Large-size Display Research Articles

Gaze Detection by Wearable Eye-Tracking and NIR LED-Based Head-Tracking Device Based on SVR

In this paper, a gaze estimation method is proposed for use with a large-sized display at a distance. Our research has the following four novelties: this is the first study on gaze-tracking for large-sized displays and large Z (viewing) distances; our gaze-tracking accuracy is not affected by head movements since the proposed method tracks the head by using a near infrared camera and an infrared light-emitting diode; the threshold for local binarization of the pupil area is adaptively determined by using a p-tile method based on circular edge detection irrespective of the eyelid or eyelash shadows; and accurate gaze position is calculated by using two support vector regressions without complicated calibrations for the camera, display, and user's eyes, in which the gaze positions and head movements are used as feature values. The root mean square error of gaze detection is calculated as 0.79° for a 30-inch screen.

Renesas Electronics to withdraw from the large-sized display driver IC business

Renesas Electronics to withdraw from the large-sized display driver IC business

Improvement of Electrical Performance of Metal-Induced Laterally Crystallized Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Transistors

In this study, we present a new method named seed-induced lateral crystallization (SILC), wherein the Ni that is deposited on amorphous silicon (a-Si) is removed prior to crystallization. The newly developed polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin-film transistor (TFT) exhibits a field effect mobility of 63 cm2/V-s, leakage current of 7.9 × 10−11 A, slope of 0.8 V/dec, Ion of 2.8 × 10−4 A at VD = 10 V, and VTH of 5.5 V. The leakage current has been reduced by an order of magnitude as compared with conventional metal-induced lateral crystallized (MILC) poly-Si TFTs, in which Ni is removed after the crystallization. In order to materials analysis, Raman scattering spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used. Since a batch process is possible in MILC technology, it is more advantageous than the excimer laser annealing (ELA) technology for mass production of a large size display. Since SILC TFT shows a leakage current comparable to an ELA poly-Si TFT, its application to the mass production of AMOLED display is expected have a substantial impact on the industry.

26.2: Distinguished Student Paper: A 10‐bit Compact Current DAC Architecture for Large‐Size AMOLED Displays

AbstractIn this paper, a 10‐bit compact current DAC architecture is proposed for large‐size AMOLED displays. The proposed DAC provides the linearity in small area effectively since it has small DNL and two symmetric INL profiles extinguishable in human vision system through averaging process. In addition, the proposed reference calibration scheme guarantees the channel uniformity without area overhead. The simulated INL and DNL are 1.25 and 0.35 LSB, respectively. The deviation of 5uA reference full‐scale current is 2.3nA. The proposed DAC was fabricated with 0.35um CMOS process.

15‐in. RGBW panel using two‐stacked white OLED and color filters for large‐sized display applications

Abstract— A 15‐in. HD panel employing two‐stacked WOLEDs and color filters for which the color gamut can be as high as 101.2% (CIE1976) and the power consumption is 5.22 W. The WOLEDs exhibit a current efficiency of 61.3 cd/A and a power efficiency of 30 lm/W at 1000 nits and their CIE coordinate is (0.340, 0.334). A 15‐in. RGBW panel was investigated to verify the electrical and optical performance compared to that of a 15‐in. RGB TV made by using FMM technology. The characteristics of the 15‐in. RGBW panel are comparable to those of the 15‐in. RGB panel. Color filters combined with WOLEDs is a possible patterning technology for large‐sized OLED TV, which surpasses the limits of fine‐metal‐mask technology.

High‐contrast front‐projection system for large‐screen displays suppressing reflection and diffusion of ambient light

Abstract— A new front‐projection system for large screens by diffusing only projected light to wards the viewing‐angle range and reflecting ambient light towards the other angle ranges is proposed. With this system, a high‐quality and large‐sized front‐projection display with a high contrast ratio even in a bright room has been realized.

11.1: Invited Paper: 15inch RGBW Panel Using TwoStacked White OLED and Color Filter for LargeSized Display Applications

AbstractWe have developed a twostacked white OLED based on bottomemission structure for largesized display. It consists of one unit emitting fluorescent blue and the other unit emitting phosphorescent yellow twodopant of red and green in a host layer. In order to improve the performance of the WOLED, we adopted new noncabazole compound as a hole transporting layer with high triplet energy level and akali—metal doped charge generation layer. In addition, we employed new greenish yellow dopant instead of previous green dopant to enhance the lifetime of the phosphorescent stack. The resulting device exhibits 61.3 cd/A of current efficiency, 30 lm/W of power efficiency, and 6.4 V of driving voltage of at 1000 nit where its CIE coordinate is 0.340, 0.334. Halflifetime T50 of the device is estimated more than 130,000 hrs at 1000 nit. We also fabricated 15inch HD panel employing the twostacked WOLED and color filter.

New Dual Sustaining Driver Using Two Different Energy Recovery Circuits for Large-Sized Plasma Display Panels (PDPs)

A new dual sustaining driver using two different energy recovery circuits (ERCs) for large-sized plasma display panels (PDPs) is proposed. The proposed sustaining driver has two H-bridge inverters to be used in splitting a panel into two. Two ERCs are employed to compensate energy for charging or discharging the panel. When PDPs with the two divided panels are driven by the proposed driver, there are good uniformity in gas discharge and reduction of power consumption by the two different ERCs used in charging and discharging the panel. As results, the proposed sustaining driver has low conduction loss, diminished switching loss of all main power switches, and decrease of reactive power consumption for recovering energy. Moreover, production cost can be reduced because of the simplified ERC for discharging the panel and no additional driving circuits. To verify the operation of the proposed circuit, experimental results will be shown by using a 42-in panel.

Flexible Display Technologies Using Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal: Low Driving-Voltage Panel Fabrication

We have reduced driving voltage of a flexible ferroelectric liquid crystal panel with polymer fibers and walls fastening two thin plastic substrates. The saturation voltage in the monostable V-shaped electrooptic property was decreased at several V, by dispersing fine sparse polymer fibers with small monomer concentration and by forming rigid polymer walls with strong ultraviolet light irradiation. The formation process and mechanism of the polymers were considered in detail. The rise and decay response times were measured, and the total response time was less than 1 ms. The outstanding features were applicable to a flexible large-size moving-image display panel with a direct-illumination-type bendable backlight sheet arraying small LED chips for field sequential color driving technique.

24.3: 32‐inch LCD TV Using Conventional PECVD Microcrystalline‐Silicon TFTs

AbstractA 32‐inch microcrystalline silicon thin film transistor liquid crystal display was manufactured on 1500×1850 mm2 (G6) glass substrate. We have successfully deposited non‐porous and highly crystalline microcrystalline silicon film with interfacial treatment as the active channel layer for TFTs in such large size display. Microcrystalline silicon was deposited by a conventional (13.56 MHz) plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system, and the crystalline fraction is 60%. Crystalline fraction was successfully improved with optimized gas treatment on SiNx layer before μc‐Si:H film deposition. Microcrystalline silicon TFTs with interfacial modification have about 2.8 times and 4 times more on‐current than μc‐Si:H TFT without interfacial modification measured at room temperature and at −10°C, respectively. The μc‐Si:H film with good crystallinity used as the active channel layer will significantly improve the reliability of the microcrystalline silicon TFTs. Furthermore, during the bias‐temperature‐stress test (BTS), VTH shift for μc‐Si:H TFT with treatment after 3hr BTS test is only 1.3V while μc‐Si:H TFT without treatment has a VTH shift of 13V.

An Intrablog-Based Informal Communication Encouraging System that Seamlessly Links On-Line Communications to Off-Line Ones

In this paper, we propose an intrablog-based informal communication encouraging system named “Attractiblog.” It has been pointed out that daily informal communications at a shared public space play very important role in information sharing in an organization. However, in most cases, the communications are often mere chats. To make the communications more informative, it is necessary to feed some common and beneficial topics there. Attractiblog is a system that extracts some articles posted in an intrablog considering who are in the shared space, and show them on a large-sized display that is located in the space. Thus, Attractiblog attempts to seamlessly link on-line communications to off-line communications. We conducted user studies and confirmed that Attractiblog can achieve a natural correspondence between topics in face-to-face informal communications and issues related to the activities of an organization as given in its intrablog.

70.1: Invited Paper: Large-Sized Full Color AMOLED TV : Advancements and Issues

We have demonstrated a 40-inch diagonal, full color WXGA AMOLED TV. It was based on the technologies of amorphous silicon (a-Si) TFT backplane and white OLED with color filter. Despite of recent technology advancement enabling high color purity, large-sized AMOLED, a lot of problems to solve still exist to enter the large-sized display market. Here, Samsung will discuss how far the technologies need to go for the marketplace of large-sized display.

USING INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS BASED PROCESS MONITORING IN TFT-LCD MANUFACTURING

ABSTRACT Large-sized Flat-Panel Displays (FPDs) have become increasingly important for use in PC monitors and TVs. To improve the yield of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panels, process control becomes a critical task in LCD manufacturing. In this paper we propose a control chart based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to monitor TFT-LCD process variations. The proposed method can be effectively used in monitoring an LCD critical process parameter called Total Pitch (TP). TP is a parameter that is used to control alignment errors in the TFT-LCD process. TP variations may cause serious defects like mura (brightness unevenness of a panel) and small bright points on the display area of LCD panels. Since the collected data may be a mixture of noise and different source signals, ICA is first applied to separate mixed signals into independent data. Further, X-bar and R control charts are used to monitor the separated source signals. Experimental results on real measured TP data collected from the TFT-LCD process showed that the proposed method can reliably detect process variation.

Manufacturing Process of Flat Display

A large size display for entertainment, internet, PC and other information instruments is key tool for coming IT revolutionary era, so that the large size display must be characterized by very low electric power consumption and human friendly performance without tiring user's eyes. Thus, liquid crystal (LC) and electroluminescence (EL) displays are candidates for this target. High quality poly-silicon TFT is essentially required even for LCD displays instead current amorphous Si TFT, because very large current drivability is necessary for TFT due to the increase of LCD cell capacitor with an increase of display size up to 50 inches and beyond. The key issue for this target is a creation of very low temperature poly-Si TFT manufacturing technology without excimer laser annealing and very low cost manufacturing which is characterized by very simplified display structures and very simplified manufacturing steps based on very drastic progress of various relating materials and components such as backlights, polarizer, color filter, and etc.

20.3: Super‐High Luminance Light‐Source Device with Carbon Nanotube Emitter

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been attracting considerable attention as field emitters. An excellent performance of carbon‐nanotubes as field‐emitters was demonstrated using a high‐voltage FED element at Society for Information Display (SID) in 1998 where a lighting element for outdoor large size display and a flat panel were presented with the screen printed nanotube cathode. After that, we reported experimental results of a light source tube which was able to be emitted luminous flux of more than 1000lm in prospect at International Display Workshops'00 (IDW'00).In this paper, we described a light‐source device which performed super‐high luminance with special multi‐walled nanotubes (MWNTs) called nanografiber (NGF) as field emitters. The electrodes passed through electrons was improved for more uniform landing to the phosphor screen. X‐ray shield and cooling for phosphor screen were investigated for a practical use and life‐time confirmation. The device was experimentally applied to one of projection displays with liquid crystal display (LCD) as light sources.NGF cathodes have been tested under dc driving condition with high current and high anode voltage(25–30kV) against high voltage ion bombardment. The degradation of phosphors has been tested to maintain super‐high luminance under high density electron irradiation and efficient cooling.

11.3: Invited Paper: Lighting Elements of Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display

AbstractEach year the Society awards the Display of the Year Award to several display devices that exhibit leading edge technology or innovative solutions to an information display need. The following paper provides a summary of a Display of the Year award recipient from 1999 and 2000 SID conferences. The display described Carbon‐nanotube(CNT) Field Emission Display(FED) has produced the first commercial product as a lighting element, which is a 1‐pixel 20mm‐diameter cylindrical device intended to replace existing externally similar thermionic (CRT‐type) lighting elements used in outdoor displays and other high‐brightness applications.An excellent performance of carbon‐nanotubes as field‐emitters was demonstrated using a high‐voltage FED elements at SID in 1998 where a light‐source tube for outdoor large size display and diode type flat panel were presented with the screen printed nanotube cathode.After that, an x‐y addressable high‐luminance FED panel was introduced at IDRC in 1999. The experimental panel was performed ca.7×105 cd/m2 green light at 6kV, ca.1mA/cm2 dc‐driving condition.The results show the excellent performance of carbon nanotube FED as flat panel displays which are applicable to large size TV devices. This panel will be not only suitable for future TV display but also light‐sources for field sequential color LCDs.The CNT FED lighting‐element module is exciting not only because it is the first commercial implementation of CNT technology, but because it could pave the way for new generations of FED products.

22.1: Invited Paper: High‐Luminance Carbon Nanotube FED

AbstractAn excellent performance of carbon‐nanotubes as field‐emitters was demonstrated using a high‐voltage FED elements at SID in 1998 where a light‐source tube for outdoor large size display and diode type flat panel were presented with the screen printed nanotube cathode.After that, a triode type paper which describes an x‐y addressable high‐luminance FED panel was introduced at IDRC in 1999. The experimental panel was performed ca.7×105 cd/m2 green light at 6kV, ca.1mA/cm2 dc‐driving condition.[2]The results show the excellent performance of carbon nanotube FED as flat panel displays which are applicable to large size TV devices. This panel will be not only suitable for future TV display but also light‐sources for field sequential color LCDs.

Recent Progress of Low Temperature Poly Si Tft Technology

ABSTRACTSince being introduced to the production line in 1996, replacing the first generation a-Si TFT line, low-temperature poly-Si production technology aimed at manufacturing small and medium size LCD products has improved steadily corresponding to customers' requirements for rapid growth of the DVC and DSC markets. In the future, this production technology must progress to actual industry technology levels in order to cope with production applied not only to large size displays, which have a major market share in the present display market, but also to a large glass substrate, which effectively cuts the cost of products, although improvement of production yield and productivity in terms of pursuing cost reduction must be proceeded.This paper has described existing problems of inherent low-temperature poly-Si TFT processes and their relating additional processes in present production methods. We have also discussed updating production technologies. To cope with production for a large size display, it is necessary to establish fabrication technology of higher performance TFTs with electron mobility larger than 200cm2/V·s. We believe that one key technology is to fabricate a large-scale and highly-uniform recrystallized poly-Si film with smooth surface morphology as well as precisely-controlled grain size in production. To cope with production using a large glass substrate, it is essential to develop ELA equipment with laser power greater than 200W.

Recent Progress of Low Temperature Poly Si TFT Technology

AbstractSince being introduced to the production line in 1996, replacing the first generation a-Si TFT line, low-temperature poly-Si production technology aimed at manufacturing small and medium size LCD products has improved steadily corresponding to customers' requirements for rapid growth of the DVC and DSC markets. In the future, this production technology must progress to actual industry technology levels in order to cope with production applied not only to large size displays, which have a major market share in the present display market, but also to a large glass substrate, which effectively cuts the cost of products, although improvement of production yield and productivity in terms of pursuing cost reduction must be proceeded.This paper has described existing problems of inherent low-temperature poly-Si TFT processes and their relating additional processes in present production methods. We have also discussed updating production technologies. To cope with production for a large size display, it is necessary to establish fabrication technology of higher performance TFTs with electron mobility larger than 200cm2/V s. We believe that one key technology is to fabricate a large-scale and highly-uniform recrystallized poly-Si film with smooth surface morphology as well as precisely-controlled grain size in production. To cope with production using a large glass substrate, it is essential to develop ELA equipment with laser power greater than 200W.

大型ディスプレイ（１１０インチ）を用いた作業における注視角度の比較

大型ディスプレイ（１１０インチ）を用いた作業における注視角度の比較