SummaryForward receptive-field (RF) remapping, a mechanism for transsaccadic updating of retinal positions and perceptual stability, transiently changes cells’ eccentricities and thus could also change their RF sizes, yet few studies examined RF sizes during remapping. A related issue is how the mechanism ensures the desired uniform updating across the visual space – a subtraction of the saccade vector from stimuli’s retinal positions wherever they appear – given highly nonuniform RF sizes and cortical magnification over eccentricities. We analyzed our recent circuit model for remapping/updating after incorporating eccentricity-dependent RF sizes and found that when the corollary-discharge-gated connections achieve uniform updating in the visual space, the model predicts no change to cells’ RF sizes despite their receiving inputs from other cells with different RF sizes. In contrast, if the updating were uniform in the cortical space but not visual space, cells’ RF sizes would change during remapping. We analyzed the data from the lateral intraparietal area and frontal eye fields and found that remapping magnitudes are similar for cells of different eccentricities. We then confirmed the prediction that RF sizes did not change significantly during remapping. These results reveal a circuit mechanism for uniform updating and perceptual stability across the entire visual field.

The article highlights the effects of quasi-ballistic and diffusive transport on electron mobility, band gap, and electrostatic behavior in scaled Nanosheet FETs. It also provides comprehensive physical insight into the effects of different scattering mechanisms on the gate-length scaling process (from 16 nm to 6 nm) and their impact on performance metrics. The temperature is modeled from 220 K to 450 K to analyze its effect on electron mobility and the lateral electric field profile. It is observed that defects, such as oxygen vacancies, affect the work function of the gate stack region and induce scattering mechanisms at the oxide interface, thereby enhancing band-to-band and trap-assisted tunneling of electrons. Increased temperature in the device causes significant phonon scattering, resulting in approximately a 45% drop in the mobility, with a standard deviation of 328.7 cm²/V·s. The higher phonon and surface-scattering rates at elevated temperatures modify the band gap profiles, leading to a reduction of 48–72 meV in the band gap. Due to the reduced scattering and lower contact-poly pitch, the highest drive current is achieved at a 6 nm gate length in the quasi-ballistic and diffusive transport regimes. Gate-length scaling suffers from increased scattering rates and higher tunneling probabilities, leading to higher leakage current and a reduced ION/IOFF ratio. Scattering mechanisms introduce resistance in the channel region, resulting in a drop in mobility. The electrostatic profiles and mobilities are mapped along the channel to comprehend the device operation at the scaled node.

Indium oxide (In2O3) has recently emerged as a promising semiconductor for advanced electronics due to its high electron mobility and wide bandgap. In this article, the lateral scaling characteristics of top-gate In2O3 thin-film transistors (TFTs) featuring a 1.5 nm thick channel and a 7 nm thick HfO2 gate dielectric are investigated by two-dimensional device simulation. The analysis covers short-channel effects, DC characteristics, transconductance behavior, and small-signal radio frequency (RF) metrics across a gate-length (LG) range of 20 nm to 700 nm. Simulation results identify a critical gate length near 100 nm for the transition from long-channel to short-channel behavior. For LG ≤ 100 nm, pronounced short-channel effects emerge, featuring a significant negative VTH shift and a drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) coefficient up to ~130 mV/V. A non-classical gm scaling behavior is observed, where gm_max initially increases with LG, then remains within a narrow range and eventually evolves toward the conventional long-channel trend. Further analysis of the lateral electric field distribution, field-dependent mobility, and transconductance efficiency indicates that this behavior originates from a crossover between short-channel field-assisted transport and gate-controlled channel modulation. The devices show strong RF potential, with fT and fmax reaching 124.32 GHz and 157.64 GHz, respectively, at LG = 20 nm. The high-mobility In2O3 channel leads to a less distinct fT scaling transition from the classical 1/L2G dependence to the short-channel 1/LG dependence, while fmax scaling evolves through different regimes governed by capacitance-related limitations, intrinsic transport enhancement, and short-channel non-idealities. This work provides physical insight into the lateral scaling behavior of ultrathin top-gate In2O3 TFTs and highlights their potential for high-frequency and power-dense applications.

To improve the breakdown voltage (BV)−specific on-resistance (R on,sp) trade-off and enhance manufacturability, this article proposes a novel lateral diffused metal−oxide−semiconductor (LDMOS) structure that features a split gate and split contact field plate (CFP). This novel structure requires no additional bias voltages, masks, or process steps, making it fully compatible with the bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process flow. The physical mechanisms are elucidated through technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. In the on-state, the positively biased split gate forms an accumulation layer at the drift region surface, thereby reducing R on,sp. In the off-state, both the split gate and split CFP introduce additional electric-field peaks that smooth the lateral electric field, thus preserving a high BV. Compared with the conventional CFP-LDMOS, the proposed CFP-LDMOS achieves an 8.52% reduction in R on,sp without compromising BV, leading to an 8.07% improvement in the figure of merit (FOM). Notably, the proposed structure can be extended to LDMOS devices across different voltage levels within BCD platforms, demonstrating its broad applicability.

A fully 3D-printed contoured double passive scattering system for ultra-high-dose-rate irradiations.

Abstract We proposed and fabricated a novel built-in channel waveguide (BCW) laser for 1.3-µm AlGaInAs/InP that enables fundamental lateral-mode at wider stripe widths. The BCW laser integrates a p-GaInAsP channel waveguide in the upper p-InP cladding and a p-InP spacer above the active region to tailor the vertical and lateral effective index profiles. Two-dimensional eigenmode simulations predict a single-mode cutoff channel width of approximately 6.2 μm for a 0.10-μm-thick channel and a 0.20-μm-thick spacer. The simulation using the self-consistent Travelling Wave Laser Model (TWLM) demonstrates that the 6 μm BCW can deliver a light output power over 500 mW for 1-mm long device with HR/LR coatings. First-trial 1-mm-long BCW lasers exhibited single-lobed lateral far fields with a channel width of 6.5-μm devices. These findings confirm an extended operating window for AlGaInAs/InP BCW lasers, enabling compact, high-power transmitters with good beam quality.

In GaAs pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors (pHEMTs) for high-power and high-linearity radio-frequency (RF) applications, significant lateral electric-field crowding at the gate–drain edge is a common issue under high drain bias, particularly during off-state and semi-off-state operation. Alleviating this peak field, however, typically leads to an increase in access resistance and degrades key RF figures of merit, resulting in an inherent robustness–performance trade-off. This work proposes a three-segment lateral δ-doping redistribution strategy in which the gate-under segment is kept unchanged, the drain-side segment is progressively reduced, and the redistributed dose is compensated by increasing the source-side segment, thereby approximately conserving the total length-weighted lateral δ-dose. Two-dimensional TCAD simulations were performed for four schemes (K1P0, K0P8, K0P6, and K0P4) using identical device geometry, material composition, and physical-model settings. DC and RF small-signal metrics were evaluated alongside an off-state robustness assessment. Electric-field mapping under a common reference bias indicates a systematic reduction in the peak lateral electric field near the gate–drain edge as the drain-side δ-doping is weakened. To enable a reproducible robustness comparison in a simulation-based study, a practical robustness metric, Vcrit, is defined as the applied drain voltage at which |ID| reaches 1 × 10− 5 A under off-state stress (VG= -3 V). Vcrit increases monotonically from 11.99 V (K1P0) to 13.28 V (K0P8), 15.41 V (K0P6), and 19.06 V (K0P4), representing improvements of 10.8%, 28.5%, and 58.9%, respectively. This gain in robustness comes at the expense of DC/RF performance: the width-normalized on-resistance (Ron·W) increases by up to 45.4%, and the transition frequency measured at the 0.3IDSS operating point decreases by up to 11.7%. These simulation-based results quantify the robustness–performance trade-off and provide a comparative basis for evaluating lateral δ-doping redistribution within the explored design space.

A new species of the genus Ditylenchus-like nematodes, was recovered from the rhizosphere surrounding Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) roots in Baoqing county, Heilongjiang province, China. The species,Ditylenchus baoqingensis n. sp., is characterized morphologically by slender females with four lateral field incisures, a delicate and short stylet (7.2–8.0 µm) with rounded knobs, a long pyriform basal pharyngeal bulb abutting the intestine, a well-developed hemispherical cardia, a posterior vulva (V = 79.1–82.4), a short and empty post-uterine sac (11.7–23.2 µm), a short and straight genital branch, and a long conical tail with a rounded terminus. Males resemble females in general morphology, possessing spicules 16.8–17.8 µm in length and a leptoderan bursa extending over approximately half the tail length. Molecular characterization was performed using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the 28S rRNA D2–D3 expansion segments. Phylogenetic analyses based on both ITS and D2–D3 sequences support the placement of D. baoqingensis n. sp. as a distinct lineage, closely related to Ditylenchus valveus and Ditylenchus israelensis within the genus.

ABSTRACT A new species of the genus Drilocephalobus, D. imperator sp. n., associated with xerophytic vegetation from coastal sand dunes of the southeast Iberian Peninsula, is described. The new species is distinguished from other species by its body size (0.80–0.90 mm in females and 0.75 mm in males), the number of longitudinal incisures in the lateral fields (n = 5), the length of the post-vulval sac (about twice the body diameter), the morphology of the female and male tails (conoid with rounded terminus), and the length (32 µm) and morphology of the spicules (almost straight, with a rounded manubrium that is scarcely bent ventrally). The anatomical structure of the stoma in Drilocephalobus is also reinterpreted. In addition, the species of the genus are reviewed and updated, and a key to valid species identification is provided. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2E96A407-7714-4D8E-8136-E12F7199D0E5

Effect of Thermoplastic Mask Cut-out on Radiation Dermatitis in Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Glottic Cancer: Basic Assessment and Clinical Outcomes.

The mechanism by which fish enhance hydrodynamic performance through collective swimming is a research hotspot in the field of underwater bionic robots. This study employs the Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method (IB-LBM) to conduct numerical simulations on a two-dimensional, single-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) autonomous propulsion bionic fish swarm. It systematically investigates the effects of swarm size and inter-individual spacing on swimming speed and cost of transport (CoT) under two typical configurations: series and parallel arrangements. Findings reveal that hydrodynamic benefits are highly dependent on the spatiotemporal evolution of flow field structures. In the series configuration, an optimal spacing range of 1.5 L to 2.0 L exists within the school, where the "wake capture" effect is pronounced. Trailing fish achieve a maximum speed increase of approximately 41.1% while significantly reducing energy consumption. However, as spacing increases to 2.5 L, the cooperative gain for front and middle-row individuals rapidly diminishes, and the lead fish even experiences significant performance loss. Uniquely, the trailing fish in the four-fish formation exhibits distinct flow field reorganization and performance recovery at the 4.5 L trailing position. In the parallel formation, the "channel effect" and "blocking effect" of the fluid dominate. The study identifies 0.4 L laterally as the critical instability spacing under the investigated kinematic regime, where strong destructive interference causes a sharp deterioration in individual swimming performance. Additionally, the parallel formation exhibits pronounced positional differentiation. Central individuals, constrained by dual lateral flow fields, experience restricted lateral wake expansion and accelerated energy dissipation, resulting in significantly weaker escape capabilities from low-speed conditions compared to marginal individuals. The vortex-dynamic mechanism revealed herein provides theoretical foundations for formation control in multi-fish biomimetic cooperative systems.

Understanding the visual systems of birds can inform conservation efforts and mitigate the impact of collisions with human-made structures. Here, we investigated the visual abilities of the black grouse, Lyrurus tetrix (Galliformes: Phasianidae), a European mountain bird highly vulnerable to collisions with aerial infrastructures. We show that black grouse have wide monocular lateral visual fields, extensive binocular overlap and a minimal blind area behind the head, altogether indicating the ability to detect aerial objects from different fields of view. The spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity of the black grouse are in the low avian range but align with the ecology of a prey species and allow the establishment of the limits of detection of an object size and contrast under variable environmental conditions. To characterize the range of wavelengths perceived, the four cone visual pigments (SWS1, SWS2, Rh2 and LW) were reconstituted and characterized functionally, showing detection of light across a spectral range spanning the visible spectrum up to 650 nm and with limited sensitivity below 400 nm. Combined with spectral and achromatic modelling analyses, our results inform on the limits of detection of aerial objects and the perception of existing visual markers that are currently employed to mitigate black grouse collisions.

ABSTRACT Topological photonic crystals (TPCs) have attracted extensive attention for their ability to support robust, backscattering‐immune light propagation, offering a promising path toward high‐performance, large‐scale photonic integration systems. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the fundamental topological properties and developing innovative TPC‐based devices, their potential to overcome practical challenges remains largely unexplored. Here, we take a substantial step forward by leveraging the topological protection inherent to TPCs to mitigate stitching losses caused by lithography field misalignment. We design and experimentally demonstrate a topological valley photonic crystal (VPC) waveguide on the silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) platform. Compared with a conventional 0.5 µm‐wide waveguide, the proposed VPC waveguide reduces stitching losses from 0.59 to 0.009 dB and from 1.53 to 0.54 dB under 100 nm lateral and longitudinal field misalignments at a wavelength of 1550 nm, corresponding to reductions of 98.3% and 64.7%, respectively. The robustness of VPC waveguides persists even under severe misalignments of up to 500 nm, equivalent to the width of a conventional waveguide. These findings not only highlight the practical viability of TPCs under realistic fabrication constraints but also pave the way for large‐scale, fabrication‐resilient photonic integration.

Objective.The dose-weighted linear energy transfer (LETd) increases significantly at the distal edge of the proton Bragg peak, leading to distinct biological responses compared to proximal regions of the depth-dose profile. Normal tissue complications have been linked to composite LETd distributions from clinical treatment plans, but the associations between LETd and complications remain inconclusive. This study introduces a field-by-field analysis method to provide more detailed insights into these relationships.Approach. LETd in composite plans was reformulated to account for weighted contributions from individual fields. Dose and LETd distributions for each field were calculated using the MCsquare Monte Carlo code. Field-specific dose volume histograms and LETd volume histograms (LETdVHs) were generated for regions with elevated LETd in 101 pediatric craniopharyngioma cases treated with two-field plans (n= 98) or three-field plans (n= 3).Main results.Individual fields contribute high LETd at the distal edge of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) and lateral field edges. High LET particles delivered physical doses of several Gy exceeding the threshold for non-stochastic acute and late effects. Composite LETd distributions, however, show lower LET at the SOBP distal edge due to contributions from low LET particles in opposing fields. Information about high LET dose deposited by individual beams is diluted in composite plan LETd distributions.Significance.Evaluating LETd distributions based solely on composite plans can obscure the contribution of high-LET regions from individual fields to the biological response of tissues. A field-by-field assessment may provide a more accurate understanding of LETd's role in normal tissue effects and may improve the prediction of complications in proton therapy.

New morphological features and phylogenetic insights of Dioctophyme renale from wild carnivores and a domestic dog in South America.

Strain engineering offers a powerful route to modulate the electronic structure and light-matter interactions in 2D semiconductors. However, existing approaches largely rely on flexible substrates or mechanically complex micro-electromechanical platforms, which limit scalability, reconfigurability, and on-chip integration. Here we introduce an in-plane isolated gated architecture that establishes strong lateral electrostatic fields across a suspended monolayer MoS2, delivering large-range, tunable, and reversible in-plane uniaxial strain without any other moving parts, by harnessing the electro-elastic coupling originating from in-plane symmetry breaking. In situ photoluminescence quantifies a monotonic bandgap tuning from 1.83eV to 1.66eV under electrostatic field modulation, corresponding to over 3% in-plane strain. With this platform, strain contrast between suspended and supported domains forms an addressable homojunction governed by field magnitude and channel orientation. This strain-defined junction exhibits rectification behavior and a tunable photoconductive cutoff wavelength spanning 640 to 785nm. Leveraging these properties, a single standalone device achieves wavelength-division multiplexing signal separation and polarization-resolved photodetection without external optical components. These results suggest electrostatic-field-induced strain as a promising, scalable, and CMOS-compatible mechanism for operando localized strain engineering in 2D materials, provides a general route to unlock capabilities in spectral sensing, polarization-aware detection, and compact optical interconnects.

Objective This study aims to investigate the impact of combined fog and nighttime conditions on drivers’ cognitive load during tunnel approach, as reflected through fixation behavior. Specifically, it examines how these compounded adverse conditions influence visual attention patterns, including fixation duration, frequency, and spatial dispersion. Methods A real-world driving experiment was conducted with 30 licensed drivers on the Xinjin Expressway. Eye movement data were collected using a Dikablis Pro eye tracker across four environmental scenarios: clear-day, foggy-day, clear-night, and foggy-night. The analysis focused on the tunnel approach zone, defined as the 10-s travel distance preceding the tunnel portal. Dependent variables included fixation duration, fixation frequency, horizontal fixation deviation, and vertical fixation deviation. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests were employed to compare these metrics across scenarios. Results The results revealed systematic variations in fixation behavior with increasing environmental complexity. Fixation duration was longest under foggy-night conditions (689.82 ± 30.4 ms) and shortest under clear-day conditions (325.59 ± 34.52 ms). Fixation frequency decreased progressively, with the highest rate in clear-day conditions (2.85 ± 0.18 Hz) and the lowest in foggy-night conditions (1.55 ± 0.17 Hz). Horizontal fixation deviation was largest in clear-day conditions (18.93 ± 2.91°) and smallest in foggy-night conditions (6.08 ± 1.68°), indicating lateral gaze constriction. Conversely, vertical fixation deviation increased significantly under adverse conditions, peaking in foggy-night scenarios (26.21 ± 3.74°), suggesting compensatory vertical scanning. All pairwise comparisons between scenarios were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusions The combined effects of fog and nighttime conditions significantly elevate drivers’ cognitive load during tunnel approaches, manifesting as prolonged information processing, reduced attentional shifting, lateral visual field narrowing, and compensatory vertical search. These findings confirm the sensitivity of fixation-based metrics as indicators of cognitive load under compounded environmental stressors. The study provides empirical evidence for developing context-aware safety interventions, such as optimized tunnel lighting, adaptive traffic management, and enhanced driver assistance systems, tailored to mitigate cognitive overload in high-risk driving scenarios.

ABSTRACT As scaling of a‐IGZO transistors continues, hot carrier degradation from increased lateral electric fields significantly impacts device stability. However, previous studies on hot carrier degradation primarily focused on electron trapping in the gate dielectric or etch stop layer, revealing a gap in investigating channel‐related mechanisms. We propose a quantitative analysis method and mitigation strategy for hot carrier degradation, focusing on the a‐IGZO channel region. We separately extracted the effective Schottky barrier heights at the source/drain sides and analyzed defect states. As a result, after hot carrier stress, an asymmetric increase of 0.48 eV in the drain‐side barrier height was extracted. Space‐charge‐limited current measurements consistently confirmed the generation of defect states near the drain. Finally, by applying a self‐assembled monolayer treatment to stabilize metal–oxygen bonds in a‐IGZO, we successfully reduced the asymmetric threshold voltage shift after hot carrier stress by approximately 55% (from 0.48 to 0.22 V) and reduced the defect states in a‐IGZO by approximately 54% (from 3.6 × 10 7 to 1.6 × 10 7 eV −1 ).

Global warming is dramatically changing high-alpine plant and animal communities. Rock glaciers serve as habitats for cold-adapted organisms. However, the diversity of subterranean organisms in rock glaciers is still insufficiently understood. We investigated the species richness and abundances of fungi, vascular plants and invertebrates living in the uppermost scree layer on two rock glaciers in the Swiss National Park. As comparison, we investigated the biodiversity of glacier forelands and adjacent lateral scree fields. ITS technique has been used to analyse fungal communities, vegetation surveys for plants and subterranean sampling devices for invertebrates. The number of fungal OTUs on rock glaciers did not differ from values recorded in forelands and lateral scree fields. Species richness of vascular plants was lower on rock glaciers than in their forelands, but higher than in lateral scree fields. A surprisingly high, previously unknown diversity of subterranean invertebrates was discovered in the scree layers: 2 snail, 48 insect and 30 other arthropod species. There were slight but significant differences in the species assemblages of plants and invertebrates between the three habitats. Due to global warming, rock glaciers may disappear, but some alpine scree fields might potentially serve as habitat for cold-adapted organisms in the future.

Humans rely on predictive control to maintain stability while walking in dynamic environments, yet the strategies driving this control remain unclear when environments are inconsistent or uncertain. To investigate this, healthy adults performed repeated, goal-directed stepping trials while a robotic device applied lateral force field disruptions to the pelvis in alternating directions (left or right). We manipulated the force field's consistency (how often the force direction switched from trial to trial) and certainty (how predictable the switches were). We quantified motor adaptation (error reduction) and sought evidence for two predictive strategies: pattern prediction (detecting a global trial pattern) and carryover prediction (assuming the next trial matches the previous one). Adaptation profiles revealed a surprising finding: consistency, not certainty, drove predictive control. When trials were consistent, participants pursued appropriate predictive strategies (pattern or carryover). However, when trials were inconsistent, participants exhibited counterproductive strategies, such as carryover prediction (despite the next trial most often being opposite) or no prediction (despite full certainty of each forthcoming trial). Error reduction was likewise dominated by consistency, with certainty exerting negligible influence. These findings, counter to long-held observations in upper-limb control, suggest the central nervous system faces unique challenges in whole-body control of walking and cannot rely on the simpler adaptation strategies observed in isolated limb control. This raises new, important questions for control of walking and whole-body motor adaptation.