.g., J-02) prioritized seedling elongation, while others (e.g., F-01) excelled in germination under moderate stress. This study establishes J-02 as prime germplasm for saline zones and validates the integration of FCE with multivariate analysis for precision phenotyping in henna breeding programs.

Background Natural dyes are gaining popularity due to their environmental and health benefits over synthetic products, which are facing regulations due to hazardous effects, promoting the use of plants as eco-friendly alternatives. Objective This study was aimed at exploring binary colorant from berry (Zizyphus jujube ) and henna ( Lawsonia inermis ) leaves extracts for colorfast artificial intelligence optimized dyeing of microwave (MW) treated unmordanted and mordanted cotton fabrics. Methods The binary plant extract and cotton fabrics were exposed to microwave (MW) treatment for 1–9 min using the dyeing and radiation conditions. The colorfast dyeing was assisted via central composite design, pre-, and post-mordanting techniques Results Sustainable chemical- and bio-mordant (0.5-2.5 g/100 mL) incorporated new shades with excellent fastness properties onto the dyed cotton fabrics. It has been concluded that 7 min MW-rays treated cotton fabric using acidic binary dye extract of pH 5.5 having 1.5 g/100 mL salt at 50 °C gave colorant yield of 85.42% higher than that of untreated dyed cotton fabric counterpart. The shades made before and after mordanting developed new colorfast garments. Conclusion The study revealed microwave treatment as an environmentally friendly surface treatment method with excellent potential for textile modification and surface response methodology as an artificial intelligence technique for optimizing dyeing process.

IntroductionPlant-derived essential oils (EOs) are rich sources of bioactive compounds, some of which exhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and may offer therapeutic potential for the management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and AChE inhibitory potential of essential oils extracted from Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), Lawsonia inermis (henna), and Ruta graveolens (sadab).MethodsEssential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify their chemical constituents. AChE inhibitory activity was determined using Ellman’s colorimetric assay, and IC50 values were calculated to assess inhibitory potency.ResultsA total of 63 metabolites were identified across the three essential oils, accounting for approximately 90% of their total composition. Grapefruit EO was predominantly composed of limonene (89.94%), henna EO was rich in phytol (41.42%) and limonene (23.02%), while sadab EO was characterized by 1-hexadecanol acetate (26.39%) and phytol (20.54%). Grapefruit EO exhibited the strongest AChE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 12.62 ± 0.48 μg/mL), followed by henna EO (IC50 = 43.90 ± 0.97 μg/mL), whereas sadab EO showed negligible inhibition.DiscussionThe notable AChE inhibitory activity observed in grapefruit and henna essential oils is likely attributable to their high terpenoid content. These findings suggest that selected plant-derived essential oils may represent promising natural candidates for the prevention or management of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.

The current study aims to examine pathogenic fungi responsible for leaf blight disease in garlic and to investigate their classical and molecular identification, mycelial growth, and biological control using antagonistic fungi and plant extracts. Curvularia geniculata is a dematiaceous septate hyphal fungus producing brown, geniculate conidia and dark-brown mycelium, providing the initial evidence. Results from a 576 bp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from the isolated C. geniculatus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using universal primers, ITS1 and ITS2. The molecular phylogenetic tree constructed from it revealed that the C. geniculatus species complex had 100% sequence similarity. The optimum pH and temperature were recorded at 7.0 and 30°C, respectively, for the mycelial growth of C. geniculatus. The experimental findings revealed that the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma reesei exhibited the greatest (93.29%) growth inhibition against C. geniculatus, followed by T. asperellum (83.52%) and T. harzianum (65.57%). The Lawsonia inermis and Ocimum tenuiflorum plant extracts are significantly effective against C. geniculatus, the causative agent of garlic leaf blight, at a 30% (v/v) concentration rate. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 35(2): 335-346, 2025 (December)

Fertility evaluation involves the morphology and dimensions of sperm, which vary among species, along with additional factors such as sperm concentration and motility. However, existing stains and methodologies for sperm morphology are either costly or involve intricate procedures using synthetic dyes. This research attempted to illustrate the staining potentials of spermatozoa in rats, rabbits, cattle, sheep, goats, and camels using aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx, Lawsonia inermis leaf, and Bougainvillea spectabilis flower. The epididymides of the animals were dissected and manipulated in normal saline. Multiple smears were prepared on glass slides, fixed in methanol, and stained with aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes, Lawsonia inermis leaves, and Bougainvillea spectabilis flowers. The Hibiscus sabdariffa extract illustrated the head and tail morphology in the rat (blue head and tail) and the sheep (gray head and blue tail). The extract stained the outline of the head and the entire tail of spermatozoa in rabbits, goats, and cattle blue. The Lawsonia inermis stain revealed both the head (gray) and tail (blue) of spermatozoa in sheep, camels, and cattle, whereas the contour of the spermatozoa head was stained blue in rabbits and goats. The Bougainvillea spectabilis stain demonstrated blue staining of the spermatozoa head outline in rats, rabbits, goats, and cattle, with complete blue tail staining observed in all species. The spermatozoa heads of sheep and camels were entirely discolored gray. Counterstaining with eosin yielded superior results across all stains, indicating that these plant extracts may serve as effective morphological stains for sperm display. In conclusion, Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx, Lawsonia inermis leaf, and Bougainvillea spectabilis flower exhibited spermatozoa morphology in rodents, sheep, goats, and camels. Cite this article as: Dibal, N. I., Manye, S. J., Ali, R. I., Ninyanta, A. M., Jesse, S., Kolo, I. M., Kefas, S., Jauro, U. H., Huud, K., Zirahei, J. V., Ishaku, B., & Simon, S. S. (2025). The staining potential of vertebrate spermatozoa using aqueous extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx, Lawsonia inermis leaf, and Bougainvillea spectabilis flower. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 51, 0095, doi:10.5152/actavet.2025.25095.

Lawsonia inermis L., a plant of immense significance as the natural source of dye “Mehendi” is rich in secondary metabolites that impart important medicinal properties. These phytochemicals offer plant-based alternatives to synthetic drugs, which are often associated with harmful side effects, reinforcing the need to explore such natural compounds. The main objective of this study is to find plant-based lead from among the phytochemicals present in Lawsonia inermis L., against Nsp3 protein. Methanolic extracts from the plant was used and a group of phytochemicals were verified and identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which were then subjected to phytochemical screening. The shortlisted best ligands (caffeic acid and lawsone) were subjected to molecular dynamic simulations for 100 ns, where RMSD, Rg and RMSF were analysed along with the binding affinities to the protein. Lawsone and caffeic acid emerged as good candidates. Molecular dynamic simulations indicated that lawsone, a naphthoquinone, formed stable complexes with Nsp3, exhibiting favourable RMSD, RMSF and Rg values, as well as a strong binding affinity of -20.72 kcal/mol. Our analysis shows the prospective possibility of lawsone, as a potential antiviral compound. This also highlights the interactions of a naphthoquinone, against Nsp3 protein, increasing the medicinal importance of the plant. Previous studies usually reveal phenols and flavonoids to be effective antiviral agents. This study, for the very first time, reveals the potential of lawsone (naphthoquinone and the main pigment of the plant), against Nsp3 protein.

Bangladesh's rich plant diversity offers an underexplored source of plant-based antibacterials with the potential to strengthen sustainable aquaculture. This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of 55 Bangladeshi plants against five key fish pathogens, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Flavobacterium columnare, and Streptococcus iniae. The findings revealed numerous plant extracts with potential antibacterial activity against test pathogens. Among pathogens, S. iniae and F. columnare were found to be the most susceptible to the majority of plants. Several plants exhibited promising broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, including Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Mikania micrantha, Peperomia pellucida, Lawsonia inermis, Phyllanthus emblica, Eryngium foetidum, Amaranthus spinosus, and Alstonia scholaris. Novel antibacterial activity was reported for Ipomoea quamoclit, Erythrina serrata, Cressa europaea, and Dillenia indica against all tested pathogens, along with first-time screenings of the majority of plants against F. columnare and S. iniae. Phytochemical analysis revealed diverse bioactive groups in potent active extracts, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides, alkaloids, and steroids. While a few potent extracts showed moderate cytotoxicity on the human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line, the majority were found to be safe. These findings highlight the significant potential of Bangladeshi flora as a source of novel, eco-friendly therapeutics for sustainable aquaculture disease management. This work provides a critical foundation forthe future exploration of these plants, includingthe isolation of active compounds and subsequentin vivostudies,which could ultimately contribute to reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics.

Evaluation of putrescine’s effects on the growth, visual quality, and some physio-biochemical parameters of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) under salinity stress conditions

The excessive consumption of chemical pesticides has negative consequences for men, non-target creatures, and the surrounding environment. Pest control tactics are evolving towards biopesticides, which offer a viable and ecologically friendly sustainable approach to the insect challenges. The primary goals of this study are to investigate the potential of nanotechnology in revolutionizing pest management through the development of nanopesticides and to address the environmental and health concerns associated with traditional agrochemicals. The main objective of the current research work was to prepare medicinal plants based nanobiopesticides having improved stability, and pesticidal activity by following the method of antisolvent precipitation. Nanobiopesticides showed increased pesticidal activity and might be employed as an effective substitute to conventional chemical pesticides. The antisolvent precipitation process was used to create nanobiopesticides from medicinal plant extracts. Different medicinal plants (Mentha piperita, Lawsonia Inermis, T. Arjuna bark, Withania Somnifera roots and Ocimum basilicum) was used for the formulation of nanobiopesticides. Soxhlet apparatus was used to formulate medicinal plants extract. Different stablizers was utilized until the stable nanosuspension was formulated. The most suitable nanoformulated pesticides was characterized using FTIR, and Zeta sizer. Almost all nanobiopesticides demonstrated the existence of the O-H stretch at 3300 cm which is characteristic of alcohol and carbon-oxygen double bond at 1636.3 cm. Lawsonia Inermis based nanosuspension revealed intense peak at 3317 cm. The average particle size and polydisperity index of Lawsonia Inermis based nanobiopesticide is 228.7 nm and 24.5%. Medicinal plants extracts, nanosuspensions and pyriproxyfen was applied on Tribolium castaneum insects and mortality rate of insects was determined after different time inervals. Lawsonia Inermis plant extract showed highest (p < 0.05) mortality rate after 72 hours of treatment 51.83 ± 0.76 by utilizing 200mg/ml concentration. Results demonstrated that the Lawsonia Inermis nanosuspension had an 61.83% death rate after 72 hours of exposure due to their nanosized structure, which is higher than the plant extract but lower than the synthetic pesticide.

Wound healing is a dynamic physiological process involving hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases, which collectively restore the structural and functional integrity of damaged tissue. Conventional therapies, although effective, are often limited by issues such as antimicrobial resistance, cytotoxicity, and high cost. Herbal agents have gained substantial attention as safer and cost-effective alternatives due to their multifaceted pharmacological actions and minimal side effects. Numerous medicinal plants including Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica, Azadirachta indica, Calendula officinalis, and Lawsonia inermis have shown remarkable efficacy in enhancing tissue regeneration through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and angiogenic activities. Phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenolic acids contribute to collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation, epithelialization, and faster wound contraction. Preclinical and clinical studies corroborate these effects, demonstrating improved wound closure rates and reduced infection. Despite these promising results, challenges such as poor standardization, limited bioavailability, variability in plant composition, and lack of large-scale clinical validation hinder the full clinical translation of herbal wound therapies. Recent innovations integrating herbal bioactives with nanotechnology, hydrogels, and polymeric dressings offer new directions for next-generation wound management. This review compiles current evidence, highlights mechanistic insights, and discusses limitations and future perspectives for developing effective, standardized herbal wound-healing formulations.

In modern times, microbial resistance is a global threat to health and development. The misuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials is the main cause of developing drug-resistant pathogens. It requires multiple areas in direction to attain sustainable advance goals. As a result of microbial resistance, the necessity for costly medications and expenses are obstructed worldwide. Due to rising attention in the research of new antimicrobial medicaments from a variety of natural or synthetic sources to fight microbial resistance. Thus, natural antimicrobial agents have been used to a great extent nowadays because plant-derived antimicrobial agents are considered to be safer alternatives for health as compared to those synthetic antimicrobial agents. Overall, the active ingredients, water, essential oils, and ethanolic extracts from selected plants and the mixture of a variety of these natural extracts have been used for centuries, because they possess antimicrobial activity which inhibits the growth of microbes. Natural plants as an antimicrobial agent, like extracts of <i>Curcuma longa L., Piper nigrum L., Vachellia leucophloea, Eclipta prostrata, Ocimum sanctum L., Terminalia arjuna, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Lawsonia inermis L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Camellia sinensis</i> (L.) Kuntze, <i>Coriandrum sativum</i> L., <i>Carica papaya</i> L., Cinnamomum tamala, and many others have been preferred and used for ages because they are easily available worldwide. They are usually of low cost and have little or no side effects. Several antimicrobial screening approaches like the disk-diffusion method, well diffusion method, micro broth dilution assay, sterile disk method, and agar diffusion method are generally cast off for measurement of reproducibility and standardization of these antimicrobial agents. This review article is a comprehensive description of natural plants like Coriandrum sativum L., Carica papaya L., Cinnamomum tamala, etc., containing those extracts used as antimicrobial agents listed, and numerous in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods are reported. These identified plant species and antimicrobial screening techniques hold the potential for formulating these plants into antimicrobial drugs, warranting further study and exploration in the field of medicine.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat, aggravated by rising drug resistance and treatment toxicity. Henna (Lawsonia inermis) is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine and folk cosmetics. The plant has topical anti-fungal effect, protect sunburn; topical analgesic and relief inflammation. However, their mechanism of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not yet fully characterized. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the antimycobacterial effect of naphthoquinones natural derivatives from henna leaves extract against M. tuberculosis by computational approach targeting three essential Mycobacterium enzymes involved in bacterial growth and survival; and to identify the interactions between the derivatives and the target protein. Methods: The plant leaves were extracted by maceration in methanol and then subjected to GC-MS analysis and naphthoquinones derivatives were identified. Thereafter, the derivatives were investigated by molecular docking against mycobacterial target proteins including: Protein kinase G (PknG, PDB ID: 3CKQ), 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol cytidyltransferase (IspD) and UDP-glucose-specific glycosyltransferase. Results: The docking results revealed that four Naphthoquinone compounds, 5-Hyroxy-1,4 Naphthoquinone, 2-Amino-3-chloro-1,4 Naphthoquinone and Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid exhibited binding affinities of −7.6, −8.2, −9.0, and −12.5 kcal mol−1 respectively, against protein kinase G, IspD and UDP-glucose-specific glycosyltransferase. Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid was a most promising candidate among the derivatives investigated achieved optimal binding stability and high inhibitory potential. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis showed a significant antituberculosis potential of naphthoquinone derivatives found in henna leaves, particularly Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid as a promising lead for PknG inhibition. These findings provide a rationale for further biological validation and development of novel phytochemical-based therapeutics against drug-resistant TB. Further validating an in vivo activity of derivatives will be recommended.

The global resurgence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) poses a serious threat to public health, necessitating the development of potent antiviral compounds. This study explored the potential of MPXV H1 phosphatase inhibitors using a computational biology approach, leveraging traditional knowledge from Indian Materia Medica. An in-house library of approximately 50,000 natural compounds from Indian Materia Medica was screened using molecular docking techniques, identifying 12,800 compounds with significant binding affinities, including ten hit compounds selected for further analysis. The top three hit compounds exhibited binding affinities as low as - 8.2 kcal/mol, surpassing the positive controls, Antimycin A (- 6.1 kcal/mol) and Tecovirimat (- 7.0 kcal/mol). These compounds were further optimized using Density Functional Theory (DFT), showing their significant electronic properties and redocked with the target. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation demonstrated the structural stability of lead 3 and target complex over 200 ns with - 96.02 ± 1.00 kJ/mol binding energy, significantly outperforming the control Antimycin A (- 23.59 ± 2.97 kJ/mol) and Tecovirimat (- 49.07 ± 1.46 kJ/mol). These findings suggest that Lead 3 containing Lawsonia inermis, traditionally used for medicinal purposes, could be a potential source of antiviral agents against MPXV. This study provides a strong basis for further experimental validation and the development of novel therapeutic interventions against MPXV.

Bio Corrosion and Microbial Protection of Carbon Steel: Integrating Lawsonia inermis L Extract into Styrene-Acrylic Paints

A laboratory study was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur, VNMKV, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India. during kharif/ Monsoon season of 2024-25 to study Wet root rot of coriander Caused by Rhizoctonia solani of Coriander. Here, in vitro efficacy of Botanicals & Bioagents were assessed against Rhizoctonia solani causing wet root rot of coriander. Among eight aqueous plant extracts, Garlic (Allium sativum) was found most effective, achieving 100 % mycelial inhibition at both 10 % and 20 % concentrations. Mehendi (Lawsonia inermis) and Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) followed with 77.21 % and 45.40 % inhibition at 10 % and 95.55 % and 100 % at 20 %, respectively. Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) showed less inhibition, indicating ineffectiveness against R. solani. Biological agents also exhibited promising results. Trichoderma harzianum showed the highest inhibition (92.77 %) with mycelial growth reduced to 24.00 mm, followed by Trichoderma hamatum (89.89 %) and Trichoderma asperellum (87.40 %). Moderate inhibition was recorded for Aspergillus flavus (52.07 %) and Aspergillus niger (31.29 %), while Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis were least effective, with 15.45% and 8.30 % inhibition, respectively.

Background: Synthetic hair dyes often contain harmful chemicals such as ammonia, diamino benzene, and resorcinol, which are linked to allergies, irritation, and long-term health concerns. As a result, there is increasing interest in plant-based alternatives that are safer and environmentally friendly. Traditional herbs like Indigofera tinctoria, Lawsonia inermis, Eclipta prostrata, and Phyllanthus emblica have been used in Ayurvedic formulations for hair coloring and care. Aim: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a natural herbal hair dye using selected plant ingredients and natural mordants. The objectives included identifying effective plant-based colorants and mordants, and assessing their dyeing performance and stability. Methods: Powders of I. tinctoria, L. inermis, E. prostrata, and P. emblica were tested alone and in combination with mordants such as alum, Camellia sinensis, Moringa oleifera, and CFA (a roasted seed powder). Various concentrations (0.25–2.5 g) were applied to human grey hair. The formulations were evaluated for morphological, physico-chemical, and dyeing properties. Results: Among the tested dyes, L. inermis, I. tinctoria, and E. prostrata demonstrated deeper and more stable hair colouration, especially when used with M. oleifera and CFA. CFA consistently enhanced dye intensity and retention, even at lower concentrations. P. emblica showed poor colouring ability. All formulations were found to be safe, non-irritant, and easy to apply. Conclusion: Natural plant dyes, when combined with suitable mordants, can effectively colour hair while offering additional benefits like conditioning and scalp care. These eco-friendly formulations provide a promising alternative to synthetic hair dyes and align with growing consumer demand for safe, natural personal care products. Major Findings: The study found that natural plant powders, when used with effective mordants like the CFA mixture, produced intense, stable, and long-lasting hair colouration. L. inermis, I. tinctoria, and E. prostrata showed superior dyeing properties when combined with CFA, due to their high tannin and phytochemical content.

Background: Qubā, a cutaneous disorder described in Unani medicine, corresponds to Tinea (dermatophytosis) in modern dermatology. It is characterized by annular, scaly, and itchy lesions, often recurring and distressing to patients. Classical Unani scholars including Ibn Sina, Al-Razi, and Jurjani attributed Qubā to humoral imbalance, particularly the predominance of Balgham(phlegm) and Saudā (black bile), combined with poor hygiene, dietary indiscretions, and environmental factors. In modern medicine, dermatophytosis is understood as a superficial fungal infection caused by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton species, with increasing prevalence worldwide. Objective: This review aims to analyze the concept of Qubā in Unani medicine, compare it with dermatophytosis in modern dermatology, and evaluate the therapeutic approaches of both systems. Methods: Relevant information was extracted from classical Unani texts (Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, Kitab al-Hawi, Zakhira Khwarzam Shahi.etc) and compared with modern dermatological literature obtained from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: Unani physicians described Qubā as presenting with circular patches, scaling, and itching, which correlate with clinical features of dermatophytosis. Diagnostic methods in Unani medicine were mainly clinical, while modern diagnosis employs KOH microscopy, fungal culture, and dermoscopy. Unani treatment adopts a holistic approach: Ilāj bil-Tadbīr(regimenal therapy such as lepa and hammam), Ilāj bil-Ghizā (dietary modification avoiding oily and damp foods), and Ilāj bil-Dawā (local and systemic use of drugs like Sibr [Aloe vera], Hina [Lawsonia inermis], and Nees [Azadirachta indica]). Modern management relies on topical and systemic antifungals, though recurrence and resistance are common. Conclusion: Qubā, as conceptualized in Unani medicine, closely parallels dermatophytosis. Unani holistic management provides promising complementary strategies that may

Plant-based nanoparticle synthesis has emerged as a sustainable and promising alternative to conventional methods due to its simplicity, environmental friendliness, and improved biocompatibility. This article discusses the latest advancements in the green synthesis of various types of nanoparticles using plant extracts, with a focus on their applications in biomedical, environmental, and agricultural fields. Key phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics play a crucial role in the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most synthesized type, known for their strong antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Inorganic nanoparticles exhibit high stability and potential in targeted therapy and pollutant degradation, while organic and carbon-based nanoparticles offer flexibility in drug delivery and diagnostic innovations. The use of plants such as Lawsonia inermis, Aloe vera, and Curcuma longa in nanoparticle synthesis has proven effective against pathogens and cancer cells with minimal toxicity. The integration of nanotechnology and phytochemistry opens new avenues in addressing global challenges in health, agriculture, and environmental conservation.

Introduction: Lawsonia inermis has long been recognized in traditional medicine for its bioactive compounds. The growing threat of antibiotic resistance necessitates the exploration of plant-based antibacterial agents as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. The present research focuses on investigating the antibacterial potential of Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaf extracts against various bacterial species, evaluating their phytochemical profile and chemical composition. Methods: Phytochemical screening of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts was conducted to detect the presence of bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates, steroids, quinones, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Advanced spectroscopic techniques, including XRF and UV-visible spectroscopy, were used to confirm the chemical composition and absorbance characteristics of the extracts. Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed higher concentrations of steroids and anthraquinones in the ethanolic extract. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of key functional groups in Lawsonia inermis extracts, including hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatic compounds. These findings confirm the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, quinones, and terpenoids, which contribute to medicinal properties of the plant. The ethanolic extract exhibited superior antibacterial activity, with the largest zone of inhibition (9.1 ± 0.002 mm) recorded against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Spectroscopic analysis identified elements such as sulfur (S), carbon (C), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) in the bioactive compounds of the extracts. Discussion: These findings confirm the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, quinones, and terpenoids, contributing to the medicinal properties of the plant. Spectroscopic analysis has revealed that the hydroxyl and quinone groups are essential for antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. Conclusion: Lawsonia inermis demonstrates significant antibacterial potential, particularly in its ethanolic leaf extract, making it a promising source of natural antibacterial agents. The study highlights the need for further research to isolate and characterize specific bioactive compounds responsible for its antimicrobial effects. This underscores the role of plant-based treatments as an alternative strategy to combat the global challenge of antibiotic resistance.