Late Phenomenon Research Articles

Концепции биоморфизма и параметризма в современной архитектуре: проблемы и перспективы

В статье рассмотрены новейшие явления в архитектуре, вызванные возможностями новой цифровой технологии. Особое внимание уделено концепции «параметризма», предложенной германо-британским философом Патриком Шумахером (архитектурное бюро «Заха Хадид Арчитектс»). Показано, что Шумахер предлагает экономически выгодный и сверхбыстрый в исполнении принцип проектирования для сферы массовой городской застройки, основанный на математике «параметризма» и позволяющий массовое про­дуцирование вариаций архитектурной формы в пределах программы.
 Кратко оценена книга Шумахера «Автопоэзис архи­тектуры», которая несёт пафос прагматики, построена на матрице теории систем и одновременно - на теории коммуникации социолога Никласа Лумана, рассматри­вающего социальные системы по аналогии с системами биологическими. Термин «автопойезис», означающий самовоспроизводство, заимствован Луманом у нейро­биологов. Социальная система, по мнению социолога, аналогична биологической и способна производить и воспроизводить все свои части из себя самой. Показано, что - в свою очередь - термин «аутопойезис» заимствован у социолога Лумана философом Патриком Шумахером в теоретической работе «Автопоэзис архитектуры». Под­черкивается, что размышления Шумахера соответственно предстают: во-первых, в коммуникативной и, во-вторых, в биологической логике. И тем самым уходят от формаль­но-пространственной логики архитектурной профессии, построенной сегодня на цифровом основании, устремляясь к прагматике экономики пост-фордизма.
 Автор настоящей статьи рассматривает данную концеп­цию критически, поскольку заявленный принцип противо­речит онтологическому началу человеческого поселения, превращая городскую застройку из «города для людей» в сотообразное «подобие подобий».
 В критике автор статьи опирается на собственные доводы и на концепции теоретиков архитектуры: американца Кристо­фера Хайта, британца Марио Карпо, голландца Нильса Прака.

The democratic political process in Iraq between reform and empowerment and comprehensive review after the elections of 2018

The research has been tackled about the emerging democratic political process in Iraq since 2003 , especially it has not received much attention from specialists in political, social and legal reform. So the Iraq’s situation has been subjected to various successive crises which matched with too much differences as well as the continuation of the administration of governance in accordance with the theory of power-sharing between the three presidencies, had brought it to all positions by the responsibility which witnessed a big suspicions; because of the political corruption in both administrative and financial sides .The invitations for procuring the comprehensive reform and empowerment within democracy needed to be the latest phenomena as a part of the policy that declined in previous period, which took place the democratic political process until we found it unable to renew itself and revive its contents from inside owing to the condition of the reliance on the consensus and political quotas by their sectarian, national, ethnic components in the political society . Furthermore , the process of re-revision in order to implement the reform and empowerment in democracy’s process became an urgent need to re - model the experience with a real and effective measures for the experience that can overcome the past and present to looking forward the future, and among these requirements and needs of several trying to be consistent with them according to the requirements of this stage in light of the trend to assess the overall political situation , and others to achieve a specific comprehensive review that does not harm the democratic political process consequently . So that , every country couldn’t get into the political reform without a hierarchical way to re-build the condition of democratic empowerment , although the power-holders make the right choices to secure their presence in the authority by ensuring their electoral supremacy in the democratic political process constitutionally and legally alike .The rules of participatory democratic political action; and the continuation of formal political reforms are considered a cause of crisis with the option of stumbling path reform in the final outcome and this does not serve the whole political experience in Iraq . In spite of the effectiveness of the Iraqi society, which is characterized by effective social mobility and even political at the popular levels, especially in the levels of The middle class itself and others, which began to do so in general, by stimulating the choice between the alternatives offered , to overcome this general problems by the political reform movement that is going on at the level of the ruling political class (National settlement options) or so – called The National Historic distressed under a state of political stagnation which suffered by the most of the partisan forces that relied just on their method visions . That change does not happen on its own, but through the behavior of individuals and their actions that based on the condition of a admixture between the theory of change and actual practice overlapping ultimately the incentives , to move effectively toward the transition into the best , and between the various structural factors contribute to the conditions of overall revision , which requires attaching aspirations to fulfillment action through reformist movements and to rebuild the national peace , stable and continuous pattern of change that starts from the bottom up to the top and not vice versa. Because the recent (reverse) reform structure may lead to abrupt and unexpected results as well as the state of decline in the institutional structure of society .
 Finally, The previous scenes we found were working in accordance with the current consensuses and alliances based on the profits and rewards, by exercising the authority without relying on the legitimacy of achievement and containment the whole components together. So in the next stage will be confronted a full of crises and with new challenges, which will undoubtedly be affected by failures of traditional parties or otherwise as long as they are part of the democratic political process, because the previous election experiences could not break the barriers and penetrate the equations of the reality within the current political assumptions, So that the limits of the authority itself would not have willing to seek the mission of rebuilding the nation-state or re-building into maintain its existence in a stable, orderly and balanced systematically , despite of the attempts of some leaders and renewal (senior) leaders to move somewhat away from the symbolic model of leadership and management alike .
 All of that , it depends on the quality of reform and review to accomplish the empowerment in political democracy , and to overcome all the differences among political governing elites presently and for the future , by procuring an active democratic process consequently .

Protective roles of carbonic anhydrase 8 in Machado-Joseph Disease.

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD)/Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease that can lead to a regression of motor coordination and muscle control in the extremities. It is known that expansion of CAG repeats encodes abnormally long polyQ in mutant ataxin-3, the disease protein. It is also noted that mutant ataxin-3 interacts with 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1) and induces abnormal Ca2+ release. Previously, we have shown a significant increase in the expression of carbonic anhydrase VIII (CA8) in SK-N-SH-MJD78 cells, which are human neuroblastoma cells overexpressing mutant ataxin-3 with 78 glutamine repeats. In the current study, we showed the presence of significantly increased CA8 expression in MJD mouse cerebellum in either early or late disease stage, with a gradual decrease in CA8 expression as the MJD mice naturally aged. By immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analysis, we also found that CA8 co-localized and interacted with mutant ataxin-3 in SK-N-SH-MJD78 cells harboring overexpressed CA8 (SK-MJD78-CA8). In addition, we found that SK-MJD78-CA8 cells, as well as cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) of MJD transgenic (Tg) mouse with overexpressed CA8, were more resistant to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress than the control cells. Importantly, overexpression of CA8 in SK-MJD78-CA8 cells and in MJD CGNs rescued abnormal Ca2+ release and caused an increase in cell survival. In summary, we demonstrate the protective function of CA8 in MJD disease models and speculate that the declining expression of CA8 following an initial increased expression may be related to the late onset phenomenon of MJD.

Investigation of an ethnic predisposition to developing brain metastases (BM) in Asian patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).

e15023 Background: CRC, the third most common cancer in the United States, carries racial/ethnic disparities in both incidence and mortality. With availability of effective systemic therapies, the life of CRC patients can be prolonged which thereby increases the risk of metastases at uncommon sites, such as the brain. We report our investigation into the impact of race/ethnicity on the incidence of BM in CRC patients using retrospective data (2010 – 2018) at a single institution. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with CRC and collected data on age, race/ethnicity, stage, treatment modalities, metastatic sites, and survival. Race and ethnicity were defined in accordance with federal standards set by the U.S. Census. Following this, race/ethnicity was self-declared and/or based on the primary language declared and categorized as non-Hispanic White, Hispanic White, non–Hispanic Black, Asian, or Unknown/Other. CRC location was classified as right-sided, left-sided or rectal. Results: We identified 264 CRC patients (median age: 61; range: 38 - 99). Among them 123 identified as non-Hispanic white, 28 non-Hispanic black, 26 Hispanic white, and 9 declared Other. There were 76 (29%) who identified as Asian. Of those 76 patients, 5 (7%) developed BM. All 5 patients were male and stage IV at initial diagnosis. BM was a late stage phenomenon with rectal primary and lung metastases seemly associated with an increased risk in the specific cohort. Molecular markers such as KRAS were available in 3 patients without clear association. Median time to development of BM was 29 months (range: 26 - 33). Median overall survival after BM diagnosis was 5.5 months (range: 4 - 11). Overall survival was longest for the patient who had both radiation and surgery. Conclusions: Our study showed an incidence of BM of 7% in the Asian sub-population compared to the historical control of 0.6 – 3.2% in the overall population. These results at the least warrant further investigation in a larger patient population of BM in CRC patients with emphasis on molecular markers. Recognition of BM in CRC patients is clinically relevant secondary to multiple lines of therapy as mentioned earlier and its grave impact on outcome.

The variability of representation and latency of the F-wave in patients at different periods of spinal cord injury

Introduction. Neurophysiological examination in patients with spinal cord injury is advisable to determine the end of the period of spinal shock. F-wave is a late electromyographic phenomenon realized by activating a pool of motor neurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. In the state of spinal shock, the duration of which is variable, F-waves are not recorded. The presence of F-waves from the tibial nerves indicates the completion of spinal shock and restoration of electrical excitability of motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The appearance of F-waves is a marker for diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the viability of the cortical-spinal tract in the early stages of spinal shock.Study aim. To analyze the representation of F-waves in patients in different periods of spinal shock, depending on the level, volume and duration of the lesion.Materials and methods. There were a total of 15 patients with spinal trauma in age from 19 to 29 years enrolled. All patients affected were localized in segments C4–C7. The examination included stimulation electroneuromyography: registration of motor responses, sensory responses and F-waves from the median, ulnar, fibular and tibial nerves on both sides.Results. In 5 patients: 3 in acute, 1 in early and 1 in late periods of spinal cord injury, spinal shock was clinically diagnosed: electromyographic revealed the absence of F-waves for all tested nerves. In 4 patients in the early period of spinal cord injury F-waves were registered only with n. tibialis, the first spontaneous movements in the limbs were clinically observed; in 6 patients in the intermediate and late periods of spinal cord injury f-waves were recorded from all the nerves under study with constant latency. The end of spinal shock was clinically verified, with the presence of a minimum volume of movements and restoration of sensitivity in individual segments.Conclusion. Registration of F-wave should be a mandatory component of stimulation electromyographic in the verification of spinal shock, the duration of which is not correlated with the periods of spinal cord injury. The presence of f-waves is a diagnostic marker for transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the viability of the cortical-spinal tract.

Recent Research on Asian and Asian American Hermeneutics Related to the Hebrew Bible

Compared to Eurocentric biblical interpretations, Asian and Asian American hermeneutics is a relatively late phenomenon. Yet in the past three decades it has gradually emerged as one of the critical interpretations in contemporary scholarship. The common themes shared among Asian and Asian American hermeneutics revolve around the issues and intersections of identity, race, gender, class, liberation, and how one’s social location shapes the ways in which one interprets scripture. As regards Asian and Asian American hermeneutics related to the Hebrew Bible, the book of Exodus has received particularly broad attention due to its migration and liberation motifs. In addition, border-crossing characters and characters with hybrid identities, such as Moses, Ruth, Hagar, Daniel, and Esther, become key subjects for theological reflection. Methodologies are centered on ethnographical, feminist, postcolonial, intercontextual, and culturally specific perspectives such as Dalit and Minjung theologies, as well as LGBTQ readings. As Asian and Asian American hermeneutics related to the Hebrew Bible continues to flourish, the future of this particular way of reading scripture will likely include intersectional and integrational approaches and reception history, and will contribute to the broad interpretive spectrums of the twenty-first century.

Web Series as the Newest the Cultural Phenomenon of Postmodernism

This article deals with the process of integrating the web series into a system of audiovisual culture. The concepts of the creation of the web series by the researchers Paul Grainger, Jean Bourges and Jhua Green are presented. The interactive relationship between the creator of the web series and their audience are considered. The study reveals the specific features of the web series, which characterizes it as the latest phenomenon in the postmodernism culture.The aim of the article is to identify the morphogenetic features of the web-series as the newest phenomenon in the postmodernism culture.Research methodology uses the cultural approach and methods of systematic, morphological and art-study analysis, the comparative method. The author highlights the morphogenetic features of the web series as the newest phenomenon in the postmodernism culture.Results. The author has demonstrated that the web series is the latest cultural and artistic form of the postmodernism culture.The morphogenetic features of the web series are:1. Its ontological rhetoric, plurality and interactivity;2. Polymorphism ensures the affiliation of the web series to two morphological systems: audiovisual and Internet systems;3. Procedurality and dissipative creation of figurative and stylistic structure;4. Programmed eclecticism and fragmentation due to the standardization of consumer platforms;5. Increased level of rhetoric due to the participation of the audience in the creation of web series;6. Non-analytical, superficial, reflection of reality;7. Open seriality type.These morphogenetic features characterize the web series as a product of postmodernism and a part of the post-postmodernism culture.The obtained conclusions enable to continue the research of the issues of integrating the web series into the system of contemporary culture.Novelty. The paper is the first attempt to study the characteristic features of the web series as an element of postmodernism culture.The practical significance. The material in this article can be used in the production of web series.Keywords: web series, internet, postmodernism culture, audiovisual culture, newest cultural and artistic form, audience, interactivity.

The Age Factor Revisited: Timing in Acquisition Interacts With Age of Onset in Bilingual Acquisition

In this paper, we investigate whether timing in monolingual acquisition interacts with age of onset and input effects in child bilingualism. Six different morpho-syntactic and semantic phenomena acquired early, late or very late are considered, with their timing in L1 acquisition varying between age 3 (subject-verb agreement) and after age 6 (case marking). Data from simultaneous bilingual children (2L1) whose mean age of onset to German was 3 months are compared with data from early second language learners of German (eL2) whose mean age of onset to German was 35 months as well as with data from monolingual children. To explore change over time, children were tested twice at the ages of 4;4 and 5;8 years. The main findings were that 2L1 children had an advantage over their eL2 peers in early acquired phenomena, which disappeared with time, whereas in late acquired phenomena 2L1 and eL2 children did not differ. Moreover, 2L1 children performed like monolingual children in early acquired phenomena but had a disadvantage in the late acquired phenomena with the amount of delay decreasing with time. We conclude that age of onset effects are modulated by effects of timing in monolingual acquisition. Contrary to expectation, input in terms of language dominance, measured as the dominant language used at home, did not affect simultaneous bilingual children’s performance in any of the phenomena. We discuss the implications of our findings for the hypothesis that acquisition of late phenomena is determined by input alone and suggest an alternative concept: the learner’s internal need for time to master a phenomenon, which is determined by its complexity and cross-linguistic robustness.

Contrast enhancing spots as a new pattern of late onset pseudoprogression in glioma patients.

Magnet resonance imaging (MRI) of gliomas is assessed by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Criteria (RANO), which define new contrast-enhancing lesions as a sign for tumor recurrence. Pseudoprogression after radiotherapy may mimic tumor progression in MRI but is usually limited to the first months after irradiation. We noted a late onset pattern of new contrast-enhancing spots (NCES) appearing years after radiotherapy. We prospectively collected 23 glioma patients with 26 NCES (three patients had two separate NCES events) between 2014 and 2016 in our weekly tumor board without further selection by diagnosis, molecular markers or pretreatment. Retrospective analysis revealed a homogeneous collective of young patients (median age of 49years at NCES) with mainly IDH-mutated glioma (61%). Initial histology showed 26% glioblastoma, 52% grade III and 22% grade II glioma. NCES occurred at late follow-up with a median of 52months after tumor diagnosis and 30months after the last radiotherapy. The majority of NCES regressed spontaneously within a median of 10months (n = 11) or remained stable without further therapy with a median follow-up of 26months (n = 7). Only 4 NCES developed MRI morphologically into tumor recurrence. Two NCES were resected without any histopathological proof of tumor recurrence, and in 2 other cases NCES were defined as ischemic stroke or radionecrosis. We hypothesize that the late onset phenomenon of NCES predominantly represents a form of radiation-induced vasculopathy that is different from early pseudoprogression and should be considered especially in younger patients with IDH-mutated glioma before initiation of new therapy.

Risk Factors for Restenosis after Drug-coated Balloon Angioplasty for Complex Femoropopliteal Arterial Occlusive Disease

Currently, there exist limited data on patient outcomes following the use of drug-coated balloons (DCBs) to treat complex femoropopliteal arterial occlusive lesions. The aim of the this study is to investigate the outcomes of patient treated with DCBs and to identify the predictors of restenosis. We retrospectively investigated medical records from 120 patients (137 limbs) treated with DCBs for femoropopliteal lesions at a single center between 2013 and 2016. Primary patency, target lesion revascularization (TLR), and risk factors of restenosis were analyzed. There were 80 de novo and 57 in-stent restenosis lesions. Mean lesion length was 22.2±11.6cm. The clinical primary patency was 85.2% at 1year and 65.3% after 2years. The TLR-free survival rate was 93.0% at 1year and 87.1% after 2years. Critical limb ischemia (CLI; hazard ratio [HR] 5.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-26.68, P=0.024) and hypercholesterolemia (HR 4.66, 95% CI 1.30-16.76, P=0.018) were identified as independent predictors of restenosis. In addition, nonuse of cilostazol and popliteal artery involvement showed trends toward an increased risk of restenosis. Treatment with DCBs showed excellent primary patency and TLR-free survival at 1 year after the procedure. However, the primary patency continuously deteriorated beyond 1 year, suggesting a late catch-up phenomenon. The risk of restenosis after treatment with DCBs was significantly associated with CLI and hypercholesterolemia.

Cardiac Imaging in Systemic Diseases: What the Clinician should Know.

Importance: Systemic diseases that affect the cardiovascular system constitute a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for all specialists involved; imaging tools along with clinical suspicion play an essential role in their evaluation. These entities share neurological, immunological, renal, hematologic, oncologic, infectious and endocrine processes, all of which may have associated cardiac involvement.Observations: Recent advances in cardiac ultrasound, Computed Tomography (CT), cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) and nuclear scintigraphy have impacted the management of these conditions when involving the heart since they provide valuable anatomical and functional information while avoiding the use of invasive techniques.For this review, bibliographic sources were gathered from diverse databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO and Google Scholar, concentrating on English language publications dealing with the clinical use of these tools.Conclusion: Clinical suspicion should always guide the use of imaging since in many instances, these techniques only play a supportive role rather than representing a diagnostic gold standard. Early diagnosis is critical due to the fact that cardiac manifestations are commonly a late phenomenon.

Renal resistive index as an early predictor and discriminator of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients; A prospective observational cohort study.

BackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) complicates shock. Diagnosis is based on rising creatinine, a late phenomenon. Intrarenal vasoconstriction occurs earlier. Measuring flow resistance in the renal circulation, Renal Resistive Index (RRI), could become part of vital organ function assessment using Doppler ultrasound. Our aim was to determine whether RRI on ICU admission is an early predictor and discriminator of AKI developed within the first week.MethodsIn this prospective cohort of mixed ICU patients with and without shock, RRI was measured <24-h of admission. Besides routine variables, sublingual microcirculation and bioelectrical impedance were measured. AKI was defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Uni- and multivariate regression and Receiver Operating Characteristics curve analyses were performed.ResultsNinety-nine patients were included, median age 67 years (IQR 59–75), APACHE III score 67 (IQR 53–89). Forty-nine patients (49%) developed AKI within the first week. AKI patients had a higher RRI on admission than those without: 0.71 (0.69–0.73) vs. 0.65 (0.63–0.68), p = 0.001. The difference was significant for AKI stage 2: RRI = 0.72 (0.65–0.80) and 3: RRI = 0.74 (0.67–0.81), but not for AKI stage 1: RRI = 0.67 (0.61–0.74). On univariate analysis, RRI significantly predicted AKI 2–3: OR 1.012 (1.006–1.019); Area Under the Curve (AUC) of RRI for AKI 2–3 was 0.72 (0.61–0.83), optimal cut-off 0.74, sensitivity 53% and specificity 87%. On multivariate analysis, RRI remained significant, independent of APACHE III and fluid balance; adjusted OR: 1.008 (1.000–1.016).ConclusionsHigh RRI on ICU admission was a significant predictor for development of AKI stage 2–3 during the first week. High RRI can be used as an early warning signal RRI, because of its high specificity. A combined score including RRI, APACHE III and fluid balance improved AKI prediction, suggesting that vasoconstriction or poor vascular compliance, severity of disease and positive fluid balance independently contribute to AKI development.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02558166.

SOME DIAGNOSTIC OPPORTUNITIES OF FUNCTIONAL ELECTRONEUROMYOGRAPHY IN RADICULAR SYNDROME

Objective. To analyze dynamic changes in the average F-wave latency in non-operated and operated patients with disc herniation and radicular compression syndrome. Material and Methods . A total of 81 patients were examined including 29 with non-operated nerve root compression, 32 with remaining pain syndrome (failed back surgery syndrome) and recurrent disc herniation after surgery, and 20 control patients. All patients underwent electroneuromyographic study of the average F-wave latency using a functional test in the supine and sitting positions. Results. There was no significant change in the average F-wave latency in non-operated patients with radicular syndrome, in the group of operated patients with failed back surgery syndrome and in the group of operated patients with recurrent disc herniation. The average F-wave latency decreased in the group of operated patients with instability of the spinal motion segment and in the group of operated patients with soft-tissue compression of the nerve root. Conclusion . The study of the late neurographic phenomenon of Fwave can be performed not only in the classical static position of a patient, but also in functional tests. The absence of significant changes in the average F-wave latency in a dynamic study indicates organic nerve root compression, while its decrease serves as an indicator of functional compression.

Long-term experience with intranasal bevacizumab therapy.

Long-term follow-up of intranasal bevacizumab therapy in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Prospective, noncomparative study. Patients treated for HHT-associated epistaxis by intranasal submucosal bevacizumab injections between June 2011 and August 2013 were included and followed prospectively. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by the epistaxis severity score (ESS); the epistaxis intensity, frequency, and the need of blood transfusion (IFT) score; and hemoglobin levels. Thirty-three patients were included. The total number of treatments with intranasal bevacizumab injection was 210. The mean number of treatments per patient was 6.2 ± 4.6 (range, 1-16), and the mean treatment and observation period was 38.8 ± 21.8 months (range, 2-66 months). Four patients showed no improvement after treatment. Eleven patients (33.3%) showed initial improvement in both ESS and IFT, but the treatment was discontinued before the end of the study because the effect became gradually shorter lasting despite repeated injections. Twelve patients (36.3%) continued to have a positive response to the treatment at the end of the study. No local adverse effects were observed, but one patient developed osteonecrosis in both knees during the treatment period. Intranasal bevacizumab injection is an effective treatment for most of the moderate and severe grades of HHT-associated epistaxis. The duration of the effect of the treatment was variable. Primary and late resistance phenomena to the treatment were quite common. 4. Laryngoscope, 128:2237-2244, 2018.

Kultura i demokratija - razbistravanje pojmova

This paper deals with the conceptual and historical relationship between culture and (non) democracy. The notion of culture is understood in the wider (way of the whole life of one nation) and narrower (artistic­ creative) sense. As a system that does not prevent freedom of thought, creation and action, democracy represents the expansion of freedom in the artistic field of culture. In every system of public authorities and social relations, culture and art face certain challenges. The search for an art form, which by definition is an artistic gift, is often caught in grip of judicial obstacles. In non­democratic systems, the artist responds with his work to the external pressure of power. The political framework is a challenge for his/her creativity. In democratic societies and countries, the artist and his/her work face the mediators, which are cultural-market organizations and private and public institutions that do (or do not) open up a way to audiences. These brokers have the opportunity to accept or not accept artistic work for reasons of aesthetic judgement, market success or dislike towards the author. Also, the tastes of artistic audiences are different, so they can accept or protest against an artwork. The latest phenomenon is a democratization of culture in digital technology. The experience of cultural and artistic creativity in these two forms of public authority and social relations shows that art, as part of the cultural segment of a society, is not offered a safe haven but constant excitement, being caught in the relations among artist­work-audience-states. In that sense, one must always bear in mind that the democratization of culture can well take place in the institutional field, but not in the creative one. Great creators and their works do not produce any system of public authority, but offer their gift, talent, motivation, imagination and knowledge.

New Poor Law Medical Care in the Local Health Economy

The Poor Law Amendment Act (1834) failed to address sickness as a major reason for the increasing levels of pauperism and yet has been credited with setting the scene for the development of the National Health Service in 1948. This investigation analysing the poor law medical services of Birmingham and Wolverhampton demonstrates that the influence of the New Poor Law in their development was significant in the latter, but had little immediate effect in the former. However, in both towns the medical service played a crucial part in the control of infectious disease, particularly at times of local outbreaks or national epidemics. This role within the local community involved close collaboration with the relevant sanitary authority, in some cases with the provision of joint isolation facilities and policies. Overall, the poor law medical services in both locations were important elements in the lives of the poor even in the early days after the Act and comprised significant components of the medical landscape of each town. Although the medicalization of English workhouses was not a late nineteenth century phenomenon, they became the single most important institutional setting for the provision of medical care by the early twentieth century.

Motion and production of microparticles in vacuum interrupter

Vacuum circuit breakers are widely used in medium-voltage class. In vacuum circuit breakers, restrikes and non-sustained disruptive discharges sometimes occur after current interruptions. It is said that these late breakdowns are triggered by the microparticles. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between the motion of microparticles and subsequent late breakdown phenomena. It does by artificially injecting microparticles into the vacuum gap and observing their motion using a highspeed video camera. We focused on the sputtering of the electrode material during the current interruption and the mechanical stress of the switching operation as being the origin of these microparticles. We found that the motion of microparticles can be grouped into two distinct patterns: bouncing and attaching. Bouncing microparticles seem to be made of metal, while most of the attaching microparticles attached themselves to the cathode, and their charge was about five times greater than that of the bouncing microparticles. The attaching microparticles seem to be positively charged by secondary electron emissions from the surface under electron bombardment due to the field emission current from the cathode. From these results, we believe that the surfaces of the attaching particles are covered with an insulating layer. From our observations of the production of microparticles by mechanical stress, we have found that the breakdown voltage of the gap drastically drops after a mechanical switching operation where microparticles are produced. The breakdown voltage is restored with repetitive mechanical switching operations and subsequent voltage application. However, the breakdown voltage drops again when the operating speed of the electrode is increased. We also found that microparticles are scattered from the cathode spots on electrodes that have not been current-conditioned, and they are hardly produced from electrodes that are current-conditioned. From these results, we believe that controlling the speed of the mechanical switching operation and the current conditioning are effective ways to prevent the microparticles from being produced.

Tackling non-linearities with the effective field theory of dark energy and modified gravity

We present the extension of the effective field theory framework to the mildly non-linear scales. The effective field theory approach has been successfully applied to the late time cosmic acceleration phenomenon and it has been shown to be a powerful method to obtain predictions about cosmological observables on linear scales. However, mildly non-linear scales need to be consistently considered when testing gravity theories because a large part of the data comes from those scales. Thus, non-linear corrections to predictions on observables coming from the linear analysis can help in discriminating among different gravity theories. We proceed firstly by identifying the necessary operators which need to be included in the effective field theory Lagrangian in order to go beyond the linear order in perturbations and then we construct the corresponding non-linear action. Moreover, we present the complete recipe to map any single field dark energy and modified gravity models into the non-linear effective field theory framework by considering a general action in the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formalism. In order to illustrate this recipe we proceed to map the beyond-Horndeski theory and low-energy Hořava gravity into the effective field theory formalism. As a final step we derived the 4th order action in term of the curvature perturbation. This allowed us to identify the non-linear contributions coming from the linear order perturbations which at the next order act like source terms. Moreover, we confirm that the stability requirements, ensuring the positivity of the kinetic term and the speed of propagation for scalar mode, are automatically satisfied once the viability of the theory is demanded at linear level. The approach we present here will allow to construct, in a model independent way, all the relevant predictions on observables at mildly non-linear scales.

The Late Jurassic extensional event in the central part of the South China Block – evidence from the Laoshan’ao shear zone and Xiangdong Tungsten deposit (Hunan, SE China)

ABSTRACTThe Late Mesozoic tectonics strongly reworked the tectonic framework of East Asia. In the South China Block (SCB), the major Late Mesozoic phenomena are featured by numerous magmatic activities, (half-) graben basins opening, and abundant ore deposits formation. The intrinsic relationships of these phenomena with the tectonic regime are still hotly debated, partly due to the lack of structural data. To advance the understanding of these issues, we conducted a detailed structural analysis including field and microscopic observations as well as an Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) investigation in the Laoshan’ao shear zone (LSA), which is the northern branch of the major Chaling–Chenzhou–Linwu Fault (CCLF) in the SCB. The new data enable us to reach the following conclusions: the evolution of the LSA can be divided into three deformation phases. D1 is a NW–SE-stretching event featured by the SE-dipping normal fault with a top-to-the-SE shear sense, coeval with the emplacement of the 154 Ma Batuan syn-tectonic pluton that leads to the development of the Xiangdong tungsten deposit and the opening of the Cretaceous Chaling basin; D2 is a NE–SW-striking dextral strike–slip event that dislocated the ore veins formed during the D1 event; D3 is a NW-directed thrusting event that cross-cut the previous gneissic foliation. D1 is the major event of the LSA shear zone, interpreted as the reactivation of the CCLF in response to the Late Mesozoic tectonics in the SCB, and indicates a NW-SE extensional regime since the Late Jurassic in the study area. This study also provides an example for an ore-forming process controlled by both the hydrothermal fluid coming from a syn-tectonic granite and the accommodation of tension gashes opened by the regional extensional event.

3119Comparison of late catch-up phenomenon after second generation DES implantation with bare metal stent implantation assessed by optical coherence tomography

3119Comparison of late catch-up phenomenon after second generation DES implantation with bare metal stent implantation assessed by optical coherence tomography