Large-scale Movements Of People Research Articles

Family and Youth Development: Some Concepts and Findings Linked to The Ecocultural and Acculturation Models

Much research on migrants has focused on single individuals; however, the large-scale movement of people from one society to another often includes families made up of parents, their children and other relatives. Over time, these families and their members settle into their new society; they experience the process of acculturation and eventually adapt to their new circumstances. The processes of acculturation and adaptation are highly variable across cultural groups, societies of settlement, families and individuals. Sometimes this process is challenging, and may engender disagreements and conflicts among members of a family about how to acculturate. Variations in these patterns allow for the examination of which acculturation experiences and strategies lead to better adaptations. This paper reviews some of the core concepts and frameworks for examining them, and presents some findings on how families and youth acculturate and adapt. It concludes with some suggestions for how to acculturate using the integration strategy to improve family and individual adaptations.

Mass Gathering and Population Movement in India: Possible Risk of Vector-Borne Diseases

Surveillance tools measure and help to predict the possibility of the onset of any disease including vector-borne diseases during some specific situations likemass gatherings (MGs) that are closely related tothe disease epidemiology (why, what, who, where, when, and how)concerningthe transmission of infectious diseases including vector-borne diseases. Some situations ofmass gatherings may bring closely large and diverse population groups coming from different endemic zones/areas leading tothe transmission of communicable diseases including vector-borne diseases. Mass gatherings (MGs) may have the potential to enhance the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseasesowing to different geographical, social, and climatic factors. Usually, MGs have been thought to have enhanced risks of disease transmission.Theyalso have the potential to increase the opportunities for other types of mechanical injuriesfrom accidents, stampedes, alcohol use, internal group fights etc. that may result in morbidity or mortality.Besides, they are potential breeding places for the proliferation of vector species, capable of transmitting malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and JE including ticks and mites-borne diseases. It is a well-known fact there area large number of asymptomatic cases which act as sub-clinical cases, hence, chances of local transmission through vectors during such mass gatherings can not be ruled out.There is always a need for well-structured, intensified real-time disease and vector surveillance and reporting systems in place which is essential for efficient MG planning, to ensure disease prevention and control. In the present context of the ongoing COVIDpandemic, such surveillance systems havebecome a vital component of such events of mass gatherings and large-scale movement of people.

Note from the Editors

Note from the Editors

Impacts of Natural Environmental Factors and Prevalence of Airway Symptoms on the Local Spread of COVID-19: A Time-Series Analysis in Regional COVID-19 Epidemics

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the world's largest public health concern in 2021. This study evaluated the associations of the prevalence of airway symptoms among the tested individuals and data regarding the natural environmental factors with the weekly number of newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients in Sendai City (Nt). For the derivatives of the screening test results, data from individuals with a contact history who underwent nasopharyngeal swab reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing between July 2020 and April 2021 (6,156 participants, including 550 test-positive patients) were used. The value of Nt correlated with the weekly RT-PCR test-positive rate after close contact, prevalence of cough symptoms in test-positive individuals or in test-negative individuals, lower air temperature, lower air humidity, and higher wind speed. The weekly test-positive rate correlated with lower air humidity and higher wind speed. In cross-correlation analyses, natural environmental factors correlated with the regional epidemic status on a scale of months, whereas the airway symptoms among non-COVID-19 population affected on a scale of weeks. When applying an autoregression model to the serial data of Nt, large-scale movements of people were suggested to be another factor to influence the local epidemics on a scale of days. In conclusion, the prevalence of cough symptoms in the local population, lower air humidity or higher wind speed, and large-scale movements of people in the locality would jointly influence the local epidemic status of COVID-19.

Policy Makers', NGO, and Healthcare Workers' Accounts of Migrants' and Refugees' Healthcare Access Across Europe-Human Rights and Citizenship Based Claims.

Freely available healthcare, universally accessible to the population of citizens, is a key ideal for European welfare systems. As labor migration of the twentieth century gave way to the globalized streams of the twenty-first century, new challenges to fulfilling these ideals have emerged. The principle of freedom of movement, together with large-scale forced migration have led to large scale movements of people, making new demands on European healthcare systems which had previously been largely focused on meeting sedentary local populations' needs. Drawing on interviews with service providers working for NGOs and public healthcare systems and with policy makers across 10 European countries, this paper considers how forced migrants' healthcare needs are addressed by national health systems, with factors hindering access at organizational and individual level in particular focus. The ways in which refugees' and migrants' healthcare access is prevented are considered in terms of claims based on citizenship and on the human right to health and healthcare. Where claims based on citizenship are denied and there is no means of asserting the human right to health, migrants are caught in a new form of inequality.

Movilidad forzada por las dinámicas del narcotráfico: variables para el análisis del proceso de asilo de mexicanos por violencia en EE.UU.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las condiciones de los refugiados mexicanos en ee.uu. a causa de la violencia del narcotráfico, subsistema inserto en el capitalismo global, basado en la demanda y el lucro, que concibe los costos sociales como efectos colaterales. Se explican las problemáticas normativas principalmente contenidas en el Estatuto sobre Refugiados y su Protocolo, documentos que no contemplan las demandas actuales y que merecen revisarse. Se analiza el incremento de solicitudes de refugio de mexicanos en ee.uu. y los obstáculos que éstos enfrentan en el proceso. Se argumenta, en fin, que no basta flexibilizar la legislación, porque el asilo y el refugio, que deberían ser situaciones casuísticas aisladas raramente acontecidas, no pueden masificarse, toda vez que los países de acogida no pueden gestionarlos.

Human Mobility and the Longue Durée: The Prehistory of Global Migration Law

The long history of human migration sets the stage for a probing engagement with current migration law and the challenges of bringing it into alignment with contemporary needs and rights. If very large scale movements of people are a constant element of life on earth, should we reconsider the migration panic that has gripped political leaders and their publics, and should we reassess the responses that are being advanced? Instead of crisis should we be talking of continuum, instead of restrictions on foreigner entry should we be considering support for human ingenuity and opportunity? Despite its scale, should we consider ways to extend to distress-migration the facilitatory infrastructure we routinely apply to business or service related human mobility?

Burma–Bengal Crossings: Intercolonial Connections in Pre-Independence India

The large-scale movement of people between Burma and Bengal in the early twentieth century has been explored recently by authors such as Sugata Bose and Sunil Amrith who locate Burma within the wider migratory culture of the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and Southeast Asia. This article argues that the long and historical connections between Bengalis and Burmese were transformed by the British colonisation of the region. Through an analysis of selected literary texts in Bengali, some by well-known and others by obscure writers, this article shows that, for Indians, Burma constituted an elsewhere where the fantastic and superhuman were within reach, and caste and religious constraints could be circumvented and radical possibilities enabled by masquerade and disguise.

Examining Factors in Cross-Cultural Competence Development in Taiwan College Students

The recent large-scale movement of people across the globe has triggered many cross-cultural opportunities that were quite rare in the past, but now occur almost every day. However, these cross-cultural opportunities have also introduced a variety of cultural tensions and visible exclusionary practices, which are of serious concern. The summation of these opportunities and phenomena has resulted in a greater demand for cross-cultural competence (CCC) of individuals living in a diversified global community. In Taiwan, within recent years, there has been a significant influx of international students and in effect, this increase has gradually transformed the university campus into a more diversified community. In order to promote cross-cultural exchange and a mutual understanding between the growing number of international students and local college students, it is important to develop their cross-cultural competence early in their college lives. Consequently, this paper details an empirical study on the mediating effects of social factors on the development of a local college student’s cross-cultural competence, including the school climate, family and home, peers, personal value system, and traditions. Using a modified CCC scale developed by Chen and Ching (2012), a total of 933 valid responses were gathered and analyzed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze and develop a model of relationships among the social factors. Results show that student exposure to a cross-culturally tolerant environment has greatly enhanced their cross-cultural competence. In addition, the SEM results have also shown a significant path from student school climate, individual perspective (personal value system and traditions), and cross-cultural competence. In conclusion, in order for Taiwan college students to become better equipped with adequate cross-cultural skills, additional interventions and opportunities should be encouraged.

Institutions and the long-run impact of early development

We study the role of institutional development as a causal mechanism of history affecting current economic performance. Several indicators capturing different dimensions of early development in 1500AD are used to remove the endogenous component of the variations in institutions. These indicators are adjusted with large-scale movements of people across international borders using the global migration matrix of Putterman and Weil (2010) to account for the fact that the ancestors of a population have facilitated the diffusion of knowledge when they migrate. The exogenous component of institutions due to historical development is found to be a significant determinant of current output. By demonstrating that the relationship between early development and current economic performance works through the channel of institutions and that better institutions can be traced back to historical factors, the results of this paper shed some light on how history has played a role in shaping long-run comparative development.

Migration Patterns in Duhok Governorate, Iraq, 2000-2010

Migration is commonly associated with large scale movements of people, from one country to another, both in terms of refugee displacement and voluntary migration. The internal movement within countries is however less studied despite the fact that this is an important indicator for imbalance and also crucial for planning the future for the country. In Iraq, a major reason for migration has been security, due to its turbulent history since the 1980’s. This has caused a large scale displacement of Iraqi people. More recently, Kurdistan Region in Iraq has been stabilized leading to more voluntary population movements, such as economic migration. This paper seeks to contribute with information on the internal and external movements in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan, Iraq, looking at reasons for migration, characteristics of the migrants and the time for migration. Data on migration, environment and rural livelihoods was collected through 606 interviews in rural villages in Duhok Governorate.Additionally, 600 interviews were conducted in the urban areas of Duhok, Semel, Zakho and Amedi, to capture the rural to urban migration. The study found that economy is the main reason for migration, closely followed by family/marriage. There is a trend of urban to rural migration for households, contradicting common notions of urbanization. Individuals however are more prone to migrate abroad or from rural to urban areas. Environmental migration is low and can be explained by the low dependence on agriculture in the region. (Less)

Strontium isotopic reconstruction of the composition of an urban free black population from the 19th century United States

The Industrial Revolution in the United States had a tremendous impact on society, altering not only economics but also the distribution of it population. It was also during this period that increasing numbers of African Americans gained their freedom from slavery. Released from overt bondage, free African Americans sought the opportunities denied to them for over two centuries, initiating a large scale movement of people to the burgeoning urban centers of industry. The individuals interred in the Newburgh Colored Burial Ground (1830–1870) represent one small segment of this process. Strontium isotopic analyses are utilized in order to discuss the demographic composition of Newburgh’s free black population during this time period. In particular, we examine the relative contribution of migration and natural increase, and whether there are significant sex-specific differences in the formation of the population. The results suggest that Newburgh’s free black population was composed predominantly of individuals born in the immediate region. Additionally, there were a greater percentage of non-local males than females. While historical data suggests that females had greater job opportunities in the north relative to males, the growing industrial economy Newburgh may very well have fostered greater male mobility.

Gender and climate change in Australia

Debate continues to rage as to the veracity of evidence around the permanence of climate change. There is no doubt that changes are occurring across the world and that these changes are causing significant social hardship, including food and water insecurity and large-scale movements of people. What is also emerging in research across the world is that these social impacts and adaptations are highly gendered. This article draws on several years of research on the Australian drought and more recent research on declining water availability in the Murray—Darling Basin of Australia. It notes the significant social impacts, particularly in remote and irrigation areas, and draws out the gendered impacts of these changes. The article argues for more sensitive rights-based social policy to address people who are under extraordinary stress during times of unparalleled change.

Comprehensive response to rape needed in conflict settings

Mass rape and sexual torture of women and girls by men in conflict areas is one of the most gruesome legacies of the 20th century. Nowhere has this been more evident than in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where thousands have been gang raped with such violence as to cause vaginal fistulae. War is also usually associated with great upheaval of populations and many women and girls are forced to have sex in return for safe passage food shelter and other resources. Peacekeepers and aid workers are among the exploiters. Refugee camps are often unsafe and rape occurs. Furthermore large-scale movements of people provide opportunities for new consensual sexual encounters with concomitant spread of sexually transmitted infections. War in Africa is generally assumed to be one of the factors fuelling the HIV epidemic. (excerpt)

Intervention epidemiology training: a European perspective.

Within the widening European Union, large-scale movements of people, animals and food-products increasingly contribute to the potential for spread of communicable diseases. The EU was given a mandate for public health action only in 1992, under the Treaty of European Union ("Maastricht Treaty"), which was broadened in the 1997 with the Treaty of Amsterdam. While all EU countries have statutory requirements for notifying communicable diseases, national and regional communicable disease surveillance practices vary considerably. The Network Committee (NC) for the Epidemiological Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases in the EU was established in 1998 to harmonise these activities.

Population movements and integrated rural development.

SUMMARYThis paper explores the relationship between population movements and integrated rural development. After brief consideration of types of population movements and the methodology of migration studies, particular attention is given to the research conclusions and implications of migration between rural and urban areas. The‘ argument is made that integrated rural development is most unlikely to serve as a significant means of slowing city growth. Understanding the process of rural‐urban migration at the local and national level is essential for rural development planning and implementation. This requires going beyond simple perspectives of migration as a response to “pressure” of resources and population in an area, to an appreciation of how population movements relate to the culture, systems of stratification, work relationships, family and other organizational ties within the rural community, along with intercommunity ties with other rural and urban areas.ResumeCet article explore le rapport entre mouvements de population et développement rural intégral. Après un bref aperçu des différents types de mouvements de population et de la méthodologie d'études des migrations de peuples, l'article en vient surtout à la fluctuation entre des régions rurales et urbaines et aux conséquences qui s'ensuivent. II est dit, qu'un développement rural intégral semble être le moins adapté pour ralentir la croissance des villes. La compréhension du processus du mouvement campagne‐ville sur un échelon local et national est indispensable pour la planification et la réalisation d'un développement rural. Cela exige qu'il faille aller au‐delà des simples perspectives de mouvements de population comme réponse à la «pression» des moyens existants et de la population d'une région pour arriver à voir la relation entre migrations de peuples et culture, systémes de stratification, rapports de travail, famille et autres liens organisés à l'intérieur d'une commune rurale, et aussi les liens avec d'autres communes dans des regions rurales et urbaines.ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel analysiert den Zusammenhang zwischen Bevölkerungs‐bewegungen und integrierter ländlicher Entwicklung. Nach kurzem Eingehen auf Arten der Bevölkerungsbewegungen und der Methodologie der Studien über Völkerwanderungen, wird der Fluktuation zwischen ländlichen und städtischen Gebieten und den hieraus resultie‐renden Schlußfolgerungen besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Es wird argumentiert, daß integrierte ländliche Entwicklung am wenigsten dazu geeignet erscheint, das Wachstum der Städte zu verlangsamen. Das Verstehen des Prozesses der Land‐Stadt Wanderung auf lokaler und nationaler Ebene ist unabdingbar für die Planung und Durchführung ländlicher Entwicklung. Dies erfordert, daß man über einfache Darstellungen der Bevölkerungsbewegungen als Antwort auf “Druck” scitens der vorhandenen Ressourcen und der Bevölkerung einer Region hinausgeht, hin zu einer Anerkennung der Beziehung zwischen Wanderungen und Kultur, Stratifikationssystemen, Arbeits‐beziehungen, Familie und anderen organisierten Bindungen innerhalb einer ländlichen Gemeinde, und auch Bindungen zu anderen Ge‐meinden in landlichen und städrischen Gegenden.

The concept ‘immigration’ in archaeological contexts illustrated by examples from West Norwegian and North Norwegian early iron age

Visible changes in prehistoric cultures have been interpreted as the result of large scale movements of people, and the concept immigration has been used in archaeology without a closer examination or definition. The authors refer to earlier discussions among Scandinavian archaeologists about the possibility of confirming an immigration from archaeological material, and this is set up against the anthropologists' analysis of how culture changes. Since we perforce lack knowledge of too many of the essential features of a prehistoric culture, we will never be able to give absolute explanations of changes demonstrated in a prehistoric source material, and other processes like evolution and diffusion will always lie nearer at hand as the possible reason for these changes. The authors demonstrate how the Migration Period expansion in SW‐Norway earlier was explained as the result of an immigration from the South in contrast to the present well accepted view that it is the result of an internal development under influence from other areas. It is widely accepted, however, that the obviously same process traced in Northern Norway is due to an immigration of people from SW‐Norway in the Late Roman and Early Migration Periods. According to the authors the similarity in the archaeological material in the two areas mentioned is better explained as the result of common traditions and constant contact along the coast.