Largest Source Of Funding Research Articles

Analisis Sistem dan Prosedur Pemungutan Bea Perolehan Hak Atas Tanah dan Bangunan (BPHTB) Pada Badan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Sanggau

Governments from the central to regional levels need funds to carry out their duties. This also includes fulfilling work programs whose goal is to create prosperity and welfare for the community. Of course, to obtain funds to support all these activities, the government must be diligent in exploring various existing funding sources. Sources of these funds can be obtained from the tax sector, investment, and so on. The tax sector is the largest source of funds or income obtained by local governments. The purpose of this research is to determine the system analysis and procedures for collecting land and building acquisition fees (BPHTB) at the Sanggau Regency Regional Revenue. The research method uses analytical descriptive. The results of this research indicate that the process of collecting fees for the acquisition of land and building rights can be handled by following predetermined systems and procedures. It is known that the Regional Revenue Agency is one of the Regional Government Organizations that provides public services, which seek to improve the quality of service-oriented performance to the user community. This research also succeeded in summarizing or finding out about the system and procedures for collecting fees for the acquisition of land and building rights at the Regional Revenue Agency of Sanggau Regency.

Mosque-Based Islamic Social Enterprise: A New ‎Approach to Mosque Management ‎Transformation

This paper explores the potential of Mosque-Based Islamic Social Enterprise (MBISE) as a new approach to mosque management transformation. As a religious entity that relies on donations, mosques often experience stagnation due to traditional management. Transformation is necessary to avoid dependence on donations to achieve the mosque's goals. The study examines the practices of MBISE in Indonesia, focusing on mosque business units. This paper used a mixed method approach by conducting a literature study based on online news and articles in scientific journals focusing on the mosque business unit as a representative of MBISE. Collected data were analyzed using content analysis techniques. The results show that at least 61 mosques have business units. More than 50% of the mosques are in the Java region. Most business is the rental of mosque assets such as halls, mosque courtyards, and shops. The largest source of funds is gathered from donations used as capital for business units (infak). The significant impact felt is the increased independence of the mosque with a source of income other than donations. Another widely enjoyed impact is the implementation of community empowerment around the mosque. The study shows that mosque business units indicate significant characteristics with the Islamic Social Enterprise concept called Mosque-Based Islamic Social Enterprise. This study contributes as a reference for the development of nonprofit organizations, especially mosques, so they can use congregational donations for activities that can multiply mosque income and support the achievement of mosque prosperity through mosque business units.

Home sleep apnea tests: Conflicts of interest and funding

ObjectivePediatric otolaryngologists rely on HSAT literature to guide their diagnostic methods related to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Our objectives were to review the rates of presence of funding and/or potential conflict of interest (COI), as well as its relationship to the overall quality of HSAT publications in the literature over the last two decades. Data sourcesMedline, Web of Science and Embase databases. Review methodsA review was performed reviewing publications from January 2000 to December 2021. Oxford Level of Evidence (OLE) was used as a quality metric. COI and funding were recorded verbatim as self-declared in the text of the manuscript. ResultsLiterature search yielded 4257 articles with 400 articles included in final analysis. The odds of higher quality studies (LOE 1 or 2) were higher in the last five years from 2016 to 2021 (OR, 3.6; 95% CI 1.4 to 6.9). Nearly half of all articles (43.0%) lacked a statement regarding funding or COI. There was a positive correlation between level of evidence and industry funding. The largest source of funding was from industry, comprising 39.6% of all studies that had a funding statement. Of these industry-funded studies, 37.5% reported no COI or lacked a COI statement. ConclusionDespite a growing interest in HSATs for OSA evaluation, there is heterogeneity in reporting of COI and high prevalence of industry funding and COI. Re-evaluation and consensus amongst journals on guidelines for reporting disclosures are needed. Level of evidence4

Bibliometric and visualized analysis of applying tumor markers in lung cancer diagnosis from 2000 to 2022.

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Tumor marker (TM) detection can indicate the existence and growth of a tumor and has therefore been used extensively for diagnosing LC. Here, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to examine TM-related publications for LC diagnosis to illustrate the current state and future trends of this field, as well as to identify additional promising TMs with high sensitivity. Publications regarding TMs in LC diagnosis were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace was applied to perform a bibliometric analysis of journals, cocitation authors, keywords, and references related to this field. VOSviewer was used to generate concise diagrams about countries, institutions, authors, and keywords. Changes in the TM research frontier were analyzed through citation burst detection. A total of 990 studies were analyzed in this work. The collaboration network analysis revealed that the People's Republic of China, Yonsei University, and Molina R were the most productive country, institution, and scholar, respectively. Additionally, Molina R was the author with the most citations. The National Natural Science Foundation of China was the largest funding source. "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as tumor marker in lung cancer" was the top reference with the most citations, Lung Cancer was the core journal, and "serum tumor marker" experienced a citation burst over the past 5 years. This bibliometric analysis of TMs in LC diagnosis presents the current trends and frontiers in this field. We summarized the research status of this field and the methods to improve the diagnostic efficacy of traditional serum TMs, as well as provided new directions and ideas for improving the LC clinical detection rate. Priority should be given to the transformation of computer-assisted diagnostic technology for clinical applications. In addition, circulating tumor cells, exosomes, and microRNAs were the current most cutting-edge TMs.

Profiling the Research Activities of Canadian Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science Faculty Members.

Background. There is a lack of knowledge on the scope and nature of the research by faculty members in occupational science (OS) and/or occupational therapy (OT) programs in Canada. Purpose. To describe the research activities of faculty members in these programs and directions. Method. A cross-sectional survey was distributed to 173 faculty members across all 14 Canadian OT that addressed: 1) research topics and methods, 2) populations, and 3) funding. Findings. Based on respondents (N = 121), research is focused on a range of topics and populations with most conducting qualitative research. Many conduct research examining the effectiveness of interventions, with few respondents focused on OS research. Federal and provincial grants agencies were the largest source of funding. Implications. Research topics studied were not always proportional to practice although emerging areas were being investigated that can expand the evidence base and scope of practice. Despite limited occupation-specific funding options, respondents were accessing funding from varied sources. Collaborations among faculty members, clinicians, and individuals with lived experience can create priorities for future OS and/or OT research in Canada.

ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСІВ ІНФОРМАТИЗАЦІЇ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНИХ ПОСЛУГ В ПУБЛІЧНОМУ СЕКТОРІ УКРАЇНИ

Анотація. Досліджено механізми фінансування процесів інформатизації адміністративних послуг. Мета статті — визначити джерела фінансування i перспективи надання адміністративних послуг в умовах інформатизації публічного сектору України. Методи дослідження — порівняльний аналіз аналітичних та офіційних статистичних даних України, інститутів міжнародної підтримки на основі класифікації груп інструментів фінансування центрів надання адміністративних послуг (ЦНАП). Доведено, що децентралізація, розвиток i підвищення якості адміністративних послуг визначають ЦНАП пріоритетним напрямом реформування системи надання адміністративних послуг в Україні. Визначено правові засади створення i забезпечення функціонування ЦНАП, юридичні статуси установи, принципи процесу надання адміністративних послуг у ЦНАП. Проаналізовано динаміку кількості центрів надання адміністративних послуг i регіональні особливості функціонування. Виділено джерела фінансування центрів надання адміністративних послуг (державний бюджет, обласні та міські бюджети, кошти Державного фонду регіонального розвитку, міжнародні проєкти технічної допомоги). Доведено, що найпоширенішим і найбільшим джерелом фінансування процесів інформатизації в ЦНАП є державний бюджет (субвенція на розвиток інфраструктури). Запропоновано прогнозну модель створення і розвитку центрів надання адміністративних послуг в Україні за умов подальшого державного фінансування у відповідних обсягах. Обґрунтовано необхідність залучення зовнішніх джерел фінансування (коштів міжнародних проєктів технічної допомоги, ініціатив міжнародних донорів) в умовах обмеженості та дефіциту державного бюджету України. Обґрунтовано необхідність модернізації ЦНАП щодо використання IT-технологій. Виділено пріоритетні напрями комплексної реформи підвищення якості адміністративних послуг: децентралізація, спрощення, дерегуляція, розвиток інституційної спроможності і комунікаційна підтримка. Ключові слова: фінансування, адміністративні послуги, інформатизація, публічний сектор. Формул: 0; рис.: 4; табл.: 1; бібл.: 13.

Evaluasi Pengelolaan Organisasi Non Profit Untuk Menunjang Transparansi Dan Akuntabilitas Bagi Donatur

Financial statement is one of the essential thing in managing finance in an organization. Both profit oriented organizations and non profit oriented organizations requires relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable information in financial statements presented. Moreover, the non profit organizations, which the largest source of funding is donated from donors, the possibility of fraud becomes bigger. It is usually done by several parties, even by the management itself. Therefore, the diclosure of relevant, reliable, comparable, and understandable financial statements, are necessary done by the non profit organizations. The disclosure of financial statement needs a healthy organization management, good strategic management, finance report based on the accounting standards (PSAK 45) and good technology utilization. The technology utilization by web based financial statement are expected to be faster in presenting the non profit organization financial statement. With the stages of process that are undertaken, hopefully it will increase transparency of accountability for the donors.

Perspectives of Public and Nonprofit Managers on Communications in Human Services Contracting

Government contracts and grants constitute the largest funding source for the majority of nonprofit organizations. Contracts for complex services, such as those involved in delivering human services, pose substantial challenges for public and nonprofit managers. In this context, concerns have been raised about contract management capacity, including challenges related to proposal and contract development, implementation, and performance reporting, as well as the impact of contract monitoring tools on contractor performance. Relatively few studies have provided a cross-sectoral perspective on the concrete managerial skill sets needed to engage in the interpersonal and technical processes involved in effective contract management. This study reports qualitative findings from a survey of county and nonprofit human service managers regarding approaches to managing challenges that arise in contractual relationships. The results identify the important role played by communication in the relationships between contract managers, illustrate the content of formal and informal exchanges, and identify common perspectives on the characteristics of effective communications, including transparency, a balance of flexibility and consistency, and timeliness. Practice implications for contract management relate to enhancing communication strategies in order to promote stronger contract relationships.

Evaluasi Pengelolaan Organisasi Non Profit Untuk Menunjang Transparansi Dan Akuntabilitas Bagi Donatur

Financial statement is one of the essential thing in managing finance in an organization. Both profit oriented organizations and non profit oriented organizations requires relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable information in financial statements presented. Moreover, the non profit organizations, which the largest source of funding is donated from donors, the possibility of fraud becomes bigger. It is usually done by several parties, even by the management itself. Therefore, the diclosure of relevant, reliable, comparable, and understandable financial statements, are necessary done by the non profit organizations. The disclosure of financial statement needs a healthy organization management, good strategic management, finance report based on the accounting standards (PSAK 45) and good technology utilization. The technology utilization by web based financial statement are expected to be faster in presenting the non profit organization financial statement. With the stages of process that are undertaken, hopefully it will increase transparency of accountability for the donors.

KEMANFAATAN PROGRAM/KEGIATAN PEMBANGUNAN DI KOTA JAYAPURA

In general, the objective of the study is to analyze the impact of development through physical activities undertaken by Jayapura City Government in 2015 against beneficiaries. The method used is an explanatory analysis. Quantitative descriptive statistical research into the form of measures of concentration, frequency distribution, cross tab analysis. Based on the results from the evaluation of programs / activities undertaken by Jayapura City Government in 2015, it can be concluded that: (1) The median financial and bodily realization through the use of local government budgets in 2015 is quite good because the realization of more than 93 percent ; (2) The General Allocation Fund is the largest source of funds used by Jayapura City Government in the implementation of development through bodily activities in 2015; and (3) The mean community assessing the implementation of development through programs / activities undertaken by the Jayapura City Government through DAK, DAU, DAU / DAK, DID and OTSUS Fund has been optimally and felt useful by the community. While only a small percentage of respondents stated that programs / activities undertaken by the local government have not been beneficial to the improvement to the community economy in Jayapura City.
 
 Keywords: development evaluation, program / activity benefit

European diabetes research and its funding, 2002-2013.

This study examined the outputs of research papers in diabetes from 31 European countries between 2002 and 2013, and their funding. Diabetes research papers in the Web of Science were identified by means of a filter based on journals and title words. For 2009-2013 papers, the funders were coded to show their sector and nationality. Europe published 40 547 diabetes papers in the 12 years between 2002 and 2013. Denmark, Sweden and Finland published the most relative to their wealth, but the UK published the most absolutely despite an apparently low burden (as measured by disability-adjusted life years). The largest source of funding was government (30%), followed by the non-profit sector (18%) and industry (13%). The European Commission supported 2.7% of papers, but more in Latvia (33%) and Estonia (16%). Based on an estimated cost per paper of €260 000, the annual research expenditure in Europe was approximately €986 million in 2013. The European diabetes burden in disability-adjusted life years increased by one third between 2002 and 2012, but its output of research papers has decreased from 44% to 36% of the world total. This decrease needs to be reviewed in the context of European non-communicable disease research policy.

Safe and sound? How funding mix affects homelessness support for Indigenous Australians

© Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited 2016. The impact of mixed funding sources on homelessness support for Indigenous Australians forms one part of the research program in the AHURI Inquiry into the funding of homelessness services in Australia, which aims to understand the mix of government and non-government funding and how the funding of services that support people who are experiencing homelessness influences service provision and outcomes for those people. Indigenous Australians are 14 times more likely to become homeless than other Australians, and their homelessness situations are likely to be more severe. This research examines the extent to which the needs of homeless and at-risk Indigenous Australians are being met. The research used relevant findings from the AHURI Australian homelessness funding and delivery survey (Flatau, Zaretzky et al. 2016) plus five case-studies and three focus groups. Twenty-seven organisations with Indigenous Australians as a main client group participated in the survey. Findings in this research show that financial support to organisations that provide services to Indigenous Australians experiencing homelessness is primarily provided by governments through the National Partnership Agreement on Homelessness (NPAH) which funds Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS), with 94 per cent of funds from governments and the next largest source of funds (only 2%) from rent revenue. No federal or state program specifically targets supporting homeless Indigenous people or those at risk of experiencing homelessness. Services for homeless Indigenous people are overwhelmingly 'mainstreamed', with SHS funds going to Indigenous organisations but no targeted support or coordination with programs which are targeted at Indigenous Australians. Funding uncertainty is a major issue, and the problems (including operational inefficiency, inability of organisations to innovate, and impacts on staff recruitment and retention) caused by this precarity are notably similar, regardless of the location or type of service, with larger organisations best placed to cope. Homeless Indigenous Australians may not be receiving the kinds of support which are best suited to them, and current support may not be culturally appropriate. More than half of the survey respondents anticipate that negative consequences such as excessive reporting would result from attempting to further diversify their funding sources, including seeking funds from non-NAHA/NPAH sources.

Mutilating the Past -- The Islamic State and the Last Song of History

The deliberate destruction of cultural property in Iraq, Syria and Libya by the Islamic State (ISIL) has provoked widespread condemnation from all quarters with the Director-General of UNESCO calling such a campaign “a form of cultural cleansing”. Academic experts, war veterans and professional archaeologists, all agree that the religious motivation from the fundamentalist Salafi ideology is merely a camouflage for this antiquarian carnage, the real purpose of which is to secure economic resources for the terrorist organization by the looting and black marketing of historical artifacts. According to Newsweek, sale of ancient relics now represent the organization’s second largest source of funding, running into hundreds of millions of dollars. In this paper, the authors analyze the destruction of cultural properties carried out by the ISIL in the past and associated violation of the provisions of the Hague Convention, the international ramifications of such actions and their aftermath and also the dangers faced by the remaining UNESCO World Heritage Sites in these countries from the ongoing armed conflict.

Growth of Initial Public Offering in Different Sectors with Reference to Coimbatore Stock Exchange

This research paper discusses the growth of primary market in India. The study is based on secondary data result in number of amount wise issues in the year, issue price and to measures the growth of Initial Public Offering in different sector. When a company issues shares to the public through a prospects it is popularly known as an IPO. Credit of shares allotted in IPO's can be affected in the investors Demat account in Demat form directly. A corporate may raise capital in the primary market by way of an Initial Public offer, rights issue or private placement. An initial public offer (IPO) is the selling of securities to the public in the primary market. It is the largest source of funds with or indefinite maturity for the company.

Sources and Focus of Health Development Assistance, 1990-2014.

The governments of high-income countries and private organizations provide billions of dollars to developing countries for health. This type of development assistance can have a critical role in ensuring that life-saving health interventions reach populations in need. To identify the amount of development assistance that countries and organizations provided for health and to determine the health areas that received these funds. Budget, revenue, and expenditure data on the primary agencies and organizations (n = 38) that provided resources to developing countries (n = 146-183, depending on the year) for health from 1990 through 2014 were collected. For each channel (the international agency or organization that directed the resources toward the implementing institution or government), the source and recipient of the development assistance were determined and redundant accounting of the same dollar, which occurs when channels transfer funds among each other, was removed. This research derived the flow of resources from source to intermediary channel to recipient. Development assistance for health (DAH) was divided into 11 mutually exclusive health focus areas, such that every dollar of development assistance was assigned only 1 health focus area. Since 1990, $458.0 billion of development assistance has been provided to maintain or improve health in developing countries. The largest source of funding was the US government, which provided $143.1 billion between 1990 and 2014, including $12.4 billion in 2014. Of resources that originated with the US government, 70.6% were provided through US government agencies, and 41.0% were allocated for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. The second largest source of development assistance for health was private philanthropic donors, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and other private foundations, which provided $69.9 billion between 1990 and 2014, including $6.2 billion in 2014. These resources were provided primarily through private foundations and nongovernmental organizations and were allocated for a diverse set of health focus areas. Since 1990, 28.0% of all DAH was allocated for maternal health and newborn and child health; 23.2% for HIV/AIDS, 4.3% for malaria, 2.8% for tuberculosis, and 1.5% for noncommunicable diseases. Between 2000 and 2010, DAH increased 11.3% annually. However, since 2010, total DAH has not increased as substantially. Funding for health in developing countries has increased substantially since 1990, with a focus on HIV/AIDS, maternal health, and newborn and child health. Funding from the US government has played a substantial role in this expansion. Funding for noncommunicable diseases has been limited. Understanding how funding patterns have changed across time and the priorities of sources of international funding across distinct channels, recipients, and health focus areas may help identify where funding gaps persist and where cost-effective interventions could save lives.

Characterization of the peer review network at the Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the largest source of funding for biomedical research in the world. This funding is largely effected through a competitive grants process. Each year the Center for Scientific Review (CSR) at NIH manages the evaluation, by peer review, of more than 55,000 grant applications. A relevant management question is how this scientific evaluation system, supported by finite resources, could be continuously evaluated and improved for maximal benefit to the scientific community and the taxpaying public. Towards this purpose, we have created the first system-level description of peer review at CSR by applying text analysis, bibliometric, and graph visualization techniques to administrative records. We identify otherwise latent relationships across scientific clusters, which in turn suggest opportunities for structural reorganization of the system based on expert evaluation. Such studies support the creation of monitoring tools and provide transparency and knowledge to stakeholders.

Modern Transportation Funding and User-Pays Principle

Shrinking gas tax purchasing power has resulted in a growing dependence on sales taxes dedicated to local transportation to fund California roadway and transit projects. However, these new funding strategies stray from the traditional user-pays principle embodied in the gas tax and long espoused by FHWA as the fairest way to finance highway projects. After the funding sources of the Presidio Parkway (an ongoing public–private partnership project in San Francisco, California, that uses availability payments) were analyzed, it was found that federal and state gas taxes were still the largest source of funding at 53%, while federal support, tolls, and sales taxes contributed 23%, 16%, and 8%, respectively. An analysis of users of the facility, in the form of commuters who use private cars and bus transit to access downtown from the surrounding San Francisco and North Bay areas, revealed that individual contributions through a host of transportation taxes and fees were minuscule when compared with the annual availability payments received by the concessionaire. Commuters’ average annual contribution to the new facility was found to range from $3 to $29, which was orders of magnitude less than the $548 annual contribution that calculations showed would be required if the project were to be supported solely by tolls. These findings highlighted the trend in current highway construction financing strategies that subsidized commuters who were unwilling to pay the full cost of transportation infrastructure with broad-based taxes collected regardless of benefits accrued to the individual.

The “Usual Care” Quality Conundrum: A Call to Action

The synthesis of current knowledge about specialty outpatient children’s mental health care in this article provides a sobering reminder that we have effectively been ‘‘asleep at the wheel’’ when it comes to comprehensive evaluation of the quality of mental health services being provided to children and families. In this new age of health care reform, this is a travesty that cannot stand. We cannot be complacent and be steamrolled into accepting anything less than the rigorous evaluation of what is being provided to youth and families in ‘‘usual care’’ settings. The fact that this selective review focuses primarily on services provided in specialty outpatient mental health settings is precisely why readers should pay attention. It is of grave concern to me that this is exactly the type of care that will be supported by health care reform initiatives. A chilling pall comes over this reader as the authors detail the ineffectiveness of usual care. I can’t help but ask the question––If usual care is ineffective, what will be supported in health care reform? Actually, that’s a rhetorical question because it is precisely ‘‘usual care’’ that will likely be supported in health care reform. And if that doesn’t get your attention and make you want to review this article with great care and attention to the macro level of quality children’s mental health care, then you are in the wrong business. Usual care should be radically broadened to include a robust family partner component along with access to family-driven respite care and innovative mobile crisis response options, to name but a few key ingredients that go far beyond the typical outpatient care scenario. Garland, et al. shines a bright light into the dark corners of traditional mental health delivery. They note that 68 % of the care in the studies reviewed were clinic based. A sobering reminder of how fragile our current mental health services are is the finding that ‘‘a third of the directors with site-specific budget data indicated that their agency ran at a budget deficit.’’ This is so important for advocates to understand. For us, ‘‘what works’’ goes far beyond usual care. It involves the active participation of community groups and families and initially may cost more. Yet, a third of Clinic Systems Project (CSP) cited in the article ran at a deficit and the largest funding source was Medicaid, which has what I consider to be narrowly fundable criteria, i.e., ‘‘usual care.’’ Are you starting to get the picture? If we allow policy makers to just fund what we do now, (i.e., usual care) without doing rigorous quality checks, then we are doomed to a mediocre at best mental health service delivery system. We need a system that evaluates and supports services beyond usual care if we are going to make significant improvements. Garland et al. (2013) identify studies that show that the majority of children receiving community-based ‘‘usual care’’ do not show clinical improvement. We need much more research to find examples of excellence and promote them so that funders can see the impact––clinically, financially and overall improvement in the family and community. The article also talks about promising strategies, including integration of behavioral health with services such as primary care and education. Traditional outpatient care is dead in my opinion. It’s just that those practicing it Improving community-based mental health care for children: Translating knowledge into action, by Ann F. Garland, Rachel HaineSchlagel, Lauren Brookman-Frazee, Mary Baker-Ericzen, Emily Trask, Kya Fawley-King.

Why the National Institutes of Health should create an institute of positive biology

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the largest source of funding for medical research in the world. With an annual budget currently over $31 billion, the NIH awards more than 50,000 competitive grants to thousands of researchers working in the USA and around the world. The NIH is composed of 27 distinct institutes and centers, many of which are institutes for specific diseases, such as the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), just to name a few.

Explaining Variation in Grants by the Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria: Statistical Insights from a Principal-Agent Perspective

Between 2002 and 2010, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria approved over US $22 billion in grants to developing countries, making it the world's single largest source of funding against these diseases. Yet there is great variation in three key measures of the Fund's institutional output: which applications are approved for funding; the amount of money awarded to approved grants; and the discrepancy between requested and approved grant amounts. The Global Fund's decision-making process provides a role for both public health experts and for political representatives of states, non-state donors, and stakeholders. Based on an original database of grant applications from 2002 to 2010, I demonstrate that the Global Fund has been largely successful in 'depoliticizing' grant approval and grant amounts, which are both dependent on the preferences of independent health experts. However, the political preferences of the Fund's six largest donor states still explain the discrepancy between proposed and approved grant amounts - grants by developing states that are more attractive to donors are also more likely to receive what they asked for, while the opposite can lead to dramatic cuts to proposed budgets.