Lateral Injection Research Articles

Room Temperature, Continuous Wave Quantum Cascade Laser Grown Directly on a Si Wafer

We report the room temperature demonstration of a high power, continuous wave, LWIR quantum cascade laser grown directly on a Si substrate. A new wafer, based on a high efficiency, strain-balanced laser core was processed into a lateral injection buried heterostructure laser geometry. A pulsed efficiency of 11.1% was demonstrated at room temperature, with an emission wavelength of 8.35 μm. With low fidelity, epilayer-up packaging, CW emission up to 343 K was also demonstrated, with a maximum output power of >0.7 W near room temperature.

Investigation of the oxy-fuel combustion process in the full-loop circulating fluidized bed

Oxy-fuel combustion of fossil fuels in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors has been widely implemented in various industries. However, the knowledge of complex gas thermal characteristics (e.g., gas temperature, viscosity, density, conductivity and specific heat capacity) is still in lack. Understanding the distribution of these gas thermal properties within the oxy-fuel combustion CFB reactor is crucial for predicting particle behavior, optimizing operating conditions, and performing design optimizations. In this study, the hydrodynamics and thermochemical characteristics of dense reactive flow in a 0.1 MWth pilot-scale CFB are simulated via a developed multi-phase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) reactive model. The impacts of some key operating parameters on the gas thermal properties, gas species distribution and gas-solid flux are studied. The results show that the dynamics and thermochemical variables of gas-solid flow show non-uniform distributions in the riser due to the segregation mechanism and lateral injection of solid fuels. Combustible gases (e.g., CH4, CO, H2, and H2S) mainly concentrate in the left area of the riser. Enlarging the oxygen concentration increases gas viscosity while decreases gas density. The density of gas phase ranges from 0.35 kg/m3 to 0.50 kg/m3 while gas turbulent viscosity ranges from 4.2 × 10−5 m2/s to 4.8 × 10−5 m2/s.

Lateral Transcervical In-office Botulinum Toxin Injection for Retrograde Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction.

Operating room (OR) injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) injection is effective in the management of retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (RCPD). This study aims to analyze the efficacy and safety of in-office (IO) 30 Unit BTX injection into the cricopharyngeus via lateral transcervical approach. A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent BTX injection either in the OR or IO for RCPD was performed. Postoperative success, defined by patient-reported complete or near complete resolution of symptoms, side effects, and complication rates of each group was determined and compared. To determine the learning curve of IO injections, success rates of the injections performed in the early and late 6 months were compared. Chi-square test was used for determining the statistical significance. Overall, 78 injections (37 IO and 41 OR) for RCPD were performed by the senior author. The success rate of OR injections (90.2%) is significantly higher than IO injections (64.9%) at the first-month follow-up (p = 0.022). No significant difference was found in the side effect rates. Success and side effect rates were also similar in early and late injections (p > 0.05). IO lateral transcervical BTX injection for RCPD is a safe method that does not require general or topical anesthesia. While the side effects are similar and IO injections have many advantages, the success rates are lower than OR injections. 3 Laryngoscope, 134:283-286, 2024.

Lateral pterygoid muscle ultrasound-guided injection: A technical note

BackgroundTemporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a frequent cause of orofacial pain, causing functional disability and a negative impact on quality of life. Botulinum toxin (BTX-A) injection in lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is one of the treatment modalities proposed, but the blind puncture guided by EMG carries a risk of vascular puncture or diffusion of the toxin to nearby muscles. We describe an ultrasound-guided approach and evaluate the spread of the injection in a fresh human cadaver. MethodsA fresh human cadaver was injected. An out-of-plane approach was performed using a convex probe, injecting 1.0 ml of 0.25% methylene blue dye into the LPM. After, a dissection was performed to isolate the lateral pterygoid muscle and assess the spread of the dye. ResultsUltrasound-guided injection allowed to visualize in real-time the spread of the dye within the LPM. The deep and superficial muscles nearby to LPM were not stained by the dye, but upper and lower head of LPM was heavily stained. ConclusionUltrasound-guided approach for the injection of BTX-A into the LPM could be considered a successful and safe treatment for myofascial pain related to TMD. Therefore, further clinical studies are needed to study the reproducibility of ultrasound guided LPM injection and to evaluate the clinical results.

The influence of the struts on mass diffusion system of lateral hydrogen micro jet in combustor of scramjet engine: Numerical study

The mechanism of fuel injection and system of fuel mixing have a crucial effect in the combustion process in scramjet engines. The present study discusses the injection of fuel from the side section of the strut located inside the combustion chamber. The most attemp of the present study is to discuss the fuel spreading and diffusion when the fuel jet is released along the spanwise direction. The effect of injection height on the side section of the strut fine is also studied in this research. The numerical method of CFD is used for simulation of the compressible flow of supersonic air (Mach = 4) in the existence of a cross-fuel jet. Obtained results show that side injection on the lobe strut is related to the height and shape of the strut. Results show that the 3-lobe strut is more efficient (18%) for the lateral injection mechanism in contrast to a 4-lobe strut. Increasing the height of the strut would enhance the fuel mixing via the production of a more powerful horseshoe vortex.

(402) Analysis of Peyronie’s Disease Injection Techniques

Abstract Introduction Collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) is the only food and drug administration (FDA) approved intralesional medication for Peyronies Disease (PD). The manufacture instructions recommend a single injection into the plaque at the point of maximal curvature. However, a 2019 survey of the Sexual Medicine Society of North America (SMSNA) found that physicians were utilizing many different injection techniques. It is unknown if one technique is superior. Objective To assess delivery of medication into PD plaques using an invitro model. Methods We obtained PD plaques from men undergoing plaque excision and grafting. Plaques were stored at -80C until ready for use in the lab. We injected the plaques with 0.25ml of Eosin Y, 5 wt. 5% solution in water because this solution is visibly red and similar to the density of CCH. We assess how the dye spread through the plaque in four different injection techniques: single injection, single injection with slow pull back, multiple site injection and lateral injection. All injections were video recorded in real time. Results Dye was retained inside the plaques will all injection techniques, however in all conditions, a significant amount of dye leaked out of the plaques. Multiple injection technique appeared to have the least about of dye leak out of the plaque. Conclusions In all conditions, dye leaked out of the plaques, however the multiple injection technique appears to have deliver the greatest amount Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Endo Pharmaceuticals

Efficacy of Ultrasonic Tenotomy and Debridement and Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections for Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy

To determine the efficacy of treatment of lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection and ultrasonic tenotomy and debridement (USTD) as well as risk factors for treatment failure. This was a retrospective study including patients treated for LET with PRP or USTD between January 2018 and December 2021. The efficacy of both procedures was assessed using pain-related patient-reported outcome measures at the 12-week follow-up. Baseline subject characteristics and diagnostic ultrasound findings were analyzed as risk factors for failure of treatment. Failure was classified as a surgical indication for LET within a year of the PRP or USTD. Ultrasonic tenotomy and debridement and PRP both led to significant improvement in patient pain within the 12-week follow-up period. There was no significant difference in efficacy between the two procedures. Common extensor tendon tearing on ultrasound and Worker's Compensation cases were found to be risk factors for failure of USTD. Lateral collateral ligament complex involvement and injection were found to be risk factors for failure of PRP. Platelet-rich plasma and USTD are both effective interventions for LET. They have separate risk factors for failure that should be taken in consideration while deciding the treatment approach. These procedures are minimally invasive alternatives to some of the more invasive surgical options to treat LET. Therapeutic III.

Numerical investigation of forward, lateral, and backward injection of the coolant fluid in various flow characteristics to find the optimum film cooling effectiveness

Film cooling is a major thermal protection method to protect the hot components in aero-engines like modern gas turbine blades. In this article, to find the optimum film cooling effectiveness, a numerical study was conducted in various forward, lateral, and backward injection angles (cross-flow injection angle φ = 0 ° , 45 ° , 90 ° , 135 ° , 180 ° ) and flow characteristics. For validation, the predicted results are compared with available experimental data and are shown to be in good agreement. It is found that by increasing the density ratio (DR), the film cooling effectiveness of the holes with φ = 0 ° and φ = 90 ° increases, while the film cooling effectiveness with φ = 45 ° , 135 ° , and 180 ° have a slight reduction. In addition, by increasing the injection angle from φ = 0 ° to φ = 180 ° , the film cooling effectiveness increases and has a maximum of φ = 90 ° . One of the most important results is optimum effectiveness, with φ = 90 ° (lateral injection) and velocity ratio (VR) = 0.5, DR = 1.79, and Tu = 2%.

A study on geometrical aspects in laser cladding by lateral powder injection technique

Laser cladding is carried out using lateral powder feeding method and the effect of direction of deposition on the clad track geometry is studied. Further, the effect of laser process parameters i.e., laser power and scan speed on the forming characteristics of clad track are also studied. The lateral nozzle with 1 mm diameter feed powder (Inconel 718) with 60° angle to the substrate (Stain Steel-AISI 304). With the different direction of scanning with different laser process parameter, mass flow and carrier gas (Argon) pressure the scanning direction opposite to power flow (+Y) formed uniform clad bed with height, width, and minimum dilution. At higher rate of carrier gas flow the molten poll is well-shielded and preventing oxidation. In addition, 2D thin wall formed, also hardness (360 Hv0.05) of the wall uniform throughout and no porosity throughout the wall.

Safety profile and technical success rate of computed tomography-guided atlanto-axial lateral articulation injections.

To describe the technique, safety profile, and outcome of computed tomography (CT)-guided atlanto-axial lateral articulation injections performed at our institution. Consecutive cases of all CT-guided atlanto-axial injections performed from January 2017 to April 2022 at our institution were searched in the electronic medical records. Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, characterization of pain, potential altered anatomy, pain level before and immediately after the procedure, procedure technique, complications, and follow-up outcomes, if available. Forty-five injections in 40 different patients were included. The average age was 67.4 years, and 28 (70%) of the patients were female. Of the 45 injections, 43 (96%) were technically successful. The average change in pain score (0-10) from immediately before to immediately after the injection was -3.36 (SD = 2.87, range = -8 to +3). Of all injections, 14 (31%) had a postprocedural pain score of zero. In 2 cases (4%), patients reported an increase in pain score immediately after the injection. In 3 cases (7%), transient non-vertebral artery vascular uptake of contrast was documented during the procedure, which could be cleared with needle repositioning. There were no complications. CT-guided atlanto-axial lateral articulation injection is a safe procedure with a high technical success rate. It allows for direct visualization of vital structures and provides an alternative option to the traditional fluoroscopic guidance, especially in cases of prior technically unsuccessful fluoroscopically guided injection or altered anatomy.

Ultrasound-guided injection into the lateral crico-arytenoid muscle: a pilot study

ObjectivesThe anterior, percutaneous Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection in the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA) guided by laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) is considered the golden standard treatment for several neurolaryngological disorders. The study presented in this article aims to assess the effectiveness of an alternative approach by which the injection is performed laterally under ultrasound monitoring.Study designAnatomical dissection study in human cadavers.SettingsAcademic health care center.MethodsUltrasound-guided bilateral dye (0.1 mL of dye solution containing cold-curing polymers, latex, acrylates, acrylic esters, alcohol, and green color) injection in the LCA was performed by means of 24G needles and 1 mL syringes using the lateral approach. The dye location and distribution were assessed by anatomic dissection, performed immediately after the injection.ResultsIn 9/10 specimens, the dye was exclusively detectable in the LCA. In 1/10 case (left side), the dye could not be delivered in the LCA because of unintended penetration of the thyroid cartilage by the needle during injection. Anatomic dissection confirmed that the dye spread neither into the thyroarytenoid (TA) nor the cricothyroid muscle (CT).ConclusionsThe anatomic dissection following lateral dye injection in the LCA under ultrasound guide confirmed the precision of this approach in delivery a substance exclusively in a pre-determined target. This feature makes this method an interesting addition or alternative to the standard LEMG-guided BoNT injection at least when the LCA is its target.Level of evidenceIII.

Lncfos/miR-212-5p/CASP7 Axis-Regulated miR-212-5p Protects the Brain Against Ischemic Damage.

miR-212-5p has been reported to be involved in many biological processes. However, the role of miR-212-5p in ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study explored the biological role and potential mechanism of miR-212-5p in ischemic stroke by investigating the lncfos/miR-212-5p/CASP7 axis. A total of 32 patients with ischemic stroke and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. In addition, 336 rats were used in this study. The rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and intracerebroventricular injection of a microRNA (miRNA) agomir, a miRNA antagomir, a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviral vector, or a negative control. The neurological deficit score was calculated; the infarct volume was measured; histopathological assays were performed; the neuronal apoptosis rate was determined; and the lncfos, miR-212-5p, and CASP7 expression levels in the peri-infarct area were assessed. In this study, we found that the expression level of miR-212-5p was significantly downregulated in the peri-infarct area and blood of the MCAO model rats and the blood of patients with ischemic stroke. A double-luciferase experiment showed that CASP7 was a direct target gene of miR-212-5p and that miR-212-5p was a target miRNA of lncfos. Lateral ventricular injection of the miR-212-5p agomir effectively inhibited the apoptosis induced by ischemic brain damage, reduced the infarct volume, attenuated the neurological deficit symptoms, and downregulated the expression of CASP7 in the peri-infarct area of the MCAO model rats. Suppressing lncfos with sh-fos led to the upregulated expression of miR-212-5p and played a neuroprotective role in the rat MCAO models. We concluded that miR-212-5p plays a neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke and that its function is regulated by the lncfos/miR-212-5p/CASP7 axis. Moreover, miR-212-5p may be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.

Structure of V-defects in long wavelength GaN-based light emitting diodes

The V-defect is a naturally occurring inverted hexagonal pyramid structure that has been studied in GaN and InGaN growth since the 1990s. Strategic use of V-defects in pre-quantum well superlattices or equivalent preparation layers has enabled record breaking efficiencies for green, yellow, and red InGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) utilizing lateral injection of holes through the semi-polar sidewalls of the V-defects. In this article, we use advanced characterization techniques such as scattering contrast transmission electron microscopy, high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, x-ray fluorescence maps, and atom probe tomography to study the active region compositions, V-defect formation, and V-defect structure in green and red LEDs grown on (0001) patterned sapphire and (111) Si substrates. We identify two distinct types of V-defects. The “large” V-defects are those that form in the pre-well superlattice and promote hole injection, usually nucleating on mixed (Burgers vector b=±a±c) character threading dislocations. In addition, “small” V-defects often form in the multi-quantum well region and are believed to be deleterious to high-efficiency LEDs by providing non-radiative pathways. The small V-defects are often associated with basal plane stacking faults or stacking fault boxes. Furthermore, we show through scattering contrast transmission electron microscopy that during V-defect filling, the threading dislocation, which runs up the center of the V-defect, will “bend” onto one of the six {101¯1} semi-polar planes. This result is essential to understanding non-radiative recombination in V-defect engineered LEDs.

Long-term outcomes of lateral vocal fold autologous fat injection for unilateral vocal fold paralysis

Objective: To investigate the long-term outcomes of patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis resulting in dysphonia treated with lateral vocal fold autologous fat injection. To analyze the factors that may affect the long-term efficacy of the procedure. Methods: From July 2003 to June 2020, 163 patients (86 males and 77 females), aged 9-73 years (mean (34.50±12.94) years) with unilateral vocal fold paralysis resulting in dysphonia underwent transoral laryngoscopic injection of autologous fat into the lateral vocal folds. Subjective auditory perception assessment (GRBAS scale), objective acoustic assessment, voice handicap index (VHI) evaluation and stroboscopic laryngoscopy were compared before and after the surgery. Patients were followed up for 1 to 18 years, with median follow-up time of 6 years. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of 163 patients, 17 patients (10.4%) had mild hoarseness (G1) and 146 patients (89.6%) had moderate to severe hoarseness (G2-3). Stroboscopic laryngoscopy revealed an arch-shaped vocal fold on the affected side, fixed in the paramedian position or abduction position, with obvious glottic closure fissure. Postoperatively, voice recovered to normal (G0) in 139 patients (85.3%), mild hoarseness (G1) in 18 patients (11.0%) and moderate hoarseness (G2) in 6 patients (3.7%). Of these, 131 patients (80.4%) showed significant improvement in hoarseness, 29 patients (17.8%) showed mild improvement and 3 patients (1.8%) showed no significant improvement in hoarseness. Objective acoustic parameters of Jitter, Shimmer, NHR and MPT improved significantly, as did VHI scores. Stroboscopic laryngoscopy showed medialization of the affected vocal folds, improved vocal fold closure and normal or nearly normal vocal fold mucosal waves. With a fat injection volume of 3.0-4.5 ml, the patient's subjective auditory perception scores of G, R, B and A improved more significantly within 3 months after surgery, and both VHI and MPT were significantly better since 1 year after surgery. With bilateral vocal fold injection, the B and A scores improved significantly from 1 month postoperatively compared to unilateral injections(unilateral vs. bilateral injection 1 month post-operation, tB scores=1.42,tA scores=1.51,P<0.05). Conclusions: The long-term efficacy of autologous fat injection in the paraglottic space for the treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis was stable. The efficacy of the surgery was related to the amount of fat injected, unilateral or bilateral of the injection.

Influence of lateral injection from the circular strut on mixing performance of hydrogen jet at supersonic combustion chamber

Influence of lateral injection from the circular strut on mixing performance of hydrogen jet at supersonic combustion chamber

Delta Opioid Peptide Targets Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Reducing Apoptosis to Relieve Hypoxia-Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death. (D-ala2, D-leu5) enkephalin (DADLE) is a synthetic peptide and highly selective delta opioid receptor (δOR) agonist that has exhibited protective properties in ischemia. However, the specific target and mechanism are still unclear. The present study explores the expression of δOR on brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and whether DADLE could relieve I/R-induced injury by reducing apoptosis. A lateral ventricular injection of DADLE for pretreatment, the neurofunctional behavior score, and TTC staining, were used to evaluate the protective effect of DADLE. Immunofluorescence technology was used to label different types of cells with apoptosis-positive signals to test co-localization status. Primary cultured BMECs were separated and treated with DADLE, accompanied by OGD/R. The CCK-8 test was conducted to evaluate cell viability and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-end Labelling (TUNEL) staining to test apoptosis levels. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. The co-localization results showed that BMECs, but not astrocytes, microglia, or neurons, presented mostly TUNEL-positive signals, especially in the Dentate gyrus (DG) area of the hippocampus. Either activation of δORs on rats' brains or primary BMECs mainly reduce cellular apoptosis and relieve the injury. Interference with the expression δOR could block this effect. DADLE also significantly increased levels of Bcl-2 and reduced levels of Bax. δOR's expressions can be detected on the BMECs, but not on the HEK293 cells, by Western blotting and IFC. Therefore, DADLE exerts a cytoprotective effect, primarily under hypoxia-ischemic injury/reperfusion conditions, by targeting BMECs to inhibit apoptosis.

High Power, Room Temperature InP-Based Quantum Cascade Laser Grown on Si

We report on the realization of an InP-based long wavelength quantum cascade laser grown on top of a silicon substrate. This demonstration first required the development of an epitaxial template with a smooth surface, which combines two methods of dislocation filtering. Once wafer growth was complete, a lateral injection buried heterostructure laser geometry was employed for efficient current injection and low loss. The laser emits at a wavelength of ~ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10.8~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and is capable of operation above 373 K, with a high peak power (>4 W) at room temperature. Laser threshold behavior with temperature is characterized by a T0 of 178 K. The far field beam shape is single lobed, showing fundamental transverse mode operation.

An improved CFD-DEM modelling of raceway dynamics and coke combustion in an industrial-scale blast furnace

The raceway dynamics and combustion by lateral injection of high-temperature gas into a packed bed of solid fuel are widely practised in various industries such as ironmaking blast furnace (BF), yet the particle-scale simulation and understanding were hindered by low resolution and huge computational cost. In this work, an advanced reactive computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (rCFD-DEM) featuring two state-of-the-art techniques - coarse-grained method and smoothing method is developed to describe raceway dynamics and coke combustion in a three-dimensional (3D) industrial-scale BF. The model is validated against the measurements in the open literature. The simulation results show that the smoothing method can more reliably capture raceway morphology and the coarse-grained treatment reduces 78.14 % computational costs under the given conditions. The typical phenomena are illustrated in terms of raceway shape and size, temperature field and gas species distributions. Then, the effect of the key operating parameters is quantified in terms of raceway size, gas temperature and species distributions. The comparisons indicate increasing the blast rate from 2.78 Nm3/s to 3.05 Nm3/s and oxygen mass fraction from 0.17 to 0.27, the raceway volume expands by 61.11 % and 47.62 %, respectively; moreover, lower blast rate, higher bed temperature and higher oxygen mass fraction lead to higher temperature distribution and higher CO concentration. The present work provides a cost-effective tool for understanding and optimizing raceway operation in practical BFs.

Numerical study of lateral coolant jet on heat reduction over nose cone with double-aerodome at hypersonic flow

One of the main challenges in designing a supersonic forebody is thermal protection. The application of the mechanical spike mounted at the nose considerably decreases the heat load on the main body. In this investigation, the hybrid technique of mechanical spike and coolant injection are examined to reduce the thermal load on the nose cone in the supersonic air stream. A three-dimensional model of a double aerodisked spike with different cooling systems is provided to find the efficient cooling injection system for reducing the heat load on the nose cone. Computational studies have been done on investigating a cooling mechanism in the proposed injection systems. This study has tried to present valuable information on flow features and shock interaction nearby the nose. The influence of different coolant gas on the thermal performance of the proposed configurations is comprehensively explained. Our results indicate that the cooling performance of single carbon dioxide is 85% more than helium jet in lateral injection. According to our findings, the cooling performance of lateral multi-jets is 90% more than opposing ones.

Carbon dioxide sink in the Arctic Ocean from cross-shelf transport of dense Barents Sea water

Large amounts of atmospheric carbon can be exported and retained in the deep sea on millennial time scales, buffering global warming. However, while the Barents Sea is one of the most biologically productive areas of the Arctic Ocean, carbon retention times were thought to be short. Here we present observations, complemented by numerical model simulations, that revealed a deep and widespread lateral injection of approximately 2.33 kt C d−1 from the Barents Sea shelf to some 1,200 m of the Nansen Basin, driven by Barents Sea Bottom Water transport. With increasing distance from the outflow region, the plume expanded and penetrated into even deeper waters and the sediment. The seasonally fluctuating but continuous injection increases the carbon sequestration of the Barents Sea by 1/3 and feeds the deep sea community of the Nansen Basin. Our findings combined with those from other outflow regions of carbon-rich polar dense waters highlight the importance of lateral injection as a global carbon sink. Resolving uncertainties around negative feedbacks of global warming due to sea ice decline will necessitate observation of changes in bottom water formation and biological productivity at a resolution high enough to quantify future deep carbon injection.