Lateral Section Research Articles

Stereotypic Behavior in Sows Is Related to Emotionality Changes in the Offspring.

Some effects of expressing stereotypic behavior have not yet been elucidated. During gestation, the environment has the potential to interfere with offspring development and to have prenatal or longer-term consequences. We tested the hypothesis that the occurrence of stereotypic behavior during gestation could affect the phenotype of the offspring. Twenty-eight pregnant sows were studied by comparing two groups differing in the amount of stereotypy shown. We analyzed emotionality in the offspring from sows showing high or low stereotypy frequency using the open field and novel object tests. In the open field test, piglets from sows with a high rate of stereotypies walked more in central sectors (p < 0.0001) and lateral sectors (p = 0.04) than piglets from sows with a low rate of stereotypies. In the novel object test, the offspring from low stereotypy sows vocalized more (p = 0.008). We demonstrate for the first time that the stereotypic behavior by the mother during gestation changes the phenotype of the offspring, in particular, their emotionality.

Reduced-size left lateral sector grafts for infants weighing less than 10 kilograms

Reduced-size left lateral sector grafts for infants weighing less than 10 kilograms

Differential Contributions of the Quadriceps and Patellar Attachments of the Proximal Medial Patellar Restraints to Resisting Lateral Patellar Translation

To define the contributions of the of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) and medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament (MQTFL) to lateral patellar translation as the knee moves through a 90° arc of motion. Six pairs of bilateral cadaveric knee specimens (12 knees) were dissected and potted in perfect lateral position using fluoroscopy. An eye screw was placed in the midpoint on the lateral aspect of the patella. Each knee underwent testing in 4 conditions after sequential sectioning: intact, lateral retinacular release, randomized MQTFL or MPFL sectioning, and complete proximal medial patellar restraint (PMPR) sectioning. With a custom machined jig, all knees were tested at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90° of flexion on an MTS machine with 20N of lateral patellar force applied and displacement recorded. PMPR extensor mechanism insertion on all specimens was identified 50% on the quadriceps tendon and 50% on the proximal aspect of the medial patella. Isolated MPFL sectioning resulted in significantly increased lateral displacement compared to the lateral release state at all flexion angles tested except 0°. There was significantly increased lateral patellar displacement with complete sectioning compared with isolated proximal sectioning at all degrees of knee flexion except 0°. However, complete sectioning following isolated MPFL sectioning did not demonstrate significance at any angle. Compared with the MQTFL, the MPFL is primarily responsible for resistance to lateral patellar translation throughout a 0° to 90° arc of motion. The MPFL provides a similar resistance to lateral patellar displacement as the fully intact PMPR; however, the MQTFL may contribute to resistance in full extension. Proximal medial patellar restraint reconstruction techniques involving both the patellar and quadriceps insertion have been described; however, the unique contributions of the native anatomy to lateral patellar restraint have not been investigated.

Facies analysis relationships depositional environments of the subsurface stratigraphy of the Snake Cave Interval in the Bancannia Trough, western Darling Basin, New South Wales, SE Australia

Abstract This work presents the first detailed research on the subsurface stratigraphy of the sedimentary Snake Cave Interval (late Early to late Middle Devonian) in the Bancannia Trough, the westernmost component of the Darling Basin, in western New South Wales, Australia. The study is based on data from wireline-log responses (especially gamma-ray and sonic logs), and core and cuttings descriptions in three exploration wells that are used to develop a model for depositional environments in the Bancannia Trough. This study provides re-evaluation and re-interpretation of the positions of the top and bottom boundaries of the Snake Cave Interval using distinct patterns changes in gamma-ray and sonic log signatures in relation to lithological characteristics in the Bancannia South-1, Bancannia North-1 and Jupiter-1 wells. The log facies interpretation of the Snake Cave Interval section enabled the detailed facies description of four lithostratigraphic units (A, B, C and D, in ascending order) in the study area. The Snake Cave Interval displays units with ten distinct sedimentary facies identified from core and then tied to the gamma ray log characteristics, forming facies associations that are visible in both vertical and lateral sections. Five facies associations have been identified: FA-I, braided fluvial multistory channel belt complex deposits; FA-II, meandering fluvial distributary channel sandstone complex deposits; FA-III, sandy braided fluvial distributary channels deposits; FA-IV, meandering fluvial deposits; and FA-V, fluvial channel-fill association with fluvio-tidal transition zone complex deposits. Detailed comparison of lithologic logs with wireline-log suite signatures (mainly gamma-ray logs) that are dominantly braided fluvial and meandering fluvial deposits, with minor fluvio-tidal transition zone complex deposits in this trough. This article presents a new depositional model that will promote exploration and discovery of potential petroleum resources and stratigraphic-trap configurations in this trough and adjacent regions of the Darling Basin.

Proximal femur lag screw placement based on bone mineral density determined by quantitative computed tomography.

Following internal fixations for intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients, lag screws or screw blades frequently cut the femoral head, leading to surgical failure. The bone mineral density (BMD) at various parts of the proximal femur is significantly correlated with the holding force of the lag screw, which in turn is closely associated with the stability of the fixation. However, the appropriate placement of the lag screw has been controversial. As a novel detection method for BMD, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) may provide relatively accurate measurements of three-dimensional structures and may provide an easy way to determine the appropriate lag screw placement. A total of 50 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures were selected for the present study. The BMD of the proximal femur on the healthy side, including the femoral intertrochanter, neck and head, was measured using QCT. For testing, the femoral head was divided into medial, central and lateral sections. The BMD of the femoral head was determined to be the highest, while the BMD of the femoral neck was the lowest. In the femoral head, the central section had the highest BMD, while the lateral section had the lowest BMD. The present study used QCT to detect differences in the BMD at various regions of the proximal femur and provided a novel theoretical reference for the placement of lag screws. To obtain maximum holding power, the lag screw must be placed in the central section of the femoral head.

Assessment of lateral distortional buckling resistance in welded I-beams

Lateral distortional buckling (LDB) of I-beams is characterized by simultaneous lateral deflection, twist and cross section change due to web distortion. The present study investigates the effect of web distortion in LDB resistance of doubly-symmetric welded I-beams. Elastic stability and physical and geometrical nonlinear analyses are performed, using GBTul and ABAQUS softwares, respectively. The numerical model is calibrated considering experimental tests. The beams are simply supported, with fork supports at the ends, and subject to neutral and destabilizing effects of loading. The beams are subject to uniform bending, mid-span concentrated load and uniformly distributed loads. The parametric study is performed by varying the geometric cross section parameters. The results are compared with international standards and analytical procedures. It is concluded that the occurrence of LDB is responsible for the resistance reduction, especially for the slender web sections. With the elastic stability analysis, it is possible to estimate the critical moment for the calculation of the ultimate moment considering the LDB. It is found that there is no need to propose a new solution for the determination of LDB resistance, since some procedures allow the use of the elastic stability analysis response for the calculation of the ultimate moment, such as EC3. However, some adjustments can be made to the ANSI/AISC 360–16 and AS 4100: 1998 standards, since the results compared to these procedures are not conservative.

Use of magnetic resonance imaging to determine laterality of meniscal size in healthy volunteers.

IntroductionThe menisci are responsible for several functions. They are shock absorbers during dynamic loading on the knee and provide a broader surface area on which to distribute stress evenly to the tibia and femur. These functions allow for smoother movement and greater stability of the knee joint. Meniscal injury can be a great impediment to the function of the knee. Therefore, in the case of meniscal injury, our main concern is the relief of patient symptoms, followed by consequent restoration of meniscal function to the greatest of our ability.To prevent the long terms effects of a meniscectomy, meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) was developed. The potential of using the size of the contralateral healthy menisci, to determine the size of the menisci to be replaced, will be discussed.MethodsKnee MRIs done on healthy patients in the past 5 years were reviewed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was performed using a 3-T scanner. Each individual was examined with knee joints in full extension. Measurements were performed two separate times, two weeks apart. A mean of three measurements was made during each session to reduce error.Thirty-eight normal bilateral knee joints MRIs remained (16 males, 22 females). Participants were sampled from the institutional Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Age, gender, and the medial meniscal and lateral meniscal size of both knees were recorded. The laterality of the menisci was compared between both knees in each patient.ResultsA total of 38 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 37.39 (±9.50) years. They were 16 (42.1%) men and 22 (57.9%) women. We didn’t find any significant difference in the mid-coronal section between left and right knees meniscal measurements. None of the measurements were significantly different between men and women. There was no significant difference in the medial mid-sagittal section or lateral mid-sagittal section between left and right knee meniscal measurements.ConclusionThe results obtained in this study may support the use of MRI of the bilateral knee to obtain an appropriately sized allograft.

Fatigue Characteristics and Numerical Modeling Socket for Patient with above Knee Prosthesis

In this research, two groups of composite materials were used for manufacturing Above –Knee (AK) prosthetic socket. These sockets were fabricated from resin lamination (80:20) siegalharz as matrix materials, N-glass and carbon as reinforced materials using vacuum pressure. The mechanical properties for materials that used in above knee socket were tested by tensile, bending and fatigue tests. The results showed the mechanical properties of (N-glass - carbon fiber-N-glass) with matrix of lamination (80:20) resin were: Ϭy= 112Mpa, Ϭult=132MPa, Ϭb max=57Mpa, E=1.74GPa and The elongation at Beak was 3.5mm. In addition, the test result of (N-glass - carbon fiber-N-glass) with matrix of siegalharz resin were Ϭy= 123Mpa, Ϭult=151MPa, Ϭb max=174Mpa, E=2.64GPa and the elongation at Beak was3.3mm. Interface pressure was measured for above knee prosthetic socket and the patient age (30years) , height (165 cm) and weight (83 kg). High pressure values of (190Kpa) and (164Kpa) were recorded for the anterior and lateral sections respectively. This is because of the anterior and lateral muscles action which tend to be more active during the movement of the patient. The numerical results showed that the safety factor for (N-glass - carbon fiber-N-glass) with matrix lamination of (80:20) resin was found to be 0.595in addition the safety factor for (N-glass - carbon fiber-Nglass) with matrix of siegalharz resin was numerically calculated to be 1.084 which is safe in design.

СЕЙСМОСТРАТИГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ АЛДАНО-МАЙСКОГО ОСАДОЧНОГО БАССЕЙНА (ЮГО-ВОСТОК СИБИРСКОЙ ПЛАТФОРМЫ)

Generations of the materials of the seismic exploratory works conducted in the Aldan-Maya sedimentary basin substantiated the seismostratigraphic model and construction of the lateral and longitudinal sections allowed an understanding of the specific features of the sedimentary cover structure and specifying the basin boundaries. Based on the seismic sections and geologic map at a scale of 1: 2 500 000 a scheme of structures formed in the Riphean was developed. These constructions made it possible the purposeful plan of the oil-and-gas searching and exploratory works, estimation of thickness and area of the parent material. The investigations made can be applied for clarification of the structure of the eastern Siberian Platform.

Hepatolithiasis; case series, review and current management strategy

Background: Intrahepatic biliary tract stone formation is referred to as hepatolithiasis (HL). Hepatolithiasis causes local and systemic complications and insufficient treatment Methods with increased risk of reoccurrence makes it an important health problem. Surgical interventions ranges from endoscopic attempts to small segment resection and finally to liver transplant. Here in, we evaluated the patients who are diagnosed with HL and the treatment strategies in light of the current literature. Materials and Methods: Patients who are diagnosed with HL between the years of 2014 to 2018 and the applied treatment strategies were retrospectively examined. Patient demographics, causes of disease, complications and the treatment options of the patients were evaluated. Results: Totaly 16 patients were admitted to the study. Mean age of the patients was 64.3. We determined that 7 patients had been received cholecystectomy before. Out of these 7 patients, three patients, because they had been operated for main bile duct trauma during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, had been suffered from anastomotic stenosis in which has 2 hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) stenosis and 1 hepaticoduodenostomy stenosis with metal stent. Also, HJ stenosis and then HL developed in one patient after Whipple procedure. Ultrasonography, EUS, MRCP, CT, ERCP, PTC Methods are applied for diagnostic purposes. Eight patients were operated for HL; left hepatectomy for 2 patients and lateral sector resection in one patient. HJ revised in two patients. Stenotic region including stent ingrowth and fibrotic stricture resected and neo-hepaticojejunostomy performed in 2 patients. Anastomotic resection and portojejunostomy (Kasai) performed in one patient. All of HJ were done in Roux-en-Y style. The remaining 8 patients were observed with medical and endoscopic approaches. Discussion and Conclusions: Hepatolithiasis is a serious condition that requires multimodal treatment approaches. Anastomosis stenosis and stent implementation promote hepatolithiasis formation and increase recurrence. Functional HJ procedures will especially decrease the formation of this complication.

К оценке протяженности по латерали участков наличия углеводородов по данным сейсмической локации нефти и газа (СЛОНГ)

In the method of seismic location of oil and gas (SLONG), intended for predicting the oil and gas prospects of objects based on the data of seismic exploration method CDP-2D, the length of the laterally allocated sections of the presence of hydrocarbons is determined by statistical processing of all graphs of the energy distribution by depth of micro tremors. However, in this case, the results of processing depend on the repetition factor of impulse accumulations of fluctuations used. Therefore it is proposed to use a different approach to determine the length of the lateral sections of the presence of HC based on the processing of micro tremors recorded during CDP-2D, according to the method proposed by G.V. Vedernikov, E.A. Khagoev and T.I. Chichinina. As a result of applying this technique, it was found that all oil and gas fields are accompanied by anomalies in the micro tremors field in terms of energy and spectral characteristics of vibrations. Not stopping on the possibility of solving the inverse problem, we only note that according to this provision, the presence of a deposit should lead to anomalies in the micro tremors field and, in particular, to an increase in the energy oscillation. Therefore, if the presence of a deposit is established in any way, then we should expect the appearance of a section with an increased energy oscillation, which can be used to estimate the length of the deposit laterally. The fact of the presence of a deposit can be established by the results of processing the same CDP-2D profile using SLONG technology. If a positive SLONG result is obtained, a section with an increased energy of micro tremors should appear on the corresponding section of the profile, which will lead to the solution of the problem. Key words: Location, microtremors, length, anomaly.

ALPPS and minialpps. Alternatives between liver hypertrophy techniques. Presentation of two cases in liver disease of non-colorectal origin

Presenter: Fabio Vergara MD | IPS Universidad de Antioquia, Clinica Leon XIII Background: Liver resections are the treatment of choice for most liver tumors. Thanks to liver regeneration, various procedures have appeared to stimulate liver hypertrophy in cases where it is required. Among them is the ALPPS (Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy), which consists of performing a hepatectomy in two stages, achieving faster hypertrophy and in less time. This surgical technique can have high morbidity and mortality rates, so it is very important to properly select patients. In recent years, groups from Chile and Argentina have developed a variant in this technique which they have called Mini-ALPPS, where the hepatic transection is minor, thus reducing the morbidity that this part of the surgery can bring. Methods: We present two cases of ALPPS and Mini-AlPPS in liver disease of non colorectal origin. The first case of a two-stage hepatectomy using ALPPS is a 65-year-old male patient, with MRI of the abdomen shows a giant liver in the right lobe and part of segment IV compatible with probable hepatocarcinoma over non-cirrhotic liver. Hepatic volumetry show insufficient hepatic remnant, it was decided to perform an ALPPS with the aim of obtaining a faster hepatic hypertrophy. The first time was performed by laparoscopic technique, achieving right portal ligation and hepatic transection. At 10 days, a new abdominal tomography was performed to assess hypertrophy. Then proceed to the second time of the ALPPS, with an open approach. Hepatic transection is completed with right hepatic artery ligation, right bile duct control and right hepatic vein section. In the second case we used de Mini-ALLPS strategy. A 52-year-old woman with a history of resected retroperitoneal sarcoma. In the follow-up hepatic recurrence of sarcoma. MRI confirms presence of hepatic bilobar disease in the right lobe and segment IV with a single lesion in the left lateral section. It was decided to perform MiniALPPS with resection of the metastasis of the left lateral section, right portal ligation and hepatic section of 3cms deep in the firs stage. At 10 postoperative days a CT scan of the abdomen shows compensatory hypertrophy of the left lateral section. In the second stage an extended right hepatectomy was performed. Results: In the two cases the procedure was uncomplicated, did not require blood transfusion or vasopressor support, extubation and transfer to the ICU was achieved for surveillance. The ALPPS case had no signs of liver failure, he was discharged after 8 days. The pathology shows a hepatocarcinoma on non-cirrhotic liver. The MiniALPPS case has present type B postoperative liver failure, it required vasopressor support and blood transfusion. The pathology confirmed sarcoma metastases Conclusion: ALPPS and MiniALPPS are an alternative in the treatment of liver tumors where the liver remnant is insufficient. They can use when the cause of its tumor biology and we need a hypertrophy is less time or when the other ways of generating hypertrophy are failed. However, it is a procedure that can have high morbidity and mortality, so it is important to select patients in a multidisciplinary team.

Axial plane single-molecule super-resolution microscopy of whole cells

Fluorescence nanoscopy has become an indispensable tool for studying organelle structures, protein dynamics, and interactions in biological sciences. Single-molecule localization microscopy can now routinely achieve 10-50 nm resolution through fluorescently labeled specimens in lateral optical sections. However, visualizing structures organized along the axial direction demands scanning and imaging each of the lateral imaging planes with fine intervals throughout the whole cell. This iterative process suffers from photobleaching of tagged probes, is susceptible to alignment artifacts and also limits the imaging speed. Here, we focused on the axial plane super-resolution imaging which integrated the single-objective light-sheet illumination and axial plane optical imaging with single-molecule localization technique to resolve nanoscale cellular architectures along the axial (or depth) dimension without scanning. We demonstrated that this method is compatible with DNA points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (DNA-PAINT) and exchange-PAINT by virtue of its light-sheet illumination, allowing multiplexed super-resolution imaging throughout the depth of whole cells. We further demonstrated this proposed system by resolving the axial distributions of intracellular organelles such as microtubules, mitochondria, and nuclear pore complexes in both COS-7 cells and glioblastoma patient-derived tumor cells.

Design of steel-concrete beams by bearing strength using various characteristics of concrete in both tension and compression areas, partially taking into account concrete tension area performance

Problem statement. The research task is to develop the algorithm to select the dimensions of the lateral cross sections of concrete and a steel bar having stress limits as well as reinforcement ratio limits. A reinforcement ratio limit means a maximum stress for concrete and a steel bar. Goal. The research aims to optimize the design of steel-concrete beams to meet a bearing capacity criterion. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to develop the method of the design of steel-concrete beams taking into account the operation of concrete in a tension area. Method. The research method includes the use of structural mechanics methods and the methods to design structures in accordance with regulatory documents. Results. The research result is the algorithm to design steel-concrete beams taking into account concrete performance by stress limits in a tension area. Stress limits come into existence in concrete and a steel bar. As a result of calculation, it is possible to select the dimensions of the lateral cross sections of steel beam components – concrete and a steel bar. At the same time, stresses have to be limiting. A reinforcement ratio limit has a maximum stress. Research novelty. Research novelty is the approach proposed. It enables you to take into account concrete performance in a tension area that results in an increase of steel-concrete beam bearing strength. Practical value. Practical value is expressed in the fact that the proposed method and the algorithm enable you to select the dimensions of the lateral cross sections of concrete and a steel bar in a way that stresses simultaneously have limit values in steel beam components. This approach allows using the structure materials – steel and concrete – in a more rational way. It enables you to increase the bearing strength of a structure. In addition, the reinforcement ratio limit allows you to vary the ways of beam reinforcement.

Investigating morphodynamics on Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the Italian Alps using archival aerial photogrammetry and airborne LiDAR data

The rapid glacier recession in the European Alps exposes large amounts of unconsolidated sediment. Several processes are involved in the reworking of this sediment on steep lateral moraines, e.g. small slides on the upper slopes, sheet erosion by snow gliding, fluvial erosion and debris flows. To gain deeper insight into the dependence of the morphodynamics on lateral moraines on the time since deglaciation, we analysed erosion rates and geomorphological processes occurring at different distances from the present-day glacier termini. Moreover, we assessed the significance of parameters like slope gradient, altitude a.s.l. and the presence of dead ice for the morphodynamics. We used historical (1959) as well as contemporary (2016) aerial images and airborne laserscanning data (2006) to derive orthophotos, 3D point clouds (SfM) and Digital Elevation Models of Difference (DoD). These models cover the entire lateral moraine sections of two glaciers in South Tyrol, Italy, but detailed analysis was restricted to five test areas which deglaciated at different times. We were able to detect areas with decreasing geomorphological activity showing an erosion rate below 1 cm per year mainly on moraine sections remote from the contemporary glacier tongue. Simultaneously, moraine sections with continuous high levels of morphodynamics or even increasing activity were observed. The latter show heavy gullying on the upper slopes with erosion rates of 5.9–10.1 cm per year and no indications of decreasing rework rates could be found. We suppose a strong influence of degrading debris-covered dead ice, which all these slope experienced over many years after glacier melting. However, moisture availability and the slope angles, amongst others, also affect the geomorphological processes forming the moraine slopes. Thus, our results are only partly consistent with the literature, because we found areas with decreasing activity, as assumed in the paraglacial adjustment model, as well as moraine sections where no stabilization can be observed to date.

Cercetări efectuate la Băile Figa în anii 2016–2019 și considerații privind deslușirea valențelor unui peisaj salin hibrid / Research carried out at Băile Figa during 2016–2019 Revealing the potential of a hybrid saltscape

Cercetări efectuate la Băile Figa în anii 2016–2019 și considerații privind deslușirea valențelor unui peisaj salin hibrid / Research carried out at Băile Figa during 2016–2019 Revealing the potential of a hybrid saltscape

Resolving Torsional Vibration in Limestone Reservoirs Reduces Equipment Damage

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 19058, “Resolving Torsional Vibration in Horizontal Limestone Reservoirs Prevents Severe Equipment Damages,” by Adil Zahran Al Busaidi, SPE, Ahmed El Hawy, Ahmed Omara, Ali Baqir Al Lawati, Ramiro Oswaldo Vasquez Bautista, SPE, Muhannad Awadalla, and Ghaida Abdullah Salim Al Ghaithi, Schlumberger, and Zied Chibani, SPE, and Suroor Al Jamaei, Petroleum Development Oman, prepared for the 2019 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Beijing, 26–28 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2019 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. Torsional vibration (also known as stick/slip) is a major contributor to•equipment failure and severe damage•when drilling the 6.125-in. lateral limestone Shuaiba reservoir section. This paper examines multiple factors that can affect the severity of stick/slip and measures their actual effect. These factors include bit and bottomhole assembly (BHA) design and formation and mud properties. The authors examined the effect of using a software plugin to an automated drilling system to mitigate stick/slip when drilling the 6.125-in. lateral section. Introduction Before the deployment of rotary steerable systems (RSS) in the Shuaiba reservoir section, all directional sections (12.25-, 8.5-, and 6.125-in.) had been drilled with positive displacement motors (PDMs), but with the implementation of RSS, the operator achieved dramatically reduced well-delivery time. In the 12.25- and 8.5-in. sections, the shale and shallow limestone formations did not introduce any negative effect on drilling mechanics along with the change in the directional drive. In the lateral reservoir section (6.125 in.), stick/slip became more severe and resulted in higher costs. It was vital to identify the root cause of, and to implement preventative measures for, the damage. Stick/Slip Factors Controllable factors related to stick/slip in the bit/BHA design include type of drillpipe, the directional drive used, and stabilization. Fig. 1 shows a significant change in stick/slip behavior between two different bit designs in simulations. Type of Drillpipe Used in Horizontal Drilling. In long lateral sections, drillpipes of 3.5 or 4 in. occupy most of the drillstring below the 7-in. liner hanger. Generally, the larger the size of the drillpipe, the higher the makeup torque limit. In terms of shocks and vibration, the purpose of having a larger drillpipe size is to stiffen the BHA and reduce the overall vibration of the drillstring. Upgrading to larger drillpipe size offers further improvement from a hydraulics perspective. The standpipe pressure drops because of the increase in the tubular inside diameter; furthermore, hole cleaning improves with larger pipe size. Directional Drive (Motor or RSS). The two available directional-drive options in this application are PDM and RSS. The RSS is preferable for the long lateral section in this case. The RSS creates a borehole with a higher integrity because it does not create microdogleg severity. However, a PDM system is more reliable in delivering directional requirements quantitatively. The motor can generate a higher rate of penetration (ROP) than RSS tools, with a lower rate of surface rev/min.

Technology Focus: Bits and Bottomhole Assemblies

Technology Focus Drilling vibration continues to preoccupy the industry’s attention, primarily because of its known detrimental effects on operational efficiency, downhole tool reliability, cycle time, and project cost. In addition to drill bits and bottomhole assemblies that have been known to initiate vibrations, researchers have identified several other conditions and factors with similar contributions to vibration initiation. Vibration challenges, if effectively addressed, will have strong positive effects on performance. The debate on whether the industry is doing enough to address vibrations continues to linger. This discussion must be put to rest because the fact is that researchers are passionately obsessed with this challenge. Presently, the focus has shifted from mere awareness to efforts that seek to establish a deeper understanding of this subject. In addition to identifying and characterizing different vibration modes, the current emphasis also delves into their sources. Knowledge gained from these efforts, particularly awareness of the different factors contributing to vibration, is driving development of holistic solutions to the challenge. Numerous initiatives, including downhole tool development for data acquisition, big data and analytics, innovative modeling techniques, and calibration and optimization of modeling results, have been deployed in this effort. Positive results with measurable effects in field operations have been achieved. In all cases, development of effective solutions must start with appropriate characterization and identification of the specific modes of vibration. Its sources must also be established so that developed solutions can be tailored for maximum effectiveness.• The holistic approach has identified borehole spiraling, especially in long lateral sections, as a primary source of vibrations and other drilling challenges. Solutions to address this challenge are currently in development. Yes, we continue to seek effective solutions to address the problem. However, we always encounter new challenges as we drill deeper into harsher environments, increase dogleg-severity requirements, and extend our departures while also drilling highly heterogeneous formations. We cannot stand still; we must keep moving ahead. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 196020 Case Studies: Optimizing BHA Performance by Leveraging Data and Advanced Modeling by Mojtaba Shahri, Apache, et al. SPE 194120 Mitigation of Multifrequency Stick/Slip by Zhijie Sun, Halliburton, et al. SPE 194150 Industry’s First PDC Bit Gauge Design for Improved Tracking In North American Horizontal Wells by Reed Spencer, Baker Hughes, a GE Company, et•al.

Determination of geometric parameters for rational load-bearing unit of bridge cylindrical column pier

This paper deals with a bridge pier energywise uniform strength cylindrical steel-concrete load-bearing unit having a mesh case, which is made of an expanded metal mesh, as the most rational and the least resource-demanding one, using the nonwaste technology. The rational parameter selection method, which guarantees cross section uniform strength for the suggested load-bearing unit, is provided. The concrete core of the given element is a hollow cylindrical element that varies in height and whose centre of gravity coincides with an external loading point for any horizontal cross section. In addition to uniform strength, the hollow enables you to control the centre of gravity of the given complicated compound cross section of a cylindrical steel-concrete load-bearing unit. The calculation method to determine the main geometric parameters of the uniform strength load-bearing unit of a bridge cylindrical column pier having the lateral cross section area that varies in height is provided. The geometric parameters are the centre of gravity and its coordinates, central inertia moments and the radius of inertia. To exclude an impact of random eccentricity on a complicated compound cross section of a pier uniform strength steel-concrete load-bearing unit, the method to design a cross section core is provided.

Anisotropy of bovine nasal cartilage measured by Fourier transform infrared imaging

Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) can be used to obtain the composition and structure information of sample. Here, FTIRI combined with spectral polarization analysis method was applied to investigate the fine anisotropy of bovine nasal cartilage (BNC). The upper BNC tissue was sliced into a three-dimensional (3D) block with three planes (XY, YZ, and XZ) parallel to horizontal section, forward section, and lateral section, respectively. The anisotropy of collagen fiber in BNC was represented by the absorbance of amide II (1590–1500 cm−1) at different polarization directions. It was found that collagen fiber showed little anisotropy in plane XY, XZ, and along the direction Z in plane YZ. It was more important that collagen fiber showed strong anisotropy along direction Y in plane YZ (transverse axis) of BNC, possibly including arched or wavy fiber orientation even a mixture of both in nasal septum top end. Two anisotropic deflections ranging from 600 to 930 μm and from 2680 to 2980 μm were quantitatively calculated. This study is of important significance for further understanding the physiological structure of nasal septum and provides remarkable experimental support for being a good transplant material in cartilage reshaping studies.