Large Tectonic Plates Research Articles

Influence of Soils Conditions on the Macroseismic Effects in the Dukagjin Area Based the Seismic Wave Propagation from Durres Earthquake 26/11/2019

Kosovo represents a region with relatively high seismic activity, it has been hit in the past and may be hit in the future by very strong indigenous earthquakes. Geographically, Kosovo is in the contact zone of two large tectonic plates, on one side of Africa that pushes the Euro-Asian and lies at its foundation. For these reasons, the countries in theMediterranean area belong to countries with high seismic risk, including the surrounding areas. The strongest earthquake recorded and documented in Kosovo is the earthquake of 1921, in the Viti-Ferizaj-Gjilan area with a magnitude of 6.1 on the Richter scale and an intensity of 8.5 on the Mercalli scale. During the recent geological period the region has been embraced from the neotectonic processes which have conditioned the formation of many structural units that are expressed by intensive uplifting and sinking movements. Are used macroseismic data to investigate the influence of local geological structure on earthquake intensities in Dukagjin area of Kosovo. The occurrence of earthquakes is connected with the geological and neotectonics characteristics of the individual regions. The territory of Kosovo is composed of rocks of Precambrian to Quaternary age. In addition soft sediments in the Kosovo basins have a strong influence on seismic ground motion. Macroseismic data are used to investigate Response of Soil class of Dukagjini basin with deposits of Oligocene, Pliocene and Quaternary, where the lake sediments continue during its Pleistocene, (epicenter distance 140 km, Durrës Earthquake 26/11/2019), which had shown, systematic Intensity increase.

Subduction-derived microplates: Complex evolution of the footwall in the subduction system

In order to find insights of plate origin, intraplate deformation and plate driving force, we propose the characteristics and genetic model of microplates which are the residuals of large plates by summarizing previous studies. Subduction-derived Oceanic Microplates (SOMs) are formed in the footwall of the subduction system and generally bounded by spreading ridges, trenches and transform faults when the mid-ocean ridge and subduction zone move towards each other. The identified SOMs are remnants of the Farallon Plate and Phoenix Plate. Large SOMs may fragment further due to the buoyancy of young oceanic crust and subduction velocity difference in response to the interaction between large tectonic plates. Subduction-derived Continental Microplates (SCM) are a type of tectonic feature that originate from the intra-oceanic plate with continental lithosphere. These microplates are typically found in the orogenic belt, which is bounded by suture zones. When the adjacent oceanic crust subduction is entirely consumed through subduction, the plate collides with the hanging wall to form an orogenic belt. The plate is then subject to continuous compression, resulting in crustal shortening and the formation of a strip-shape SCM parallel to the orogenic belt. In the case of the SOMs offshore North America, oceanic crusts with ages below 3–4 Myr can significantly impede subduction, leading to the segmenting of the ridges. By analyzing the spatiotemporal variation of footwall mid-ocean ridge activity, we suggest that the presence of subduction zones is conducive to the seafloor spreading near continental margins.

ГЕОДИНАМИКА КАЛЕДОНСКОЙ БАЙКАЛО-ПАТОМСКОЙ СКЛАДЧАТОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ЕЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА НЕФТЕГАЗОНОСНОСТЬ ПРЕДПАТОМСКОГО ПЕРИКРАТОННОГО ПРОГИБА

A three-dimensional geodynamical model of the Baikal-Patom folded region and associated Pre-Patom pericratonic trough was developed using materials obtained in recent years from deep seismic observations of the CDPM along the Vitim River, results of several field seasons, involving data on the deep structure of folded belts of the world as well as the results of physical modeling. Its main characteristics are thrust-underthrust character, numerous, to varying degrees reworked duplex pileups, the Caledonian age, a very high degree of denudation in the southern part, which destroyed the upper allochthonous thrust plates in the area of Lake Baikal and exposed narrow, deep, root zones, extensive development of metagenetic processes that formed tectonoclastic strata. Analogues of hydrocarbon deposits in the southern part of the pericratonic area, including such giants as the Kovyktinskoye gas condensate field, can be found further north in autochthonous basal terrigenous Vendian productive horizons under allochthonous plates. Lateral movements of large tectonic plates, fluid migration over a distance of over 200 km allow researchers to confirm the high oil-and-gas prospects of the auto- and allochthonous intervals of the sedimentary cover of the Pre-Patom petroleum area.

Analysis of Earthquake Activity in Indonesia by Clustering Method

Indonesia is an area where three large tectonic plates meet, namely the Indo-Australian, Eurasian and Pacific plates, so that Indonesia is included in the earthquake-prone category, with 11,660 earthquake vibrations identified in the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) database in 2019 The purpose of this study is to develop a classification of the distribution of earthquakes in Indonesia in 2019 based on the values of magnitude, depth, and position. This research was conducted by using the clustering method based on the K-means algorithm and the DBSCAN algorithm as a comparison. The results of the clustering show that the earthquake data analysis using the K-Means algorithm is superior with a silhouette index value of 0.837, while the DBSCAN algorithm has a silhouette index value of 0.730.

PEMBERDAYAAN SANTRI DALAM SIMULASI SIAGA BENCANA TSUNAMI DI MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH NURUL HUDA KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT

Indonesia is a country with high-risk potential for various types of disasters because Indonesia is located between three large tectonic plates of the earth, namely the Eurasian Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate. West Aceh Regency is one of the districts included in the level of high hazard classification for tectonic earthquakes that can cause Tsunamis. The stage of empowerment community includes conducting the survey, the coordinating with principal of MTSS Nurul Huda, socialication of tsunami disaster and the simulation of tsunami disaster alert. In conducting the community empowerment, the students are enthusiasms to follow the socialization and the simulation of tsunami disaster aler.

STUDY OF TSUNAMI MITIGATION BASED ON VEGETATION IN SERENTING BEACH, MANDALIKA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE, LOMBOK ISLAND

Serenting Beach is one of the beaches in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (MSEZ), Central Lombok Regency. The MSEZ is located in the southern part of Lombok Island and faces the Indian Ocean. The Mandalika Special Economic Zone is prospected to expedite the sector of tourism at Province of West Nusa Tenggara which is very potential. A few hundred kilometers to the south part of Lombok Island is one of the large tectonic plates meeting zones which is a major source of potential tsunami earthquakes. With the geological conditions of Lombok Island which is prone to tsunamis and the existence of environmental degradation in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, it is necessary to conduct research about study of tsunami mitigation based on vegetation in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, Lombok Island. Based on the research, there are several types of plants that need to be planted as a tsunami disaster mitigation effort in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, namely: Casuarina equisetifolia, Pandanus odoratissimus, Cocos nucifera, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Terminalia catappa. The government and various related parties need to provide education to the public, tourism managers, and tourists to take an active role in protecting vegetation and not through illegal logging.

The earthquake hazard level of Makassar

An earthquake is a natural disaster that is often found in Indonesia because its geological area is a meeting between three large tectonic plates. Earthquakes have a high level of danger due to unpredictable events. In the Sulawesi region, especially Makassar, in 2017, there was an earthquake measuring 3 SR-6 SR, with a shallow epicenter. Epicenter distance calculation is used to determine the value of peak ground acceleration (PGA), which can then affect the intensity value in the hypocenter. This study aims to analyze the level of earthquake hazard using the PGA value as the basis for the initial reference of earthquake disaster mitigation. Variables used include rock type (geology), slope and the value of peak ground acceleration (PGA). Data on rock types were obtained from the Makassar City BPBD, and slope variables were processed from the SRTM DEM. Next, an overlay analysis was conducted to determine the level of earthquake hazard using a GIS application. The results showed that Makassar City had a majority of 94% of its area has a low level of earthquake hazard, while 6% of the area that had an earthquake hazard level was quite high in the east of Makassar. The frequency of earthquakes that were felt to be influential by the community (scale III MMI) was only two times in the last three decades (1996 and 2018).

Estimation of stress state and detailed structure at shallow plate boundary based on 3D seismic data

The Earth's crust is a dynamic place, consisting of the large tectonic plates that sit atop the mantle, the extremely hot, high pressure zone of material between the crust and the core. The first several tens kilometres of the Earth's shell, the crust and uppermost mantle, is moving and shifting, causing the oceanic and continental plates to bang and crash with one another, resulting in the earthquakes and tsunamis that dramatically impact the countries at the boundaries of the plates. While the world takes notice when one of these disasters happen, we don't realise that there is constant activity in these zones causing measurable seismic waves to regularly ripple through the crust. Using artificially-generated seismic waves can help researchers to understand more about how the crust and upper mantle behave. Depending on the positioning of the plates and the nature of the crust, i.e., thickness, direction of movement and composition, the behaviour will differ. By using 'controlled sources' in marine seismic experiments, such as air-gun shooting, scientists are able to gather as much data as possible regarding the factors influencing the behaviours of the plates to help provide a better understanding of the processes leading to earthquakes.One organisation that builds and operates via international collaboration is the Japan Agency For Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). Dr Ryuta Arai joined the Structural Seismology Group of JAMSTEC in 2014 and is now a scientist at the Research Institute for Marine Geodynamics of JAMSTEC. Arai is part of a team of researchers from Japan, New Zealand, the United States and the United Kingdom who are investigating the physical properties of the seismogenic area in the Hikurangi subduction zone.

ANALISIS DINAMIK RESPON STRUKTUR GEDUNG BERATURAN DAN KETIDAKBERATURAN HORIZONTAL

ABSTRACTIndonesia is a country with geographical location where 4 large tectonic plates meet. Therefore, if a collision or frictionhits the country, it is vulnerable to earthquakes. This condition makes the buildings more vulnerable to earthquakes. The effect of earthquake force and the performance of the resulting structure will be different if the same load is applied to a regular building and to an irregular building. The method to calculate the effect of the earthquake on the analysis of high-rise building structures in this study used dynamic analysis with spectrum response referred to SNI 03-1726-2012 and 2013 ETABS software program assistance (13.1.1 build 1035). This study aimed to compare the performance of the structure based on the deflection value and the story drift limits in regular and irregular buildings. In this study, the response of structural performance on three building models was calculated with variations in horizontal structure irregularity and then the results were compared. In this research, the biggest deflection was resulted on the re-entrant corner irregularity model C in the x-direction of 7,219 mm and the y-direction of 4,244 mm. Based on the deflection value in the x-direction and y-direction on all building models, the story drift due to the effect of the earthquake plan was less than

An analysis of Coulomb stress change and triggering interaction toward seismic activities in the area West Sumatera within January 2000-June 2018

The West Sumatra region is one of the areas prone to earthquake disasters caused by 3 factors. First, namely the Subduction Zone, which is the meeting of two large tectonic plates of the Indian Ocean Plate subducting below the L200 plate of the Eurasian Continent. Second, the existence of the Mentawai Fault which is a horizontal fault due to the sloping subduction process around the Mentawai Islands. Third, the existence of the Sumatran Fault that occurs due to the existence of the Indo-Australian plate which crashes into the western part of the island of Sumatra tilted, resulting in pressure. This study aims to analyze the coulomb displacement of stress and trigger interactions on seismic activity in the West Sumatra region from January 2000 to June 2018 using earthquake data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) catalog sourced from Global Centroid Tensor Moment Catalog (CMT) earthquake data, United States Geological Survey Catalog (USGS), International Seismological Center Catalog (ISC), ISC-EHB and Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), covering the boundaries of -4° SL- 1°NL and 96° - 104°EL. With earthquake magnitude (Mw) ≥7 SR and depth of 1 to 500 km for calculation of Coulomb Stress. Whereas for seismicity later with magnitude Mw ≥ 3.0 up to 9.0 depths of 1 to 500 km Based on analysis of the earthquake on September 12th, 2007 Mw = 8.5 is a trigger earthquake that triggered all significant earthquakes Mw ≥7 SR, earthquake on September 13th, 2007 Mw = 7.9 is a trigger earthquake that triggered the earthquake that occurred on September 13th, 2007 Mw = 7.0 and February 25th, 2008 Mw = 7.2, the earthquake of February 25th, 2008 and September 30, 2009 was a category of non-trigger earthquakes while the earthquake was significant October 25th, 2010, distribution of stress changes Positive Coulomb is more dominant compared to the negative Coulomb voltage change distribution. This means that after a large earthquake occurred on October 25th, 2010, the Mentawai segment area still has a high accumulation of stress.

Comparison of volcanic threat challenges in Iceland and Japan

The authorities in Iceland and Japan face various challenges in their efforts to reduce risks of volcano disasters. While Japanese society is much older and has therefore longer experience of facing those challenges the current methods and strategies of both in planning, monitoring, preparedness, relief, and recovery operations are similar. Both nations use modern scientific technologies for risk assessment and disaster management but several geological-, situational-, infrastructural- and cultural differences between the countries and differences in the practice of cooperation with scientists in disaster prevention make different tactics necessary. While both countries lie on the boundary of large tectonic plates, in Iceland the plates are diverging with heavy rifting and volcanic outbreaks in unexpected places while Japan lies along a subduction zone with tectonic events of large magnitude. Iceland has dangerous glacial floods of volcanic origin while the greatest flood hazard in Japan comes from the sea in form of tsunamis. Japan is more densely populated than Iceland, but both are developed countries where large sums of public funds are diverted into disaster prevention and recovery. There are similarities in such fields as monitoring of volcanic eruption and in the problem structure of tourist safety and other fields where cooperation between Japan and Iceland can produce results. Icelandic and Japanese scientists have achieved good results in the field of assessing the danger of volcanic ash plumes for the civil aviation and Japan is now presenting improved methods in ash cloud forecasting in the international community. It is concluded that further cooperation has very good possibilities to bring about further results. In this work the civil protection authorities have to identify and understand the influence of culture on disaster prevention and preparedness. Both societies’ experiences of long periods of isolation have, among other things, resulted in rather homogenous and self-reliant cultures that have influenced the way in which they have managed disasters. Dominant cultural values as well as competing values need to be considered in order to create consensus on how to reduce disaster risk and strengthen societal resilience.

PERANCANGAN INTERIOR SARANA SIMULASI MITIGASI BENCANA ALAM DI KABUPATEN GIANYAR, BALI

Natural disasters that often occur in Indonesia are caused by the geographical position of Indonesia which is at the confluence of three large tectonic plates that are interlocking and there is a buildup of energy. When the rock can no longer hold that energy, there will be a spontaneous release of energy that is felt as an earthquake. The earthquake can cause a tsunami if a plate breaks on the seabed. As a result, natural disasters that occur in Indonesia such as earthquakes and tsunamis often cause fatalities due to the lack of education to the public about the importance of natural disaster mitigation. Submission of education on natural disaster mitigation has been carried out by relevant parties in Bali by conducting simulations to educational institutions to the general public. However, the process of delivering this education has not been carried out comprehensively, so that many people still do not understand how to recognize signs and procedures for rescuing themselves in the event of a natural disaster. Therefore, there is a need for a means of conducting an education process on the importance of natural disaster mitigation in the form of facilities for simulation and training. The focus of this writing is the interior design of natural disaster mitigation simulation facilities located in Gianyar Regency, Bali by applying a theme based on the local wisdom of Balinese culture and applying the concept of "Contemporary Duality".

PENGELOMPOKAN KEJADIAN GEMPA BUMI MENGGUNAKAN FUZZY C-MEANS CLUSTERING

The Indonesian region has a high level of earthquake vulnerability when compared to other countries. This is because Indonesia's position is at the confluence of three large tectonic plates namely the Eurasian plate, the Indo-Australian plate, and the Pacific plate. The high level of earthquake susceptibility is evidenced by significant earthquake data from 2005 to 2009, which recorded 26 significant earthquakes over a period of 4.8 to 8.6 on the Richter scale. The earthquake also caused impacts including casualties, injuries, damage to houses and destruction of houses.The earthquake event grouping system is a system that functions to classify earthquake events based on two main parameters, namely earthquake strength parameters and earthquake impact parameters. The two parameters are grouped separately, so that the grouping process produces two kinds of grouping results. The stages of this system start from preprocessing data to eliminate noise, then take grouping parameters from the user in the form of the number of clusters, minimum error values, and the maximum iteration limit. Grouping is done using fuzzy c-means method. The grouping results are then displayed in table form and in the form of coordinates in Google Maps.The grouping of earthquake events has been tested by comparing the results of grouping systems with the results of manual grouping. Testing is done by inputting a number of different maximum iterations. Based on the test results it was found that the greater the maximum iteration value will affect the accuracy of grouping.

The Impacts Analysis of Pre And Post Merapi Mount Eruption on Residential Areas Using Sentinel 1, ALOS Palsar and Landsat Satellite Images Combination in 2009-2015

Indonesia is a country located in the presence of three large tectonic plates like the Indo-Australian, Eurasian and Pacific plates. The path of plate movement approaching or steering away each other leads to high volcanic and earthquakes activity. As a proof of the active path of this plate movement can be seen from the series of active volcanoes lies from the island of Sumatra, Java, Nusa Tenggara into Papua. The impact of active volcano activity will be felt in the densely populated area where the island of Java became one of the islands with the largest residential area in Indonesia. This impact needs to be anticipated with an integrated high-tech technology and volcanic disaster mitigation system. One of the most active volcanoes in the island of Java is Merapi mount which is experienced the last major eruption peak on October 26th, 2010. This volcanic eruption is effusive eruption type where magmatic gas pressure in the crater is not too strong and magma eruption is just flowing out past the slopes of the Merapi mount area. However, magmatic gas pressure and magma volume still result in deformation changes that have a direct impact on residential areas throughout the Merapi mount area. Therefore, this research performs deformation calculation using DInSAR (Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar) method on Sentinel 1 SAR and ALOS PALSAR 1 satellite images between 2005-2015 acquisition year. Then the deformation patterns obtained from the DInSAR method will be spatially correlated with residential areas throughout the Merapi mount area. Residential areas were obtained through supervised classification process from Landsat 5 and 8-satellite imagery in the 2005-2015 acquisition year. The reason of observation year selection is based on pre and post eruption concept to get pattern of Merapi’s mountain body change through deformation analysis. The result of the combination of deformation pattern and residential area changes was further analysed to obtain spatial correlation. The value of this spatial correlation will be an indicator of how’s far the deformation changes due to volcanic activity will have an effect on the residential areas in the Merapi mount area. The output of this research is a map of Merapi mount deformation (due to volcanic activity) impacts on the residential area. The results are expected to contribute to the volcanic disaster mitigation system and the development of residential area plans in Merapi mount area.

Accretion mode of oceanic ridges governed by axial mechanical strength

Oceanic spreading ridges exhibit structural changes as a function of spreading rate, mantle temperature and the balance of tectonic and magmatic accretion. The role that these or other processes have in governing the overall shape of oceanic ridges is unclear. Here, we use laboratory experiments to simulate ridge spreading in colloidal aqueous dispersions whose rheology evolves from purely viscous to elastic and brittle when placed in contact with a saline water solution. We find that ridge shape becomes increasingly linear with spreading rate until reaching a minimum tortuosity. This behaviour is predicted by the axial failure parameter ΠF, a dimensionless number describing the balance of brittle and plastic failure of axial lithosphere. Slow-spreading, fault-dominated and fast-spreading, fluid intrusion-dominated ridges on Earth and in the laboratory are separated by the same critical ΠF value, suggesting that the axial failure mode governs ridge geometry. Values of ΠF can also be calculated for different mantle temperatures and applied to other planets or the early Earth. For higher mantle temperatures during the Archaean, our results preclude the predicted formation of large tectonic plates at high spreading velocity. The shape of mid-ocean ridges is influenced by lithospheric mechanical strength, according to laboratory simulations of diverging plates. The results imply that large tectonic plates probably could not have formed on a younger, hotter Earth.

Pacific plate slab pull and intraplate deformation in the early Cenozoic

Abstract. Large tectonic plates are known to be susceptible to internal deformation, leading to a~range of phenomena including intraplate volcanism. However, the space and time dependence of intraplate deformation and its relationship with changing plate boundary configurations, subducting slab geometries, and absolute plate motion is poorly understood. We utilise a buoyancy-driven Stokes flow solver, BEM-Earth, to investigate the contribution of subducting slabs through time on Pacific plate motion and plate-scale deformation, and how this is linked to intraplate volcanism. We produce a series of geodynamic models from 62 to 42 Ma in which the plates are driven by the attached subducting slabs and mantle drag/suction forces. We compare our modelled intraplate deformation history with those types of intraplate volcanism that lack a clear age progression. Our models suggest that changes in Cenozoic subduction zone topology caused intraplate deformation to trigger volcanism along several linear seafloor structures, mostly by reactivation of existing seamount chains, but occasionally creating new volcanic chains on crust weakened by fracture zones and extinct ridges. Around 55 Ma, subduction of the Pacific-Izanagi ridge reconfigured the major tectonic forces acting on the plate by replacing ridge push with slab pull along its northwestern perimeter, causing lithospheric extension along pre-existing weaknesses. Large-scale deformation observed in the models coincides with the seamount chains of Hawaii, Louisville, Tokelau and Gilbert during our modelled time period of 62 to 42 Ma. We suggest that extensional stresses between 72 and 52 Ma are the likely cause of large parts of the formation of the Gilbert chain and that localised extension between 62 and 42 Ma could cause late-stage volcanism along the Musicians volcanic ridges. Our models demonstrate that early Cenozoic changes in Pacific plate driving forces only cause relatively minor changes in Pacific absolute plate motion directions, and cannot be responsible for the Hawaiian–Emperor bend (HEB), confirming previous interpretations that the 47 Ma HEB does not primarily reflect an absolute plate motion event.

Plate boundaries in the Far East region of Russia (from GPS measurement, seismic-prospecting, and seismological data)

The recent geodynamics of the Far East region of Russia is considered, where three large tectonic plates converge—Eurasian, North American, and Pacific, as well as several microplates—Okhotsk, Bering, and Amurian—have been hypothesized to exist. The available data on the position of the plate boundaries, the relative plate rotation poles, and the regional seismicity were analyzed, and parameters of plate motion models for northeastern Russia were determined in this study. The regional deep structure was investigated, using data obtained by different geophysical methods. The results of observations of the Magadan–Vrangel Island profile by deep seismic sounding (DSS), common-depth point (CDP) method, and correlation refraction method (CRM) are presented.

Azores hotspot signature in the upper mantle

The Azores archipelago occupies a lateral branch of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the triple junction of three large tectonic plates, the North American, the Eurasian and the African plates. The tectonic setting is even more complex because of the existence of the Azores hotspot and hotspot–ridge interaction. However, the hotspot origin at depth as a plume and its lateral extent are controversial subjects. High-resolution tomographic models, through the mapping of low-velocity and anisotropy anomalies, can provide an important hint to evaluate the depth and lateral extent of plumes when they exist. Therefore, we present a review of the Azores deep seismic structure as inferred from recent global and regional studies. The mapping of S-wave negative velocity anomalies in various models reveals a negative anomaly beneath the Azores confined within the upper 250–300 km. Considering the time evolution of a plume, this low-velocity anomaly might be the signature of a present-day dying plume, which created the Azores plateau 20 Ma ago. However, tomographic investigations have reached the limit of resolution provided by the global and regional seismic coverage available today. Only a long-term deployment (several years) of several broadband seismic stations in the Archipelago and on the surrounding seafloor will provide the increased resolution to better characterize plume geometry.