Large Sample Survey Research Articles

Mobility-on-demand: An empirical study of internet-based ride-hailing adoption factors, travel characteristics and mode substitution effects

Ride-hailing services are shaping travel behaviours and emergent urban mobility patterns. From their initial diffusion centres in North America and Europe, these on-demand mobility services are increasingly becoming available in developing countries. Yet, empirical research from these contexts on the impact of ride-hailing services is lacking. To address this gap, this paper examines the factors driving the adoption of ride-hailing and the associated travel characteristics and mode substitution effects in Ghana, Sub-Saharan Africa. Using data from a large sample survey (N = 1188) of commuters in a multi-variable structural equation model, the paper shows that socio-demographic factors, perceived benefits and ease of use of ride-hailing, perceived safety risks and car-dependent lifestyles influence adoption and use of ride-hailing services. Similar to other contexts, individuals’ reference ride-hailing trips were mainly for ‘special occasion’ purposes (51%), but work and school journeys were also high (41%). Shorter travel times (≤30 min) and single passenger journeys within inner-suburban and outer-suburban localities typify ride-hailing trips. This contrasts with other contexts where ride-hailing is used frequently by urban dwellers and less so by those in the suburbs. Ride-hailing use replaced conventional taxis (51%), public transport (36%), private car (10%) and walking (1%), suggesting mode substitution effects for individuals’ reference trips. Further exploration of a full day’s travel mode choices also revealed that individuals use other available modes of transport in addition to ride-hailing services. However, multi-modal integration is weak, suggesting that ride-hailing tends to be used alone for full door-to-door journeys, instead of complementing other existing modes in serving first/last mile access for example. The implications of the findings for sustainable mobility are discussed.

Energy consumption index and evaluation method of public traffic buildings in China

Airport terminal, railway station, and subway station are public traffic buildings with special functions, which are responsible to satisfy the basic needs during the use of public transportation. In this paper, the current status of building energy consumption and appropriate energy consumption evaluation methods for these traffic buildings in China are studied. The energy consumption levels of various types of traffic buildings in China are firstly revealed based on a large sample survey, and an analysis method for the energy use of such buildings is then proposed. It’s found that the average annual energy consumptions for these three types of buildings are 206.3 kW h/(m2·year), 115.7 kW h/(m2·year) and 124.9 kW h/(m2·year) respectively. The energy consumptions of traffic buildings in the hot summer and cold winter zone and hot summer and warm winter zone are manifested to be higher mainly due to the climate characteristic. Besides, energy consumption per unit area is considered to be the most suitable indicator for an accurate assessment. The energy evaluation method for traffic buildings is proposed where the total energy is divided into the basic energy and variable energy. The basic energy consumption is mainly related to the building function for transportation, while the variable energy consumption is mainly determined by the local climate. It’s found the basic energy consumption accounts for about 50 % of the airport terminals and railway stations. The energy use indexes for different traffic buildings are also obtained based on the surveyed results.

Economic outlook and the gender gap in attitudes about climate change

Polling consistently shows that the USA is significantly polarized on the issue of climate change. Economic outlook and gender are frequently identified as two sources of this variation, as Americans often view the climate change issue as a tradeoff between economic and environmental risk, and women tend to express more concern than men about this issue. Much of the existing literature links the two by focusing on the role of economic outlook and worldview differences between genders to explain this gender gap. In short, economic concern overrides environmental concern, and males are more sensitive to economic concern, even with appropriate socioeconomic controls. However, little research has empirically investigated this interplay between gender and economic outlook. Using a large sample survey, this study investigates the relationships between economic outlook, gender, and support for climate change mitigation strategies. Findings suggest that economic outlook has a significant effect, and that it moderates gender effects. We find large gender effects among those who feel most economically vulnerable, but these differences dissipate as economic outlook improves.

Prevalence of Complex Organic Molecules in Starless and Prestellar Cores within the Taurus Molecular Cloud

Abstract The detection of complex organic molecules (COMs) toward dense, collapsing prestellar cores has sparked interest in the fields of astrochemistry and astrobiology, yet the mechanisms for COM formation are still debated. It was originally believed that COMs first form in ices, only to be irradiated by UV radiation from the surrounding interstellar radiation field as well as forming protostars, and subsequently photodesorbed into the gas phase. However, starless and prestellar cores do not have internal protostars to heat up and sublimate the ices. Alternative models using chemical energy have been developed to explain the desorption of COMs, yet in order to test these models, robust measurements of COM abundances are needed toward representative samples of cores. We have conducted a large sample survey of 31 starless and prestellar cores in the Taurus molecular cloud, detecting methanol (CH3OH) in 100% of the cores targeted and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) in 70%. At least two transition lines of each molecule were measured, allowing us to place tight constraints on excitation temperature, column density, and abundance. Additional mapping of methanol revealed extended emission detected down to A V as low as ∼3 mag. We find that COMs are detectable in the gas phase and are being formed early, at least hundreds of thousands of years prior to star and planet formation. The precursor molecule, CH3OH, may be chemically linked to the more complex CH3CHO; however, higher spatial resolution maps are needed to further test chemical models.

Research on the Entrepreneurial Environment Element System of the Deeply Impoverished Area in Northeast Chongqing

The returned migrant workers’ starting their own businesses in deeply impoverished areas is a vital way to realize rural vitalization. Therefore, optimizing the entrepreneurial environment in deeply impoverished areas is of great strategic significance. In order to optimize the entrepreneurial environment for returned migrant workers, it is required to firstly define the rural entrepreneurial environment elements needed by the returned migrant workers, so as to determine the rural entrepreneurial environment element system for returned migrant workers. In this article, the deeply impoverished area in northeast Chongqing is taken as an example, and a large sample survey on the migrant workers’ requirements of entrepreneurial environment elements is conducted, and 23 entrepreneurial environment elements are covered in the subsequent questionnaire survey. Factor analysis helps to define the migrant workers’ entrepreneurial environment element system: government and policy efficiency, production factor support, family and social support, entrepreneurial cost level, and business registration convenience. On this basis, measures are proposed to optimize the entrepreneurial environment of the deeply impoverished area.

Hospitalization Due to Asthma Exacerbation: A China Asthma Research Network (CARN) Retrospective Study in 29 Provinces Across Mainland China.

PurposeDetails of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in mainland China are lacking. To improve disease control and reduce economic burden, a large sample survey among this patient population is indispensable. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of such patients.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in 29 hospitals of 29 regions in mainland China during the period 2013 to 2014. Demographic features, pre-admission conditions, exacerbation details, and outcomes were summarized. Risk factors for exacerbation severity were analyzed.ResultsThere were 3,240 asthmatic patients included in this study (57.7% females, 42.3% males). Only 28.0% used daily controller medications; 1,287 (39.7%) patients were not currently on inhaled corticosteroids. Acute upper airway infection was the most common trigger of exacerbation (42.3%). Patients with severe to life-threatening exacerbation tended to have a longer disease course, a smoking history, and had comorbidities such as hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and food allergy. The multivariate analysis showed that smoking history, comorbidities of hypertension, COPD, and food allergy were independent risk factors for more severe exacerbation. The number of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation varied with seasons, peaking in March and September. Eight patients died during the study period (mortality 0.25%).ConclusionsDespite enhanced education on asthma self-management in China during recent years, few patients were using daily controller medications before the onset of their exacerbation, indicating that more educational efforts and considerations are needed. The findings of this study may improve our understanding of hospital admission for asthma exacerbation in mainland China and provide evidence for decision-making.

Public Preference for Electric Vehicle Incentive Policies in China: A Conjoint Analysis.

In order to mitigate energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission in the transportation sector, countries around the world have generally adopted electric vehicles (EVs) as a new development direction of the automobile industry. Although the Chinese government has issued a series of incentive policies to promote EVs, the ownership of EVs is still insufficient due to low public purchasing enthusiasm. Thus, to better realize the promotion goal of EVs, public preference for EV incentive policies is worth investigating. Based on a large sample survey (N = 1039), this study investigated public preference for various incentive policies by using the conjoint analysis method. The results suggest that less than one third of consumers have a better understanding of the incentive policies, while more than half of the consumers know little about these policies. For consumers, the relative importance of different policy categories is ranked as follows: charging incentive policies, driving incentive policies, vehicle registering incentive policies, and purchasing incentive policies. As for different socio-demographic groups, consumers aged 26–30 years, with a monthly income higher than RMB 20,000, with high school, special secondary school, and masters (or above) educational levels regarded the relative importance of driving incentive policies as the highest; consumers from two-member families ranked purchasing incentive policies as the first one; consumers with a monthly income of RMB 15,001–20,000 and those from three-member families place registering incentive policies first; other consumers put charging incentive policies first. Based on the above results, this paper offers policy recommendations for improving consumer knowledge level of incentive policies as well as full consideration of their policy demands.

Remembering Good Learning and Teaching: Results of a Large-Sample Survey

Remembering Good Learning and Teaching: Results of a Large-Sample Survey

A Large Sample Survey of Tibetan People on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Current Situation of Depression and Risk Factors.

Background: A depressive state is a negative emotional state characterized by abnormal dejection and unpleasant mood. Long-term depressive symptoms can result in psychological disorders such as depression. However, little is known about the depression status and risk factors of the Tibetan people on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Objective: This study explores the depression status of the Tibetan people to better promote ethnic minorities’ physical and mental health. Participants and Setting: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered to 24,141 Tibetan people from Yushu Prefecture; the average age was 34.33 years (SD = 9.18, range = 18–94 years). Materials and Methods: Participants completed questionnaires collecting demographic information and evaluating symptoms of depression. Results: The depression prevalence was higher at high altitudes, and there may be a significant positive correlation between depression rates and altitude. Significant differences were found for each demographic variable. Participants with depressive symptoms (scores ≥8) accounted for 52.3% of the total sample, and participants with depression (scores ≥14) accounted for 28.6%. The binary logistic regression results showed that alcohol drinkers, unmarried participants, participants with high self-assessed socioeconomic status, participants with a high income level, and those with a middle-school education were more likely to be depressed. Conclusions: The results provide the first evidence that the prevalence of depression in Tibetans of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is higher than that in the general Chinese population and that reported in Western studies, a finding that may be related to cultural differences and chronic hypoxia caused by the high altitude. This paper offers insight into the mental health status of people living in plateau areas and provides a basis for formulating pertinent mental health policy.

The cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference for predicting metabolic risk factors in Chinese adults

Objective: To assess the association of BMI and waist circumference (WC) with metabolic risk factors, and confirm the appropriate cut-off points of BMI and WC among Chinese adults. Methods: After excluding participants with missing or extreme measurement values, as well as individuals with self-reported histories of cancer, a total of 501 201 adults in baseline and 19 201 adults in the second re-survey from the China Kadoorie Biobank were included. The associations of BMI and WC with metabolic risk factors were estimated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to assess the appropriate cut-off values of BMI and WC to predict the risk of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and clustering of risk factors. Results: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and clustering of risk factors all presented ascending trends with the increasing levels of BMI or WC. Defined as the points on the ROC curve where Youden's index reached the highest, the appropriate overweight cut-off points of BMI were around 24.0 kg/m(2) both in men and women, and the points of WC were around 85 cm in men and 80 to 85 cm in women. With specificity 90% for identification of risk factors, the appropriate obese cut-off points of BMI were around 28.0 kg/m(2) both in men and women, with the range of 27.0 to 28.9 kg/m(2). Conclusions: The cut-off points for overweight and obesity recommended by Coorperative Meta-analysis Group of China Obesity Task Force was verified in the large sample survey conducted more recently. The cut-off points of BMI were 24.0 and 28.0 kg/m(2) for overweight and obesity, and the cut-off point of WC was 85 cm in men and 80 to 85 cm in women for central obesity.

Cumulation of Cross-Section Surveys: Evaluation of Alternative Concepts for the Cumulated Continuous Household Budget Surveys (LWR) 1999 Until 2003 Compared to the Sample Survey of Income and Expenditures (EVS) 2003

Im Rahmen der Weiterentwicklung des Systems von Haushaltsstatistiken und unter Berucksichtigung der EU-Erfordernisse mit neuen EU-SILC Ansatzen wird die Kumulation von Querschnitts-Stichproben zu einem integrierten Informationssystem diskutiert und gefordert. Insbesondere sollen bei dem Umbau der Haushaltsbudgeterhebungen einerseits jahrliche Ergebnisse produziert werden, sowie andererseits in mehrjahrigem Abstand ausreichend hohe Stichprobenumfange zur Verfugung stehen, um tiefgegliederte Analysen zu ermoglichen. Die vorliegende Studie ist dazu ein Beitrag mit einer generellen konzeptionellen Fundierung fur die Kumulation von Querschnitten und einer Anwendung, die im Besonderen das neue Kumulationskonzept evaluiert mit grosen offiziellen Stichproben/Umfragen: der Querschnitts-Kumulation von funf jahrlichen Laufenden Wirtschaftsrechnungen (LWR), die verglichen wird mit der funfjahrigen Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS) des deutschen Statistischen Bundesamtes. Dabei wird die Sensitivitat des Kumulationskonzeptes mit seinen Alternativen evaluiert fur ausgewahlte Gruppen von Konsumausgaben privater Haushalte. Eine Empfehlung beschliest diese Studie.

Remembering Good Learning and Teaching: Results of a Large-Sample Survey

This article presents data from 1,751 survey responses on how adults remember their share of very good teachers in K-12 education and their characteristics. Participants remembered most of their teachers as good or very good and typically just over 15 percent as bad or worse. Further, participants remembered their very good teacher as predominantly caring and supportive, with a strong knowledge of the subject content. A factor analysis describes that good teaching was consistently associated with what the learning sciences broadly define as growth” models and not with the “teaching as delivery” model. These results show that participants’ positive perspectives about educators are consistent with several surveys of public opinion about local public schools, but not public schools nationally. The factor analysis also shows that when respondents reflected on their own learning, their assessment of “what worked” differed from key principles orienting most accountability-based education policies promoted since the 1980s.

Shining a light on Asian night markets: vendors’ and visitors’ views

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to build on both the theoretical work concerning the co-creation of experiences, and the need for micro-businesses to adopt a consumer-friendly orientation. The researchers examined the compatibility of vendors’ views of their visitors’ perspectives and the visitors’ own assessments of two Hong Kong night markets. Using a large sample survey with over 1,900 tourists and 120 vendors, and examining the data through mean difference testing and factor analysis, the comparability of the views was examined. Key findings were that vendors consistently overestimated the positivity of the visitors’ views. Value for money, trustworthiness of the vendors and product variety were items indicating strong differences where vendors assumed visitors perceived night markets more favorably than did the visitors themselves. The work challenges some assumptions of service design logic and speculates that the durability of night markets is at risk without better vendor understanding of the visitors’ perspectives.Design/methodology/approachThe study builds on both the theoretical work concerning the co-creation of experiences, and the need for micro-businesses to adopt a consumer-friendly orientation. The researchers examined the compatibility of vendors’ views of their visitors’ perspectives and the visitors’ own assessments of two Hong Kong night markets. Using a large sample survey with over 1,900 tourists and 120 vendors and examining the data through mean difference testing and factor analysis, the comparability of the views was examined.FindingsKey findings were that vendors consistently overestimated the positivity of the visitors’ views. Value for money, trustworthiness of the vendors and product variety were items indicating strong differences where vendors assumed visitors perceived night markets more favorably than did the visitors themselves. The work challenges some assumptions of service design logic and speculates that the durability of night markets is at risk without better vendor understanding of the visitors’ perspectives.Research limitations/implicationsFor the present work, it would be desirable to ascertain that the figures reported apply to other night markets in Hong Kong and China. Further, the generalizability of the results for different market types, those that offer food or cater to specific interests needs examination. The possibility exists that the general night market will fold as specific tailored options, such as craft, art, flower and homewares themed spaces replace the basic all-purpose format.Practical implicationsThe implications from this work are that vendors may have to form new group alliances to understand and then deliver the overall atmosphere, quality of goods and service interactions prized by tourists. Vendors need to sustain their appeal and sales through maintenance of these overall night market characteristics. The vendors may be able to escape individual censure and rejection for a while due to the transient customer base, but broader destination and attraction image concerns are likely to be a longer-term force requiring attention.Social implicationsThe implications from this work are that vendors may have to form new group alliances to understand and then deliver the overall atmosphere, quality of goods and service interactions prized by tourists. Vendors need to sustain their appeal and sales through maintenance of these overall night market characteristics. The vendors may be able to escape individual censure and rejection for a while due to the transient customer base, but broader destination and attraction image concerns are likely to be a longer-term force requiring attention.Originality/valueThe broad aim of the study can be identified as the desire to examine the compatibility of vendor and tourists’ views, and the more specific aims of this broad agenda will be articulated after reviewing the core conceptual ideas driving the work.

The Effect of Sex on Orthopaedic Surgeon Income.

Several studies have identified discrepancies in salary between male and female surgeons. Our aim was to investigate the impact of sex on an orthopaedic surgeon's yearly earnings by evaluating stratified income and specialty data from a large sample survey of orthopaedic surgeons. Self-reported data were obtained from the 2014 and 2008 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) biennial censuses. Responses were received from 6,805 (24.26%) of those who were surveyed. The census form is a 19-question survey that includes information regarding work status (full time versus part time), sex, years in practice, practice type (private versus academic), specialty, hours worked, case volume, and income. The main outcome evaluated was self-reported income, and a multivariate regression model was used to control for confounding variables. Male surgeons reported higher incomes than female colleagues working equivalent hours ($802,474 versus $560,618; p = 0.016); however, male surgeons reported a greater case volume for the same number of hours. Among surgeons who performed ≥26 procedures per month, male and female surgeons reported comparable incomes ($949,508 versus $872,903; p = 0.649). Incomes of those in practice for >20 years also were comparable. Regression analysis controlling for subspecialty choice, hours worked, work status, case volume, years in practice, and practice setting revealed that income was $62,032.51 less for women than men (p < 0.001). Income disparity between male and female orthopaedic surgeons remains significant, and the gap increased from 2008 to 2014. Although subspecialty choice, practice setting, years in practice, and amount and distribution of procedures performed can partially explain salary differences, our regression analysis suggests persistence of an income gap based on sex in orthopaedic surgery.

Flood- and Weather-Damaged Homes and Mental Health: An Analysis Using England's Mental Health Survey.

There is increasing evidence that exposure to weather-related hazards like storms and floods adversely affects mental health. However, evidence of treated and untreated mental disorders based on diagnostic criteria for the general population is limited. We analysed the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, a large probability sample survey of adults in England (n = 7525), that provides the only national data on the prevalence of mental disorders assessed to diagnostic criteria. The most recent survey (2014–2015) asked participants if they had experienced damage to their home (due to wind, rain, snow or flood) in the six months prior to interview, a period that included months of unprecedented population exposure to flooding, particularly in Southern England. One in twenty (4.5%) reported living in a storm- or flood-damaged home in the previous six months. Social advantage (home ownership, higher household income) increased the odds of exposure to storm or flood damage. Exposure predicted having a common mental disorder over and above the effects of other known predictors of poor mental health. With climate change increasing the frequency and severity of storms and flooding, improving community resilience and disaster preparedness is a priority. Evidence on the mental health of exposed populations is key to building this capacity.

Proximity (Mis)perception: Public Awareness of Nuclear, Refinery, and Fracking Sites.

Whether on grounds of perceived safety, aesthetics, or overall quality of life, residents may wish to be aware of nearby energy sites such as nuclear reactors, refineries, and fracking wells. Yet people are not always accurate in their impressions of proximity. Indeed, our data show that only 54% of Americans living within 25 miles of a nuclear site say they do, and even fewer fracking‐proximal (30%) and refinery‐proximal (24%) residents respond accurately. In this article, we analyze factors that could either help people form more accurate perceptions or distort their impressions of proximity. We evaluate these hypotheses using a large national survey sample and corresponding geographic information system (GIS) data. Results show that among those living in close proximity to energy sites, those who perceive greater risk are less likely to report living nearby. Conversely, social contact with employees of these industries increases perceived proximity regardless of actual distance. These relationships are consistent across each site type we examine. Other potential factors—such as local news use—may play a role in proximity perception on a case‐by‐case basis. Our findings are an important step toward a more generalizable understanding of how the public forms perceptions of proximity to risk sites, showing multiple potential mechanisms of bias.

Perspectives on the Impact of Sampling Design and Intensity on Soil Microbial Diversity Estimates.

Soil bacterial communities have long been recognized as important ecosystem components, and have been the focus of many local and regional studies. However, there is a lack of data at large spatial scales, on the biodiversity of soil microorganisms; national or more extensive studies to date have typically consisted of low replication of haphazardly collected samples. This has led to large spatial gaps in soil microbial biodiversity data. Using a pre-existing dataset of bacterial community composition across a 16-km regular sampling grid in France, we show that the number of detected OTUs changes little under different sampling designs (grid, random, or representative), but increases with the number of samples collected. All common OTUs present in the full dataset were detected when analyzing just 4% of the samples, yet the number of rare OTUs increased exponentially with sampling effort. We show that far more intensive sampling, across all global biomes, is required to detect the biodiversity of soil microorganisms. We propose avenues such as citizen science to ensure these large sample datasets can be more realistically achieved. Furthermore, we argue that taking advantage of pre-existing resources and programs, utilizing current technologies efficiently and considering the potential of future technologies will ensure better outcomes from large and extensive sample surveys. Overall, decreasing the spatial gaps in global soil microbial diversity data will increase our understanding on what governs the distribution of soil taxa, and how these distributions, and therefore their ecosystem contributions, will continue to change into the future.

The Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator (BSS-RI): a validation study in Iranian mothers

Objective Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator (BSS-RI) is a short selfreport instrument designed to measure satisfaction of the childbearing women’s experiences of labour and its outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Persian version of BSS-RI in Iranian mothers. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 396 mothers in Tehran, Iran, between July and September 2017. The mothers were administered the BSS-RI, and a demographic questionnaire. Internal consistency of the BSS-RI was examined with Cronbach’s alpha, construct validity was evaluated via exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and divergent validity was examined by correlating the BSS-RI with gestational age. Results The EFA results demonstrated a two-factor structure corresponding to the Stress of Childbearing and Quality of Care domains of the structure proposed by provider. The Cronbach’s alpha for Stress of Childbearing and Quality of Care subscales and total BSS-RI were 0.665, 0.847, and 0.563, respectively. The mean of BSS-RI total score was 6.16 (SD = 2.60), and the Stress of Childbearing and Quality of Care subscales were 2.71 (SD = 2.39), and 3.45 (SD = 1.11), respectively. The BSS-RI showed no significant correlation with the gestational age, confirming divergent validity. Conclusion Like the original English version, the Persian version of the BSS-RI is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring birth satisfaction in Iranian mothers. It can also be used as short and easy to administer tool for assessment of birth satisfaction in large sample survey research.

Observational study evaluating the effectiveness of physician-targeted education for improving glycemic management of patients with type 2 diabetes (BEYOND II).

BackgroundBecause there has been no quality improvement initiatives targeting patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving basal insulin therapy, this study evaluated the effectiveness of physician‐targeted education for optimizing glycemic management in these patients in China.MethodsThis multicenter open‐label observational study conducted across China had a baseline sample survey, followed by a 6‐month education program, and ended with a post‐education sample survey. Education based on T2D treatment guidelines was given at Months 1 and 3, and was reinforced by self‐audit every month. Each hospital enrolled 100 patients with T2D receiving basal insulin at both the baseline and post‐education survey. The primary outcome was the proportion of hospitals meeting individual improvement goals. The goal setting was based on the proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% in each hospital at the time of the baseline survey.ResultsOverall, the individual improvement goal was achieved by 35 centers (49%). Hospitals with poor glycemic management at the baseline survey had higher possibility to improve at post‐education survey. Two large sample surveys at baseline and post‐education showed improved glucose management among these hospitals. A higher proportion of patients achieved HbA1c <7.0% in the post‐education survey (27.2% vs 36.5%; P < 0.001) with reduced HbA1c levels (8.10% vs 7.72%; P < 0.001). Questionnaires from 723 physicians showed that confidence and practice of basal insulin use were significantly improved.ConclusionsPhysician‐targeted education improved glycemic management of patients with T2D in 71 hospitals in China, and was more effective at hospitals with poor glycemic management at the baseline survey.

Hace poco y no hace mucho. El efecto en la medición de la migración por cambios en la duración de la residencia

Con base en cuatro levantamientos de la Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica (1992, 1997, 2009 y 2014) se comparan los migrantes interestatales según la residencia uno y cinco años antes de la entrevista. Se verifica que el conteo del lustro excede entre tres y cuatro veces al del año, y no se alcanza el quíntuple por la migración de retorno, es decir, personas que cinco años antes y al momento de la entrevista vivían en la misma entidad federativa, pero en otra un año antes. Aunque se advierte el patrón por edad típico de las tasas de migración, en las tasas del año previo se presentan irregularidades hacia el final de la vida, debido a que un menor tamaño de muestra repercute en estimaciones menos precisas que para el quinquenio anterior, donde la mayor frecuencia del fenómeno conlleva un mayor tamaño de la muestra (numerador de un estimador de razón). Se concluye que en los censos y encuestas por muestreo de gran tamaño, se debe seguir prefiriendo 5 años antes que uno, con el fin de maximizar el monto de migrantes.