Large Technology Companies Research Articles

About the legal regulation of generative artificial intelligence in China

The subject of the research is modern technologies of generative artificial intelligence (GII), their impact on society and law (using the example of China). The rapid development of GII is associated with the growth of venture capital investments and active support from large technology companies and states. Since 2022, China has adopted a number of laws on the regulation of artificial intelligence. At the same time, the PRC focuses on the unconditional protection of state security and national interests. An important aspect of AI regulation in China is the desire to form an AI bill that significantly expands the regulatory architecture. It is expected that the bill will be adopted during 2025, which will contribute to a more complete and detailed regulation of artificial intelligence. In the course of the research, the author used the following methods of cognition (research methodology): dialectical method of cognition, general scientific empirical methods of cognition (comparison and description), general scientific theoretical methods of cognition (generalization and abstraction, induction and deduction, analogy), as well as private scientific empirical methods of cognition (method of interpretation of legal norms) and private scientific theoretical methods cognition (legal and dogmatic). The main conclusions of the study are as follows. To date, the draft law on AI proposed by Chinese legal scholars is still under discussion, but it is already clear that it significantly complements and expands the already established architecture of legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the People's Republic of China. It contains a lot of bold ideas (for example, about the legal protection of data obtained as a result of the work of the GII). It seems that during 2025, the specified draft law (apparently with improvements) will be adopted. Based on the existence of regulatory legal acts that have already entered into force and are currently in force regarding artificial intelligence (including generative), as well as trends towards the rapid formation of the basic law on AI, it clearly follows that China is following the path of legal regulation of this area for general use within the PRC, while giving freedom of use and study AI for government purposes, in order to protect national interests.

A ATUAÇÃO DO ESTADO NA PROTEÇÃO À DIGNIDADE DA PESSOA HUMANA NA VELHICE

The inversion of the age pyramid is one of the main problems to be solved by postmodern States, whether in terms of social security, wealth production or other social issues. Changes in the dynamics of consumption, production and communication, accelerated especially by access to the virtual world and the emergence of the most recent possibilities for using Artificial Intelligence, directly impact the way in which people interact and end up making the elderly population potential victims of acts by scammers and profiteers, considering that there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of how virtual environments work. Since the protection of old age and human dignity are responsibilities of the State, the vulnerability of this segment of the population becomes a State problem, at the same time that actions to protect these people virtually may come up against issues related to individual freedom and choice, and the exercise of citizenship. Protecting the elderly online must encompass both technological education, together with the supervision and regulation of financial institutions, which should take greater care with their customers in this age group, and especially for large technology companies, which host websites and directly market social interaction platforms that are supposedly free, but which collect demographic and digital, political and consumer behavior data, because just as a car manufacturer is held responsible for any accident caused by a design error, large technology companies must be held objectively responsible for the vulnerability in the provision of their services.

Research on the Marketing Strategy and Future Development of Commercial Companies Based on 4Ps Theory: A Case Study of Apple

In 2022, Apple was the largest technology company by revenue, with US $394.3 billion. As of 2023, Apple was the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales, the largest manufacturing company by revenue, and the largest vendor of mobile phones in the world. Based on 4Ps marketing theories to analyze the management and the marketing method of Apple Inc and discover how and why it can become a such successful company. Furthermore, through 4p research, this paper may find out what the company's strengths are, and more importantly, find out the existing and potential issues in the area of price, product, place, and promotion strategies. Then gives out reasonable suggestions to improve the weaknesses. Meanwhile, evaluate the potential opportunities and the threats to Apple Inc. Overall, this paper provides a valuable insights in apples current marketing strategies in order to make apple company to become a sustainable success company and an role model for other companies seeking for a success.

THE NEW ERA OF DIGITAL MARKET

The digital services legislative package which consists of the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act became fully applicable on 7 March 2024 and the first positive signs are already starting to appear. These regulations establish a framework for regulating large technology companies, known as gatekeepers, to ensure they do not abuse their market power and to protect users' online privacy and consent. Consumers will have more and better services to choose from, more opportunities to switch providers if they want to, direct access to services and fairer prices. Businesses that depend on gatekeepers to provide their services in the single market will have a fairer business environment. In this article we aim to present the main legislative changes that apply to digital markets, as well as the first measures implemented by the big players such as Google, Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, Meta and TikTok.

Strategic decision-making in process optimization of healthcare technology manufacturing

The dynamic nature of the healthcare technology industry necessitates constant improvement and optimization of supply chain processes to maintain competitiveness. Manufacturing unit processes, as critical components of the supply chain, directly influence production efficiency, lead times, and overall supply chain performance. Therefore, a strategic focus on optimizing these processes can significantly enhance the responsiveness and cost-effectiveness of the entire supply chain. However, for large enterprises, determining the unit where optimization will be implemented is intricate, considering the multifaceted nature of the decision-making process. The complexity arises from the presence of diverse criteria, each assigned varying importance levels, along with multiple alternative stages to consider. This paper introduces a decision-making framework tailored for such complexities, employing a synergistic blend of two multi-criteria decision-making methods: Best Worst Method (BWM) and ELECTRE III. The application of the proposed framework is demonstrated through a practical case study involving a prominent healthcare technology company, Philips. First, six experts are carefully selected and interviewed to provide a set of criteria with their respective importance weights. Then, using this information, eight alternative processes within the manufacturing unit are ranked using ELECTRE III. The analysis results reveal that process complexity is the top priority for decision-makers when deciding which manufacturing units require optimization first. The findings delve into the intricacies of optimizing production processes in large health technology companies and offer practical solutions and further recommendations.

DIGITAL RESOURCE CURSE IN THE CONTEXT OF DATAFICATION: ESSAYS ON THE NEW DIGITAL INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR

The purpose of the study is to generalize approaches to the interpretation of the categories of “inequality of opportunities” in order to use the results obtained for theoretical modeling of the essence of the concept of “digital inequality”, which will allow introducing the concepts of “digital resource curse” and “digital international division of labor”. The article is based on the hypothesis of the absolutization of the phenomenon of transnationalization under the influence of digital transformation. It is argued that established approaches to the stratification of countries in the world economic hierarchy according to their absolute and comparative advantages have lost their relevance. The digital space of cooperation changes the structure of participants, where the “country” will act not so much as an actor, but rather as a provider of a universal resource to large technology companies, which, using their ability to transform digital platforms into digital ecosystems and transform digital platforms into digital markets, will act as new managers of information rent, global in their status, in conditions of hyper-competition. The concept of “data colonialism” consolidates the entire process of extraction, collection and appropriation of data by large digital platforms in order to make a profit, while using the strategy of economies of scale as a fundamental competitive advantage. Platform transactions further contribute to the expansion of the market power of platforms both in the domestic market and on a global scale. In this 21st century version of “data colonialism,” big tech companies benefit from global digital colonization, giving rise to the outdated division of countries into “rich North” and “poor South” and introducing the category of “digital resource curse.” The concepts of “complete digital market” and “incomplete digital market” are introduced. Digital data allows us to talk about the emergence of a new form of capital-digital capital-as a multilevel phenomenon, which allowed us to identify five forms of its manifestation. The peculiarity of the digital resource curse lies in the inability of the information carrier to control information as a source of potential information rent. Accordingly, the process of transforming information rent into intellectual rent is blocked, when knowledge becomes a special form of resource that allows, when used correctly, to generate excess profits obtained from the use of reproducible, non-exploitation of natural resources, intellectual factors of production, primarily intellectual capital. By analogy with the stage of industrial transformations, production that can use the effect of scale is always more productive compared to those to which this advantage is not available. Digitalization brings this principle of economic cooperation to extreme manifestations: companies in countries with incomplete digital markets are at a disadvantage compared to companies in countries with complete digital markets due to the factor of internal limitations in terms of (in)efficiency of data scaling.

O fenômeno do digital, o poder das gigantes da tecnologia e os desafios regulatórios no Brasil

This article aims to critically reflect on the digital phenomenon as a manifestation of the formation of a new global and informational capitalist system, centered on the information paradigm. In this context, the presence of private actors stands out, mainly from the sector of large technology companies (big techs), who compete for spaces of power with public institutions traditionally conceived as sovereign political arms of the nation state. The general objective aims to demonstrate the power of new international actors and the harmful effects that the lack of regulation of their activities brings to society as a whole and democracy. To this end, the work is developed in two moments, the first referring to the emergence of the new informational capitalism, a fact that enables an exercise of power that is sometimes refractory and undemocratic with an ethical and moral foundation in affirmative philosophy, a circumstance that triggers strong power disputes, as well as new regulations in Brazil, a topic covered in a second moment. At the end, a conclusion will be made, where regulatory proposals will be presented as a matter of public policies specific to governments with democratic institutions. The qualitative nature of the study allows the use of a hypothetical deductive approach using a monographic procedural method, and a bibliographic and documentary research technique. The academic and social importance of research is highlighted in addressing a subject very dear to the principles of sovereign autonomy of people, especially when taking into account that such research is carried out to think about public policy strategies that allow guaranteeing the effectiveness of fundamental rights of citizens.

Can the CPTPP’s Digital Format on Data Flows Serve a Role Model for the WTO?

Digital trade has grown at an unprecedented pace due to advancements in information technologies. The global COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the importance of international digital transactions and created momentum for the negotiation of digital rules at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Large technology companies rely on free access to data and cross-border data flows, making them influential in shaping digital rule-making at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels. The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is currently the leading regional trade agreement (RTA) on digital trade, which aligns with the market-based approach. Australia, Singapore, and Japan, the main parties to the CPTPP, now play a key role in WTO digital negotiations. Their proposals, largely based on the CPTPP’s context, aim to liberalize data flows. However, many WTO members remain cautious of this approach, considering it may compromise regulatory autonomy and essential common interests, such as data sovereignty, privacy, and consumer protection.Though the CPTPP’s e-commerce chapter provides a comprehensive benchmark, fundamental problems with establishing cross-border digital rules remain unsolved at the WTO. This article will examine the limits of, and obstacles to, the realization of the CPTPP approach within the trade system, and propose a preliminary and progressive arrangement for global data governance.

Why 'open' AI systems are actually closed, and why this matters.

This paper examines 'open' artificial intelligence (AI). Claims about 'open' AI often lack precision, frequently eliding scrutiny of substantial industry concentration in large-scale AI development and deployment, and often incorrectly applying understandings of 'open' imported from free and open-source software to AI systems. At present, powerful actors are seeking to shape policy using claims that 'open' AI is either beneficial to innovation and democracy, on the one hand, or detrimental to safety, on the other. When policy is being shaped, definitions matter. To add clarity to this debate, we examine the basis for claims of openness in AI, and offer a material analysis of what AI is and what 'openness' in AI can and cannot provide: examining models, data, labour, frameworks, and computational power. We highlight three main affordances of 'open' AI, namelytransparency, reusability, and extensibility, and we observe that maximally 'open' AI allows some forms of oversight and experimentation on top of existing models. However, we find that openness alone does not perturb the concentration of power in AI. Just as many traditional open-source software projects were co-opted in various ways by large technology companies, we show how rhetoric around 'open' AI is frequently wielded in ways that exacerbate rather than reduce concentration of power in the AI sector.

FROM FEUDALISM TO THE DIGITAL AGE: A HISTORY OF TAX CONSTITUTIONALISM AND THE SEARCH FOR FISCAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

This article analyzes the evolution of tax constitutionalism, from feudal economies to the challenges of globalization and digitalization, focusing on the impact of these transformations on human rights. The research investigates how the transition from a tax system based on feudal relations to a model shaped by the monetary economy, mercantilism, and mass production impacted the organization of societies and the guarantee of rights. The study highlights the growing influence of private authoritarianism, as warned by Karl Popper, and the role of large technology companies in the formulation of tax policies. The interdisciplinary methodology combines a bibliographic review of authors such as Bloch, Rossini Corrêa, Maurin Falcão, Pirenne, Braudel, Wallerstein, Marx, and Hobsbawm with a critical analysis that integrates economic history, sociology, and tax law. Using Edoardo Celeste's concept of “constitutional ecosystem,” the study examines how digital technology affects the balance of powers and the fiscal sovereignty of States, implying the emergence of digital constitutionalism as a new field of study. The research concludes that globalization and digitalization pose challenges to tax constitutionalism, threatening the fiscal sovereignty of States and the guarantee of human rights. The rise of private authoritarianism requires new regulations and international cooperation to ensure tax justice and the protection of human rights. The study contributes to the debate by offering a historical and critical analysis of tax constitutionalism, providing support for public policies that promote tax justice and sustainable development, considering the implications of digital constitutionalism for taxation in the digital age.

Sphere transgressions in medical research: tactical engagements with Apple’s ResearchKit

ABSTRACT In the last decade, large technology companies have started many initiatives to stimulate and innovate in the sphere of medical research. A prominent example is the ResearchKit software framework launched by tech giant Apple in 2015. This software framework enables medical researchers to develop research apps on the iPhone that collect and access diverse types of research data. The ‘sphere transgressions’ theoretical lens (Sharon, 2021a; 2021b) draws attention to the risks associated with such initiatives. For instance, that large technology companies could utilize the initiatives to change the sphere of medical research in line with their own values and interests. However, the theoretical lens risks portraying a simplistic one-directional understanding of Big Tech colonizing the sphere of medical research. This paper draws attention to medical researchers and their everyday interactions. Based on interviews with medical researchers using Apple’s ResearchKit in the Netherlands and the United States, the paper shows that researchers are not passive recipients of Big Tech’s initiatives. Instead, they respond to their initiatives in a variety of ways: not simply by welcoming or resisting Apple’s ResearchKit, but also by ‘making do’ using a variety of tactics (de Certeau, 1984). Thinking in terms of tactics, it is argued in the discussion, helps to identify needs and interests that are of crucial importance to researchers and the broader sphere of medical research. These insights can be used to strengthen the sphere of medical research and promote responsible innovation.

“Through the looking glass: envisioning new library technologies” A glimpse into the future of augmented reality

PurposeBy better understanding the trends around augmented reality (AR) information professionals will be better able to take an active role as it emerges.Design/methodology/approachThis column will examine trends in AR through the lens of three products that have recently been presented to journalists by Snap, Meta and Apple.FindingsThis column highlights the technical hurdles to creating mainstream AR experiences, and underscores how large technology companies are invested in overcoming them due to larger strategic goals, such as escaping the closed ecosystem of app development and creating meaningful AI experiences on phones.Originality/valueThis column underscores the importance of AR, as a technology that is core to libraries mission. AR will enable digital information to be layered onto physical reality which can change human relationship to both abstract information as well as the physical objects such as books and libraries that are important to the profession.

RAI Guidelines: Method for Generating Responsible AI Guidelines Grounded in Regulations and Usable by (Non-)Technical Roles

Many guidelines for responsible AI have been suggested to help AI practitioners in the development of ethical and responsible AI systems. However, these guidelines are often neither grounded in regulation nor usable by different roles, from developers to decision makers. To bridge this gap, we developed a four-step method to generate a list of responsible AI guidelines; these steps are: (1) manual coding of 17 papers on responsible AI; (2) compiling an initial catalog of responsible AI guidelines; (3) refining the catalog through interviews and expert panels; and (4) finalizing the catalog. To evaluate the resulting 22 guidelines, we incorporated them into an interactive tool and assessed them in a user study with 14 AI researchers, engineers, designers, and managers from a large technology company. Through interviews with these practitioners, we found that the guidelines were grounded in current regulations and usable across roles, encouraging self-reflection on ethical considerations at early stages of development. This significantly contributes to the concept of 'Responsible AI by Design'- a design-first approach that embeds responsible AI values throughout the development lifecycle and across various business roles.

Dittos: Personalized, Embodied Agents That Participate in Meetings When You Are Unavailable

Imagine being able to send a personalized embodied agent to meetings you are unable to attend. This paper explores the idea of a Ditto an agent that visually resembles a person, sounds like them, possesses knowledge about them, and can represent them in meetings. This paper reports on results from two empirical investigations: 1) focus group sessions with six groups (n=24) and 2) a Wizard of Oz (WOz) study with 10 groups (n=39) recruited from within a large technology company. Results from the focus group sessions provide insights on what contexts are appropriate for Dittos, and issues around social acceptability and representation risk. The focus group results also provide feedback on visual design characteristics for Dittos. In the WOz study, teams participated in meetings with two different embodied agents: a Ditto and a Delegate (an agent which did not resemble the absent person). Insights from this research demonstrate the impact these embodied agents can have in meetings and highlight that Dittos in particular show promise in evoking feelings of presence and trust, as well as informing decision making. These results also highlight issues related to relationship dynamics such as maintaining social etiquette, managing one's professional reputation, and upholding accountability. Overall, our investigation provides early evidence that Dittos could be beneficial to represent users when they are unable to be present but also outlines many factors that need to be carefully considered to successfully realize this vision.

Pendapatan dalam Hubungannya dengan Perencanaan Ekonomi Kabupaten Muaro Jambi dilihat dari Sisi Perkembangan Indeks Gini Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

Analysis of the Gini index based on education level shows significant inequality in the distribution of education in society. Higher levels of education tend to be accessed by groups with higher incomes, while groups with lower incomes often face barriers to obtaining quality education. This is reflected in the Gini index, which shows that the gap between groups with good and limited access to education is widening. This inequality has an impact on economic opportunities and social mobility, suggesting that improvements in a more inclusive education system and equal access to education across all levels of society are essential to reducing inequality and achieving greater social justice. The secondary sector in Muaro Jambi also shows significant levels of inequality. In the manufacturing and processing industries, large companies that produce goods on a large scale often make substantial profits, while small and medium enterprises struggle to compete. Inequality is also reflected in the construction sector, where the income gap between skilled and unskilled construction workers, and between large and small contractors, is quite striking. This contributes to the high Gini index in this sector, reflecting income inequality among workers and employers. In the tertiary sector, which includes services, retail, finance, and insurance, income inequality tends to be higher. In the service sector, the difference in income between workers in customer service and managers or professionals is very large. In the finance and insurance sector, income inequality is also significant because wages in this sector are often very high compared to other sectors, creating a large gap between workers in these fields and those in lower-wage sectors. This unequal distribution of income leads to a high Gini index in the tertiary sector. The quaternary sector in Muaro Jambi, which includes technology, information, and research and development, shows high levels of inequality. This inequality is caused by the large differences in wages between technology professionals and workers in non-technology sectors, as well as between workers in large technology companies and small businesses. Specialized skills and high levels of education in this sector are often directly related to high incomes, while those in less skilled or educated positions earn much lower wages. This creates a clear inequality in the distribution of income in this sector.

Moving Diabetes Prevention Programs to the Workplace: A Qualitative Exploration of Barriers and Facilitators to Participant Engagement When Implemented by an Employer-Based Clinic.

The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), an effective evidence-based strategy to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes, has been widely implemented in various locations, including workplaces. However, most people do not remain engaged in the program for the recommended full year. Limited qualitative research exists around participant engagement in the workplace DPP. Our study aimed to explore participant engagement in the DPP delivered through the employer-based clinic (EBC) at a large technology company. The DPP was implemented through the EBC at a large technology company in Southern California, beginning in September 2019 by using in-person and virtual synchronous group classes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Virtual focus groups with DPP participants from 2 inaugural cohorts were conducted via Zoom from October 2020 to February 2021. Data were analyzed by using inductive thematic analysis. Five focus groups with 2 to 3 participants in each (total n = 12) were conducted, 2 focus groups per cohort and 1 focus group with the group instructors. Barriers and facilitators to engagement in the DPP were grouped into thematic domains: Individual Drivers, Small Group Community, Workplace Setting, Integrated EBC, and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Results showed that prepandemic workplace demands (ie, meetings, travel) affected DPP participation, yet the group setting provided social support in the workplace to engage in and maintain healthy habits. With the move to a virtual synchronous offering during the pandemic, participants valued the group setting but expressed a preference for in-person meetings. Collectively, participant engagement was bolstered by shared buy-in and collaboration between the employer and the EBC. Our findings suggest that engagement in a workplace DPP can be supported by addressing workplace-specific barriers and gaining buy-in from employers. Delivering the DPP, in person and virtually, through an EBC has the potential to engage employees who have prediabetes.

Decent deepfakes? Professional deepfake developers’ ethical considerations and their governance potential

AbstractPolicymakers and societies are grappling with the question of how to respond to deepfakes, i.e., synthetic audio-visual media which is proliferating in all areas of digital life– from politics to pornography. However, debates and research on deepfakes’ impact and governance largely neglect the technology’s sources, namely the developers of the underlying artificial intelligence (AI), and those who provide code or deepfake creation services to others, making the technology widely accessible. These actors include open-source developers, professionals working in large technology companies and specialized start-ups, and for deepfake apps. They can profoundly impact which underlying AI technologies are developed, whether and how they are made public, and what kind of deepfakes can be created. Therefore, this paper explores which values guide professional deepfake development, how economic and academic pressures and incentives influence developers’ (perception of) agency and ethical views, and how these views do and could impact deepfake design, creation, and dissemination. Thereby, the paper focuses on values derived from debates on AI ethics and on deepfakes’ impact. It is based on ten qualitative in-depth expert interviews with academic and commercial deepfake developers and ethics representatives of synthetic media companies. The paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of AI ethics in relation to audio-visual generative AI. Besides, it empirically informs and enriches the deepfake governance debate by incorporating developers’ voices and highlighting governance measures which directly address deepfake developers and providers and emphasize the potential of ethics to curb the dangers of deepfakes.

Does Company Size Mediate the Relationship between Leverage and Firm Value in Indonesia Technology Companies?

This research aims to prove and test the effect of leverage on firm value, with firm size as a moderating variable in technology companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) for the 2019-2022 period. This study used a quantitative approach with an independent variable on leverage. Dependent variable on firm value and firm size as moderating variable. This study uses convenience sampling with a sample of 32 companies. The data used in this research is secondary data, which is 94 financial reports. The analysis used moderated regression analysis with eViews version 13. The research results show that leverage influences firm value. Firm size weakens the influence of leverage on firm value. This research was developed from previous research by adding firm size as a moderating variable in technology companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) for 2019-2022. It proves that investors pay more attention to a company's future growth potential. Large technology companies are considered to have sufficient resources to deal with changes in profitability and the flexibility to adapt to market changes.

Towards Automated Accessibility Report Generation for Mobile Apps

Many apps have basic accessibility issues, like missing labels or low contrast. To supplement manual testing, automated tools can help developers and QA testers find basic accessibility issues, but they can be laborious to use or require writing dedicated tests. To motivate our work, we interviewed eight accessibility QA professionals at a large technology company. From these interviews, we synthesized three design goals for accessibility report generation systems. Motivated by these goals, we developed a system to generate whole app accessibility reports by combining varied data collection methods (e.g., app crawling, manual recording) with an existing accessibility scanner. Many such scanners are based on single-screen scanning, and a key problem in whole app accessibility reporting is to effectively de-duplicate and summarize issues collected across an app. To this end, we developed a screen grouping model with 96.9% accuracy (88.8% F1-score) and UI element matching heuristics with 97% accuracy (98.2% F1-score). We combine these technologies in a system to report and summarize unique issues across an app, and enable a unique pixel-based ignore feature to help engineers and testers better manage reported issues across their app’s lifetime. We conducted a user study where 19 accessibility engineers and testers used multiple tools to create lists of prioritized issues in the context of an accessibility audit. Our system helped them create lists they were more satisfied with while addressing key limitations of current accessibility scanning tools.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Machine Learning in Cyber Threat Detection

In today's digital era, cyber threats pose significant challenges to organizations, necessitating more advanced detection methods. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) techniques in detecting cyber threats, focusing on supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning models. Using datasets such as CICIDS2017, the study trains models including Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Neural Networks. The evaluation is based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. The results demonstrate that the Random Forest model outperforms others with an accuracy of 92.5\%, a precision of 91.8\%, and an F1-score of 92.4\%. This superior performance highlights its potential for real-time threat detection, as evidenced by a case study where the model effectively identified previously undetected cyber threats in a large technology company's network. However, the study also acknowledges challenges such as data quality and the need for continuous model updates. The findings suggest that integrating ML models into cybersecurity frameworks can significantly enhance threat detection efficiency. Future research should explore combining ML with traditional methods and improving model robustness against adversarial attacks to further advance cybersecurity measures.