Ecological Law Research Articles

A Comprehensive Analysis of Ecological Law in the Cyber Era

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the intersection between ecological law and the cyber era. With the rapid advancement of technology, the enforcement and regulation of ecological laws have seen significant changes. This paper explores these transformations, particularly focusing on privacy and data protection issues, the effectiveness of international regulatory frameworks, and the challenges of cross-border regulation. Furthermore, the study delves into the need for an adaptive regulatory framework that balances technological progress and ecological conservation. It concludes with a discussion on the future of ecological law in the cyber era, shedding light on emerging legal and regulatory challenges and providing recommendations for policymakers, regulators, and digital platform developers. The research methodology includes a thorough literature review, legal analysis, and comparative studies of various ecological law frameworks across different jurisdictions. The findings of this study underscore the urgency of addressing the complexities of ecological law in the digital age and the importance of proactive regulation for a sustainable future.

РОЛЬ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ОБЪЕКТОВ И СУБЪЕКТОВ В ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

In this article, opinions were expressed on the improvement of regulatory legal acts related to the system depending on the concept of the role and importance of objects and entities in energy security and their analysis. Also, the most important issues related to the further development of the theory of the law of ecology of the concept and system of the place and significance of objects and entities in energy security were analyzed. The role and significance of objects and entities in energy security, the problems of regulating the sources of energy law, and the issues of legal regulation of energy efficiency and rational use in the system of natural resources were studied in the framework of scientific research from the point of view of environmental law. In the energy sector, public administration is carried out in certain forms and methods. The role and significance of objects and entities in energy security legal relations related to the issues of legal regulation of improving and rational use of energy efficiency, the content of norms aimed at their regulation, the essence and problems of their application in practice, the management system in the field of energy use and protection, and the powers of management bodies are researched and implemented.

Why everything is connected to everything else

In Earth surface systems (ESS), everything is connected to everything else, an aphorism often called the First Law of Ecology and of geography. Such linkages are not always direct and unmediated, but many ESS, represented as networks of interacting components, attain or approach full, direct connectivity among components. The question is how and why this happens at the system or network scale. The crowded landscape concept dictates that linkages and connections among ESS components are inevitable. The connection selection concept holds that the linkages among components are (often) advantageous to the network and are selected for, and thereby preserved and enhanced. These network advantages are illustrated via algebraic graph theory. For a given number of components in an ESS, as the number of links or connections increases, spectral radius, graph energy, and algebraic connectivity increase. While the advantages (if any) of increased complexity are unclear, higher spectral radii are directly correlated with higher graph energy. The greater graph energy is associated with more intense feedback in the system, and tighter coupling among components. This in turn reflects advantageous properties of more intense cycling of water, nutrients, and minerals, as well as multiple potential degrees of freedom for individual components to respond to changes. The increase of algebraic connectivity reflects a greater ability or tendency for the network to respond to changes in concert.

ENERGETIK XAVFSIZLIKNING MILLIY TIZIMDAGI O‘RNI VA AHAMIYATI

This article presents opinions and comments on the improvement and analysis of normative legal documents related to the concept and the role and importance of energy security in the national system. Also, the most important issues related to the further development of the concept of the role and importance of energy security in the national system and the theory of environmental law are analyzed. The role and importance of energy security in the national system, the problems of regulation of sources of energy law, the importance of energy law in the system of natural resources, the origin of the right to use it are studied from the point of view of ecological law within the framework of scientific research. State management in the energy sector is carried out in certain forms and methods. The legal relations related to the role and importance of energy security in the national system, the content of the norms aimed at their regulation, the nature and problems of their application in practice, the management system in the field of energy use and protection, the powers of management bodies, and the issues of responsibility in accordance with the law are also studied.

Spin supercurrent in ecology

Background: This work aims to show that the process of transfer of angular momentum ‑ spin supercurrent ‑ may provide the fulfillment of the fundamental law of ecology: “Everything is connected to everything else”. Results: The conducted investigations are based on the following properties of spin supercurrent: the equalization of the characteristics of interacting objects’ spins; dissipation-free; inertia-free (it is not accompanied by the emergence of kinetic mass); superluminal speed (there is no contradiction with Special Relativity, as Special Relativity postulates the speed limit only for an inertial process). The spin supercurrent emerges between virtual photons having a spin and being created by quantum objects of different types: living and non-living, electrically charged and neutral, magnetized and non-magnetized, having non-zero rest mass and having zero rest mass (such as photons). Conclusion: It is shown in this work that the properties of spin supercurrent may determine the following phenomena in ecology: the mimicry of animals and plants; the contactless (without living pathogenic microorganisms) spread of epidemics; the influence of the terrain relief on the population longevity; the use of water as information matrix; the stabilization of energy in the Earth’s core. Since the spin supercurrent possesses such properties as dissipative-free, superluminal speed, the non-electric and non-magnetic nature, it may perform interaction (quantum teleportation) of quantum objects between the Earth and Cosmic bodies. Thus, the extension of the biosphere’s border to Outer Space is possible.

Cultural and Creative Design of Nature Education and Ecological Aesthetics

At present, due to the deterioration of the natural environment and the worsening ecological crisis, people pay more attention to the protection of nature and live in harmony with nature. The ecological law has become the organic content of “the law of beauty”. The ecological aesthetic education born in this situation reflects people’s introspection on their own survival and their desire and pursuit of natural beauty in the post-epidemic era. Nature is no longer an isolated and static material existence for people to take, but a whole organic existence. As a human is no longer the master of all things, but a life existence in the ecosystem living with the natural things. Ecological aesthetic education needs multiple bearer, and the cultural and creative design of nature education is born in response to this demand, which has been quickly recognized by people and gradually attracted wide attention. The cultural and creative design of nature education aims to fully explore the concept of nature education in cultural and creative products, and let people feel the existence of beauty in the process of natural experience through design elements. At the same time, to meet people’s aesthetic needs and let people better understand the basic knowledge of the natural environment and ecosystem. The research shows that through the application of design elements, the cultural and creative products of nature education can improve the ecological aesthetic education function of the products, so as to increase people’s awareness of home and the sense of harmonious coexistence between human and nature. And ecological aesthetic can further widen the development field of cultural and creative design of nature education and provide more possibilities, improving the artistic value and cultural connotation of products.

From RSFSR Land Code of 1922 to the theory of environmental law: Oleg Kolbasov’s scientific heritage

Development of the contemporary ecological or environmental law roots in the far past of the Soviet law-making period; it goes on creatively borrowing legal concepts, legal mechanisms and methodology of legislative regulation. The Land Code of RSFSR adopted in 1922 has become the first act that played a historical role in the development of natural resources and ecological law. Such evolution was accompanied by theoretical legal research carried out by representatives of the Soviet legal science on nature protection. In the constellation of scholars, a remarkable place belongs to Oleg Kolbasov a famous and talented researcher and lawyer-ecologist. In his works he raises the issues that are still topical both in the legal science and the law-making activities; these are the issues concerning the name of the branch of law dealing with nature and man interrelations, its system and contents. He is also the author of highly demanded fundamental works on Soviet water resources law. The Article provides an analysis of the Land Code of 1922, and Kolbasov’s scientific views on the development of nature protection law in the context of Soviet land use, nature resources and environment protection legal acts.

Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup Sebagai Bentuk Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia

This study aims to look at global legal standards that identify with ecological problems, especially the problem of natural security. The research method used is normative legal research with two main studies, namely the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. The results of the study show that the relationship between ecological law and general freedom law are interrelated and have an impact on each other, although there are many public and global instruments on natural insurance as a component of basic freedom security, there are still many ecological problems and damages. Especially for Indonesia's natural resilience, there are several government programs, one of which is the RANHAM program, planting 1,000,000 trees and efforts to local areas. Recognizing how important climate is as part of shared freedom, local areas must be more careful and pay attention to climate for resilience. Apart from the current guidelines on ecological assurance, stricter supervision and authorization is also needed to limit natural problems. Natural resilience in Indonesia must be worked on with the aim that harmony in life is more guaranteed on the grounds that the right to a proper and strong climate is the right of every individual.

About Periodic Oscillations of the Microorganisms Cells Number in Nature and in Pure Culture: To the Third Law of Population Ecology in Microbiology

About Periodic Oscillations of the Microorganisms Cells Number in Nature and in Pure Culture: To the Third Law of Population Ecology in Microbiology

The concept structure and main characteristics of environmental law and order

In this study, the authors analyze and consider the concept, its legal and methodological aspects, the structure and internal content of environmental law and order, which is one of the main elements enshrined in the basic law of the country. In the epoch of the Anthropocene, environmental legislation and management in the sphere of interaction between society and nature are quite naturally changing. The authors believe that in the new realities of the changing dynamics of environmental management, the role of studying the legal content and structure of environmental law and order is especially relevant. The problems of national environmental legislation, its relevance, timeliness and the necessary coverage of regulatory norms, relevant public relations raises some questions. Such as, and how effective is the social, legal provision of environmental safety in the new realities of environmental threats. For example, environmental man-made disasters, natural disasters caused by global warming, the greenhouse effect, a sharp deterioration in the quantitative and qualitative state of atmospheric air, the ongoing pollution of the oceans and water resources in general, the shortage of drinking water and, significantly, global depletion and the real threat of pollution of the earth. In this regard, we can conclude that there is a "paradigm shift" both in national environmental legislation and in the theoretical aspects of environmental law, the state-legal mechanism of management, and also recognizes the need for a new role in environmental legislation and in the theoretical aspects of environmental law, allowing it to quickly and effectively meet the new dynamics of the changing context of environmental law. There is an urgent need at the present stage of development to increase the growing level of ecological legal awareness of the individual as an element of ecological law and order. Keywords: environmental law, environmental awareness, environmental law and order, environmental protection, environmental education.

Study on the Spatial Characteristics and Protection of Streets and Alleys in Ancient Towns in Southern Anhui

This study takes the typical ancient towns in southern Anhui Province as an example, and applies the quantitative research method of space syntax to analyze the spatial patterns of streets and alleys in Hongcun Town, Xidi Town and Sanhe Ancient Town. First, it analyzes the symbiotic relationship between a series of ecological laws, social culture and material space formed in the formation and development of ancient towns. This paper analyzes the general characteristics of street space in ancient towns from the aspects of street structure, communication mode with people and space scale, and discusses the optimization path and strategy of street space in historical towns. It provides new ideas for the renewal and protection of street space in ancient towns in southern Anhui, and reflects the concept of cultural self-confidence in the new era and the concept of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.

Diversity-scaling analysis of human breast milk microbiomes from population perspective.

Quantitative measuring the population-level diversity-scaling of human microbiomes is different from conventional approach to traditional individual-level diversity analysis, and it is of obvious significance. For example, it is well known that individuals are of significant heterogeneity with their microbiome diversities, and the population-level analysis can effectively capture such kind of individual differences. Here we reanalyze a dozen datasets of 2,115 human breast milk microbiome (BMM) samples with diversity-area relationship (DAR) to tackle the previous questions. Our focus on BMM is aimed to offer insights for supplementing the gut microbiome research from nutritional perspective. DAR is an extension to classic species-area relationship, which was discovered in the 19th century and established as one of a handful fundamental laws in community ecology. Our DAR modeling revealed the following numbers, all approximately: (i) The population-level potential diversity of BMM is 1,108 in terms of species richness (number of total species), and 67 in terms of typical species. (ii) On average, an individual carry 17% of population-level diversity in terms of species richness, and 61% in terms of typical species. (iii) The similarity (overlap) between individuals according to pair-wise diversity overlap (PDO) should be approximately 76% in terms of total species, and 92% in terms of typical species, which symbolizes the inter-individual heterogeneity. (iv) The average individual (alpha-) diversity of BMM is approximately 188 (total-species) and 37 (typical-species). (v) To deal with the potential difference among 12 BMM datasets, we conducted DAR modeling separately for each dataset, and then performed permutation tests for DAR parameters. It was found that the DAR scaling parameter that measures inter-individual heterogeneity in diversity is invariant (constant), but the population potential diversity is different among 30% of the pair-wise comparison between 12 BMM datasets. These results offer comprehensive biodiversity analyses of the BMM from host individual, inter-individual, and population level perspectives.

Distinct mechanisms underlying assembly processes and interactions of microbial communities in two single-stage bioreactors coupling anammox with denitrification

Coupling anammox with denitrification processes are promising technologies for total nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, the assembly processes and interactions of functional bacteria in the coupling systems are still poorly understood. Herein, two lab-scale up-flow bioreactors were separately operated to achieve the simultaneous anammox and denitrification (SAD) and the partial denitrification and anammox (PDA) systems under different substrate loading conditions. Although the two bioreactors seemed to have similar composition of functional bacteria, denitrifying bacteria Denitratisoma and Thauera exhibited higher abundances in the PDA bioreactor. In contrast, the genus Candidatus Jettenia was more abundant in the SAD bioreactor. The null model showed that stochastic processes dominantly governed the community assembly in both bioreactors across different substrate loadings. However, homogeneous selection appeared to be more important for shaping communities in the SAD system under high and moderate substrate-loading conditions. Particularly, drift was the most important process in driving the assembly of dominant denitrifying bacteria (e.g. genera Denitratisoma and Thauera), whereas anammox bacteria were primarily governed by the homogenous selection under high substrate-loading conditions. Moreover, anammox and denitrifying bacteria in the PDA bioreactor established simple and efficient networks, probably exerting impacts on the assembly processes of their co-occurring species. By contrast, the networks in the SAD bioreactor showed low modularity and interconnectivity. This study highlighted the specificity of community assembly processes and interactions in SAD and PDA systems, which would advance our understanding of the fundamental ecological laws underpinning the collaboration of anammox and denitrifying bacteria.

Book review: Geoffrey Garver, Ecological Law and the Planetary Crisis: A Legal Guide for Harmony on Earth (Routledge, Abingdon 2021) 266 pp.

Book review: Geoffrey Garver, Ecological Law and the Planetary Crisis: A Legal Guide for Harmony on Earth (Routledge, Abingdon 2021) 266 pp.

Institutional principles of concordance of interests in legal environmental conflict

The theoretically-legal analysis of institutional principles of ecological law, which are basis of the legal mechanism for resolving legal environmental conflict, is conducted in the article. The research of doctrine approaches interests concordance is carried out. In this context, the concept interests balance based on the “hierarchy” of interests, in which the public interest is a priority, and the concept of human rights priority are analyzed.
 Extrapolating these conceptions in the plane of ecological law, their application possibility is analyzed with the aim interests concordance and achievement of consensus in an legal environmental conflict. It is substantiated that the institutional mechanism of balancing interests in ecological relations is based on the principle of sustainable development, which is based on the concept of harmonization of ecological, economic and social interests of society and the principle of ecological priority interests. The systematic analysis of ecological legislation and ecologically-legal doctrine has given chance to identify and investigate the priority principle of public ecological interest in interest balancing which are realizing subjects in ecologically legal business. At the same time, investigational, that modern anthropocentric conception of ecological law, its humanistic orientation provides for the legislative consolidation and principle of human rights priority - right on safe environment for life and health as an inalienable absolute right of personality. It is proved that despite the legislative enshrinement of both principle of public priority ecological interest and principle of belonging to the right of safety for life and health of the environment, the conflict of legal regulation is absence. This is due to the fact that the right to safety for the life and health of the environment is based on the private ecological interest in ensuring the proper state of the natural environment, which ultimately coincides with the public ecological interest.
 It is concluded that the institutional principles of interests concordance determine the general orientation of public policy and serve only as a prerequisite for achieving a balance of interests and finding a compromise in legal environmental conflicts.

Sustainable development goals and environmentally sound infrastructure development in Indonesia

Development in Indonesia still ignores environmental sustainability, development that is expected to provide benefits turns out to have risks from its implementation. Indeed, development has a close relationship with the environment. When development cannot pay attention to environmental sustainability, the environment is not only damaged but can eventually become extinct. Efforts that can be made in the implementation of the Sustainble Development Goals and environmentally sound infrastructure development in Indonesia include the enforcement of environmental laws, examination and supervision, the role of society, and the need for a triangle of partnerships between governments, businesses and civil society in a relationship of equality without neglecting the laws of economics, ecology and civilization. By prioritizing the development of environmentally friendly forms of development from the "green construction" plan, the role of the government can reduce negative environmental impacts. A lot of infrastructure construction can cause environmental damage. Therefore, every planning, management, and supervision activity is indispensable at all these stages and the impact of infrastructure development on the environment must support the development of environmentally sound infrastructure in the perspective of Sustainble Development Goals with the aim of maintaining a good environment.

Conflicts and collusions as legal contradictions in environmental law

The article is devoted to the analysis of doctrinal approaches to the concepts of "legal collision" and "legal conflict" and their reflection in ecological law. In the context of it the theoretically legal characteristics of the category "legal conflict" were carried out. It is concluded that a broad understanding of this concept, which is proposed in the theory of law, covers a variety of legal phenomena and entails the threat of substitution by other concepts similar in content and functional loads.
 For this purpose, a comparative analysis of legal collision and legal conflicts in a scientific publication which based on a general feature that is inherent in both phenomena, namely, legal contradictions. It is convincingly well-proven that it is not necessary to identify these concepts, because the plane of their functioning is different: legal collision operates in the system of positive law whereas legal conflict - in the legal sphere during the social interaction of concrete subjects.
 In the context of this issue, the question of dialectical intercommunication is reflected between legal collision and legal conflict. This was facilitated by the analysis of legal conflict from the positions of legal theory. In the context of research of ecologically legal conflicts from position of environmental law theory has been installed the impact of environmental law norms on the emergence, development of conflict relations in the field of environmental protection and nature management. An estimation of the effectiveness was carried out of ecologically legal regulation of ecological conflict and the mechanism for resolving ecological conflicts. It is proved that high-quality legal regulation of ecological relations is an effective preventive mechanism of adjusting ecological conflicts, and, conversely, its imperfection complicates law enforcement practice.
 It is concluded that in the case of legal collusion application, the existing contradictions between the norms of law will lead to a legal conflict as a contradiction between the subjects of legal relationships in connection with the realization of collision norms. At what such a determinant always generates rise to the actual ecologically legal conflicts, in contrast to other ecological conflicts, the preconditions for which may exist out of limits of ecological law.

Defective Subviral Particles Modify Ecological Equilibria and Enhance Viral Coexistence

Cooperation is a main driver of biological complexity at all levels. In the viral world, gene sharing among viral genomes, complementation between genomes or interactions within quasispecies are frequently observed. In this contribution, we explore the effects of flexible associations between fully fledged viruses and subviral entities, such as virus satellites, in viral dynamics and, in particular, in stable viral coexistence. We devise a mathematical model to compare different situations of competition between two viruses and to quantify how the association with a satellite qualitatively modifies dynamical equilibria. The relevant parameter is the invasion fitness of each virus or of the virus-satellite tandem, which in the model depends on the transmission rate of viruses and on their effect on host survival. In a virus-virus competition, one of the viruses becomes eventually extinct, recasting the competitive exclusion law of ecology. However, an association with a satellite might change the outcome of the competition in two ways, either to favor the less competitive virus (regardless of whether it is the helper virus or not) or to allow for the stable coexistence of the two viruses and the satellite. The virus-satellite association differs from other mechanisms proposed in ecology to date to enhance species coexistence. We hypothesize that such an association constitutes a parsimonious evolutionary pathway towards more stable cooperative associations, such as bipartite viral forms, a collaborative association unique to viruses.

Effects of Damming and Impoundment on Planktonic Microbial Community Structure and Interspecific Interaction Patterns in Different Water Depths

Microbial communities play an important role in ecological processes through direct or indirect interactions. However, the interspecific interaction pattern of reservoir microorganisms has still received little attention. The Hengshan Reservoir in Jiangsu province was selected as the research area. Surface and deep water samples were collected to respectively explore the response of planktonic microbial community structure and the molecular ecological network to water depth changes, as well as to identify the key species of planktonic microbial communities in different water depths. The results showed that the richness and evenness of planktonic microorganisms in the surface layer were higher than those in the deep layer, and there were significant differences in the community structure of planktonic microorganisms in different depths. Water depth indirectly affected the planktonic microbial community by changing the environmental heterogeneity, among which the indicators such as TOC, NO3-, NH4+, and PO43- had the most significant impact on the planktonic microbial community structure. In addition, the number of nodes and edges of the deep planktonic microbial molecular ecological network were significantly higher than those on the surface, and the type and number of key species in the deep planktonic microbial community were significantly higher than those on the surface, indicating that the network scale of the deep planktonic microbial community was larger; however, the interspecific cooperative relationship and network connectivity of the surface planktonic microbial community were stronger. These results will provide a scientific basis for the study of interspecific interactions of reservoir microbial communities and are of great significance for predicting the ecological law of microorganisms in reservoir ecosystems and the impact of global material cycles.

Temporal and Spatial Differences of Urban Ecological Environment and Economic Development Based on Graph Neural Network.

The temporal and spatial difference between the urban ecological environment and economic development refers to the unbalanced and insufficient contradiction between the quality of urban ecological environment and the development of economic strength. Based on the relevant theories of urban ecological environment and economic development, this paper explores the development laws of urban ecology and economic development and uses graph neural network algorithm to model the spatial and temporal dependence of the city's ecological environment in a province. The quality data and economic development strength data are analyzed in detail. The analysis results show that the ecological benefit index and economic benefit index of each city in the province have reached above 0.6 after 5 years of development. The level of coordinated urban development has improved significantly compared with 2017. However, in the process of the development of the market economy, it is necessary to rationally adjust the proportion of the secondary industry and the tertiary industry in the urban production structure and continuously promote the balanced development of the economy and ecology.