Late Insertion Research Articles

38 Does Umbilical Venous Catheter tip position impact complication rates in neonates?

Abstract Background Umbilical venous catheter (UVC) insertion is a very common procedure in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). UVCs are placed in ideal position in only about 50% cases. It is common practice to secure UVC in low position in the event of failure to place in optimal position. However, little is known about the association between catheter tip position and UVC related complications in neonates. Objectives The primary objective was to examine the association between the UVC tip position and UVC related complications in neonates. Our secondary objective was to evaluate the association between timing of UVC insertion and complication rates. Design/Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of all neonates who had UVC inserted in a tertiary NICU between January 2017 and December 2018. Neonates with major congenital or chromosomal anomalies, hydrops fetalis and prenatally diagnosed cardiac arrhythmias or pericardial effusion were excluded. Electronic medical records and medical charts were reviewed. The primary outcome was presence of any one of the following complications: cardiac (arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, intracardiac thrombosis), hepatic (liver hematoma, cystic fluid collection in the liver, liver abscess, portal vein thrombosis), catheter associated infection, and mechanical complications. We compared the complications rates based on UVC tip position as determined by thoraco-abdominal radiograph. Optimal UVC position was defined as catheter tip between T8-T10 vertebral levels; low position as below T10 and high position as above T8. We also examined the association between time at UVC insertion (i.e. early (<12 hours) versus late (≥12 hours) and the type of complications. Results Among the 589 neonates who had UVC inserted during the study period, 40 were excluded. Of 549 included, UVC tip was at optimal position in 267 (48.6%), low position in 248 (45.2%) and high position in 34 (6.2%) neonates. The mean gestational age and birth weight of the study cohort were 30.9 ± 5.1 weeks and 1712 ± 1035g respectively. The mean birth weight and gestational age were comparable among the three groups. The overall complication rate was 36/549 (6.5%). There were no significant differences in the overall complication rates between the three groups (Table 1). However, cardiac complications (arrhythmias) were more frequent in the high UVC group compared to the optimum position group (8.8% vs 0.37%, OR 10; 95% CI 1.84, 56.5). Among 549 neonates, 391 had early UVC insertion and 158 had late insertion of UVC. There was no significant difference in UVC related complications between early and late insertion of UVC (6.9 % versus 5.7%, OR 2.49; 95% CI 0.34, 17.8). Conclusion The UVC related complications were more frequent in infants with high UVC position and least among those with optimal UVC position; although not statistically significant, it may be clinically important. High UVC position was more frequently associated with cardiac complications. There was no difference in complication rates between early and late UVC insertion.

FROM "OUTSIDER WITHIN" TO "OUTSIDER WITH US"

Interview invitation sent to Faye Harrison, in a moment really memorable and very important to me (and my community) as transgender and latin american woman. The audience was primarily the Journal (RE-DOC - UERJ) but for the late insertion, we find another productions of researchers in education interested in race, xenophobia, indentity and interested too in gender studies and also, we try to summarize what the education is talking about, when we talk about you, how you know and felt when you had been here at UERJ. That is something interesting because you are mainly working [in] gender, identity and race. You have around mostly with "outsider within" working here, but still the impact of your work and your earlier work is still connected to your nowadays writings. 
 And now that you are promoting your book "Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further toward an Anthropology for Liberation," I think people want to know your opinion about what we are doing here in terms of theory itself that can be connected to education.

Language mixing within verbs and nouns in American Norwegian

This paper presents case-studies of language mixing within verbs and nouns in the heritage language American Norwegian, which refers to varieties spoken by Norwegian immigrants to the US and their descendants. The paper builds on data from the newly established Corpus of American Norwegian Speech and argues in favor of an exoskeletal approach to language mixing. This approach distinguishes between abstract syntactic feature bundles and the morphophonological realization of these bundles, much like in late insertion approaches to morphology. A main goal of the paper is to show how the word-internal mixing patterns observed in American Norwegian can be analyzed in a model of grammar employing an exoskeletal approach with late-insertion.

Bleeding and spotting with the levonorgestrel 13.5 mg intrauterine system: the impact of insertion timing

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of early versus late menstrual cycle insertion on bleeding/spotting in the 90 days following levonorgestrel (LNG) 13.5 mg intrauterine system (IUS) insertion. Study designIn this observational study, participants received a LNG 13.5 mg IUS and provided 90 days of bleeding/spotting data by answering the following daily text: “Have you had no flow (0), spotting (1), or bleeding (2) today?” We dichotomized insertion timing as early (days 1–7 from last menstrual period) and late (remainder of menstrual cycle) and compared bleeding/spotting between the two groups in the 90- and 30-day reference periods. We used multivariate regression methods to study associations between cycle day at insertion, parity, historical bleeding, recent hormonal contraceptive use and bleeding/spotting. ResultsIn the 90-day dichotomous analysis (n=125), we found no differences in the number of days of bleeding/spotting, bleeding or spotting between the early and late insertion groups. In the 30-day dichotomous analysis (n=131), early insertion was associated with fewer days of bleeding than late insertion (5±3 vs. 7±4 days, p<.01). Recent hormonal contraceptive users experienced fewer days of bleeding than new users (5±4 vs. 7±3 days, p<.01). In the 90- and 30-day regression models, earlier insertion was associated with fewer days of bleeding (p=.02, p=.02). Recent contraceptive use was associated with fewer days of bleeding/spotting (90-day, p=.03) and fewer days of bleeding (30-day, p<.01). Nulliparity was associated with spotting (30-day, p=.04). ConclusionsEarly cycle insertion does not impact 90-day bleeding/spotting. Early cycle insertion and recent hormonal contraceptive use decrease 30-day bleeding. ImplicationsThe LNG 13.5 mg IUS may be inserted throughout the menstrual cycle with small differences in bleeding patterns in the 30 but not the 90 days following insertion. Shared decision making should determine timing of insertion.

What matters most when it comes to vocabulary and language development?

What matters most when it comes to vocabulary and language development?

Antecedent‐Contained Deletion in Japanese: Support for the VP‐Ellipsis Analysis

AbstractIn this article, I demonstrate that antecedent‐contained deletion (ACD) exists in Japanese, thereby supporting the V‐stranding VP‐ellipsis analysis, and that the infinite regress resolution with such ACD cases must be made by overt movement. I suggest that this way of infinite regress resolution is a universal property, demonstrating that English ACD cases can be analyzed along these lines. I also argue that what seems like a case of Japanese ACD involves argument ellipsis, even though it violates the anti‐c‐command requirement, and that the apparent violation is resolved by adopting the late insertion of adjuncts and the derivational definition of c‐command.

Towards a morphosyntactic analysis of -ish

This article deals with the morphosyntactic and semantic properties of the adjectives derived with the English morpheme -ish. The main goal of the paper is to outline a morphosyntactic analysis of -ish that: (i) accounts for its cross-categorial nature, (ii) derives its surface polysemy, and (iii) is compatible with Bochnak &amp; Csipak's (2014) recent semantic analysis of deadjectival -ish (for example, reddish) and free-standing propositional -ish (for example, I liked the movie …ish) as a metalinguistic degree operator. Focusing on the analysis of the various subtypes of bounded -ish forms, this paper develops a unified morphosyntactic approach to -ish with a single shared semantics, and suggests that the cross-categorial and polysemous nature of -ish derives from three main closely interrelated factors: (i) the source of the degree variable that -ish targets, whether syntactic, lexical, or metalinguistic; (ii) the syntactic realization site of -ish; and (iii) the late insertion of the underspecified morpheme -ish.

Subset relations in ellipsis licensing

This paper aims to provide arguments for the claim that ellipsis licensing requires elided material to constitute a subset of its antecedent. On the empirical side, I focus on deriving Ross’ (1970) generalization that backward gapping is restricted to OV contexts. A new operation Total Impoverishment is proposed for ellipsis, which involves insertion of null morphemes into the ellipsis site in a late insertion framework such as Distributed Morphology. This approach is developed as a possible alternative to Merchant’s (2001) account based on the formal [E]-feature. It will be shown that the correlation between word order and the directionality of gapping falls out under the present approach, and in addition more general arguments for the role of the subset in ellipsis will be presented, as well as a critique of the [E]-feature approach from the perspective of alternatives to formal features.

Armed for Battle? On the Meaning of חמשים in Exodus 13,18

AbstractThis short note addresses the meaning of חמשים in Ex 13,18. It argues that חמשים is a late redactional insertion that upholds the Israelite exodus as an organized militaristic force.

Plural exponence in the Nez Perce DP: a DM analysis

This paper analyzes two patterns of number marking in the DP in Nez Perce (Sahaptian) within the framework of Distributed Morphology. The first involves under-realization of plural on nouns. Number has classically been understood as a feature inherent to nouns, rather than to adjectives that modify them. In Nez Perce, however, only a small set of nouns show number morphology, whereas number morphology is highly productive on adjectival modifiers. Adjectives in fact may realize the plural more than once per word—an instance of multiple exponence. I show that the puzzle of under-realization for nouns can be solved through conditioned allomorphy, providing new evidence for the presence of gender features on n (Lowenstamm 2007; Kramer 2014). The puzzle of multiple exponence (over-realization) for adjectives can be solved through Local Dislocation (Embick and Noyer 2001) combined with very late insertion of reduplicative content (Haugen 2008, 2011), demonstrating one way the DM architecture may produce multiple exponence without recourse to dedicated mechanisms.

Deuteronomy and Centralization

Abstract Biblical scholars have long attributed King Josiah’s reform to the influence of Deuteronomy and its call for centralizing the cult. Even those who trace the book’s origin to the Northern kingdom or regard chapter 12 as a late insertion understand it as requiring cult centralization. Since so much of modern biblical scholarship rests on linking Deuteronomy to Josiah’s reform, that chapter has been described as “an archimedean point” for biblical studies. However, the syntax of Deuteronomy 12 (especially verses 5 and 13-14) does not require that sacrifice be limited to a single place, though these verses may have come to be understood that way. As a result, the dating of other biblical books on the basis of their dependence on Deuteronomy or their awareness of cult centralization must be reconsidered.

Factors influencing decision-making in relation to timing of gastrostomy insertion in patients with motor neurone disease

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the decision-making process leading up to gastrostomy insertion from the perspective of the patients and their informal carers. Gastrostomy feeding is commonly used to support...

Roots and the Derivation

Contrary to recent work in Distributed Morphology adopting Early Root Insertion (the notion that Roots are present from the outset of the syntactic derivation), we argue that Late Insertion applies to Roots just like other morphemes. We support this conclusion with empirical evidence (Root suppletion and hyponymous direct objects in noun incorporation and related constructions) and conceptual considerations (including the beneficial obviation of readjustment operations and the possibility that narrow syntax is universal). Additional data (Latin semideponent verbs) allow us to recast Embick’s (2000) licensing analysis of Latin deponent verbs as a further argument for Late Root Insertion.

Insercion léxica tardía en la concordancia verbal y las interrogativas divididas

This article addresses the problem of how lexicon and grammar interact with each other. Through the study of two empirical cases we argue for a late insertion account in which items are introduced to spell out grammatical constructions without the intermediation of additional levels of operations. We argue that data like those are best handled by a system like that, to the extent that no additional assumptions have to be made. The two phenomena studied are the bound variable reading of first and second person pronouns and qué-extension in the colloquial Peninsular Spanish variety..

Indirect passives and the selection of English participles

Previous studies of the English passive have not recognized a subtype whose auxiliaries are not simply be or get, but transitive grammatical verbs, in particular have, get, want, need, see or hear. These “indirect passives,” as I call them, are shown here to be verbal and not adjectival, and to not consist of embedded passive clauses containing simple passives, such as reduced relatives or other types of “small clauses.” Rather, indirect passives are structurally parallel to the traditional (“direct”) passives, except that their auxiliaries are transitive rather than intransitive verbs. Both passive and active participle phrases, of all subtypes, are argued here to be adjective phrases (APs), whose verbs have word-internal right hand heads, the As -en and -ing. Passive auxiliaries in both direct and indirect passives are then grammatical verbs that select adjective phrase complements.The limitation of passive auxiliaries to grammatical rather than open class verbs provides crucial evidence for dividing lexicons into two components, whose members enter syntactic derivations differently. Open class items, including the -en and -ing heads of lexically stored adjectives, enter trees only when derivational phases begin, while closed class items, including auxiliaries and the inflectional endings -en and -ing, can also enter derivations “late,”after a phasal domain is sent to Logical Form. Their “empty A heads” are neither interpreted as properties nor visible during the next derivational phase τ, prior to the late insertion of closed class items on τ. Consequently, even though they are distributionally and often morphologically APs, the inflectional participles (so called verbal passives and progressives) all exhibit familiar internal V-headed syntactic patterns.

Reducing ‘case’ to denotational primitives

The nominal inflection system of Albanian includes specifications of case, definiteness, number and nominal class (gender). Our analysis recognizes three types of properties as theoretically relevant, namely N(ominal class), Q(quantification), D(efiniteness). Q inflections are responsible for the so-called oblique case - effectively a dyadic operator yielding a ‘zonal inclusion’ (possession) relation between the element to which it attaches and the internal argument of the verb (dative) or the head of a noun phrase (genitive). Q inflections are further responsible for plurality, while N inflections satisfy argument-of contexts (accusative)and D characterizes EPP contexts(nominative). Syncretisms (e.g. of dative and genitive, nominative and accusative) are not the result of morphological rules requiring Late Insertion of exponents (Distributed Morphology). Rather they are instances of ambiguity, resolved in the syntax (different embeddings) or at the interpretive interface. As such they are compatible with projection of the morphosyntax from lexical entries. Keywords: Case, nominative, accusative, oblique, syncretism, nominal class, plural, definiteness, possessor, locative.

Ten years single-centre experience with intra-aortic balloon pump

Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the patient characteristics and outcomes in 1406 patients undergoing intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) counterpulsation.Methods Between 1998 and 2008, 1406 consecutive patients were recorded in a prospective database. Based on the main clinical indication for IABP use, we defi ned 3 groups: group A, 630 cases of coronary ischaemia or infarction without serious left ventricular (LV) dysfunction; group B, 466 patients with left ventricular failure or cardiogenic shock; group C, 310 patients where IABP was used for miscellaneous procedures such as weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass or during high-risk angioplasty or surgery.Results Global mortality was 28% (n = 390), with a signifi cant diff erence between group A (15%, n = 95) and group B (41%, n = 191) (P< 0.001). Mortality in group C was 34% (n = 104). Most insertions were done in the catheterization laboratory (n = 943) with subsequent mortality of 23% whereas 199 balloons were inserted in the operation room with 34% mortality. 170 balloons inserted in the intensive care unit resulted in 46% mortality (P< 0.001).Major IABP-induced complications were 6.8% with no statistical diff erences between the three groups. Advanced age, left ventricular failure and low BMI were identifi ed as prognostic risk factors for early mortality.Conclusions IABP deployed at an early clinical stage yields the best results, especially for acute coronary patients with preserved LV function whereas LV failure and late insertion result in worse outcome.

&lt;i&gt;Uttering trees&lt;/i&gt; (review)

Reviewed by: Uttering trees Yosuke Sato Norvin Richards. 2010. Uttering trees. In the series Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Pp. x + 233. US $24.69 (softcover). Uttering trees presents two hypotheses regarding the syntax-phonology interface within the framework of the Minimalist Program. One hypothesis, “Distinctness”, states that if any pair of nodes in a spelled-out domain cannot be distinguished from each other, and are in an asymmetric c-command relation, the derivation crashes because the linearization procedure would include a contradictory statement of the form < α,α >. The other hypothesis, “Beyond strength and weakness”, is an attempt to predict whether a language has overt wh-movement or wh-in-situ from the position of the interrogative C (initial vs. final) and its prosodic alignment structure (right vs. left-edge). The book consists of four chapters followed by notes, references, and index. Chapter 1 (“Introduction”) gives an overview of the two hypotheses. Chapter 2 (“Distinctness”) presents an argument for the Distinctness Hypothesis (1). 1. Distinctness: If a linearisation statement < α,α > is generated, the derivation crashes. (p. 5) Couched within Phase Theory (Chomsky 2000), (1) disallows any trees where two nodes of the same type are to be linearized in the same spell-out domain if they are in an asymmetric c-command relation. The precise nature of “the same type” varies across languages. In English, two nodes cannot be distinguished from each other if they share the same label. Richards claims that this follows from the proposal of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993), that functional heads are inserted via late vocabulary insertion. Assuming that linearization precedes late insertion, two nodes of the same label are non-distinct and cause the derivation to crash if linearized in the same spell-out domain. Section 2.1 examines several cases of Distinctness violations. For example, English allows multiple sluicing (2a), but such a construction is impossible if the remnants are both dps (2b). This pattern follows from (1) if the two dps are non-distinct within the same spelled-out domain. 2. Section 2.2 shows that the Distinctness effects are sensitive not to phonological adjacency, but to spell-out domains demarcated by the phase-based derivation. Richards first uses various facts to show that linear adjacency is insufficient. For instance, consider the examples in (3). 3. The condition in (1) correctly predicts the contrast between (3b) and (3a, c). Since passives do not induce a phase boundary (Chomsky 2000), made and leave in (3b) [End Page 286] are linearized in the same spell-out domain. This is not the case in (3a) or (3c), which involves the phase-inducing transitive verb. Linear adjacency would not predict the contrast in (3b, c) because the two verbs are adjacent in both cases, but only (3c) is grammatical. Linear adjacency is not necessary, either. For example, a Distinctness effect arises in a quotative inversion where two dps appear after the verb (4a). The effect persists even when an adverb disrupts the adjacency between the two dps (4b). This pattern follows if the two dps are spelled-out in the same domain. 4. Section 2.3 investigates the type and features of nodes that Distinctness is sensitive to. Richards argues that different languages avoid Distinctness violations by assigning different features to the potentially offending nodes. Japanese, for instance, allows multiple dp-sluicing. Distinctness effects arise only when both remnants have the same case or animacy (5). 5. Thus, the calculation of Distinctness is more nuanced in Japanese dps than English dps; two dps are non-distinct only if they have the same values for case and animacy. Section 2.4 examines four methods for avoiding Distinctness violations: (i) adding phase boundaries, (ii) removing functional superstructure from one of the offending nodes, (iii) movement suppression, and (iv) movement. Section 2.5 argues that parts of Case theory, together with Case Resistance, can be made to follow from (1). Chapter 3 (“Beyond strength and weakness”) proposes that the overt vs. covert wh-movement distinction, stipulated in the Minimalist Program, is predictable from the position of the interrogative C and the prosodic alignment of Minor Phrases (hereafter, MinPs). Specifically...

Ionizing Radiation as a Phytosanitary Treatment Against Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Efficacy in Naturally Versus Artificially Infested Fruit

Some phytosanitary irradiation treatment research against tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) has used artificially infested fruit with the unstated and untested assumption that the method adequately simulated a natural situation. We compare grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macfayden, naturally infested by Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), via oviposition until larvae reached the late third instar versus insertion of diet-reared third instars into holes made in grapefruits 24 h before irradiation; the latter technique has been used in other studies. Both infestation techniques resulted in statistically indistinguishable results, indicating that insertion of diet-reared third instar Mexican fruit fly into holes bored into grapefruit and subsequently sealed 24 h before irradiation would adequately represent natural infestation and could be used to develop a radiation phytosanitary treatment of the insect in grapefruit when prevention of adult emergence is used as the measure of efficacy. Nevertheless, it may not be advisable to extend this conclusion to other fruit fly/fruit combinations without doing appropriate comparison studies. Dissection of puparia from nonirradiated control insects that failed to emerge as adults showed a relatively even distribution of mortality among the developmental stages within the puparium. In contrast, dissection of puparia from irradiated third instars that did not emerge as adults revealed a sharp attenuation in development from cryptocephalic to phanerocephalic pupae demonstrating this transition to be the developmental step most affected by radiation.

Suppletive verbal morphology in Korean and the mechanism of vocabulary insertion

This paper provides a Distributed Morphology analysis of the paradoxical interaction of the two cases of verbal suppletion in Korean, and argues that the two suppletion types are characterized by two different types of morphological operations. The two roots found with short-form negation and honorification suggest different morphological structures: [[Neg-V] Hon] foral- ‘know’,molu- ‘not.know’,a-si- ‘know-hon’,molu-si- (not *an(i)a-si-) ‘negknow-hon’; and [Neg [V-Hon]] foriss- ‘exist’,eps- ‘not.exist’,kyey-si- ‘exist-hon’,an(i)kyey-si- (not *eps-(u)-si-) ‘negexist-hon’. Predicate repetition constructions support the [[Neg-V] Hon] structure. In this structure, however, the negative suppletion (analyzed as fusion of negation and the root) is blocked by the honorific suffix structurally more peripheral to the root. C-command is the only requirement for context allomorphy in Distributed Morphology (Halle &amp; Marantz 1993). Since the [+hon] feature c-commands the root, the root can show honorific suppletive allomorphy in the first cycle with negation intervening between the root and [+hon]. Negation fusion occurs in the second cycle after vocabulary insertion of the root. Fusion, then, should refer to vocabulary items, not abstract features, and will be interleaved with vocabulary insertion. If the output of the root is /kyey/ due to the honorific feature, negative suppletion will not apply and the correct forman(i)kyey-si- will be derived. Therefore, both of the distinct morphological operations for suppletion, i.e., fusion and contextual allomorphy, are necessary. The revised formulation of fusion shows that certain morphological operations follow vocabulary insertion. This derivational approach to the suppletion interaction provides support for separation of phonological and nonphonological features and for late insertion of phonological features.