Large Number Of Buds Research Articles

PROSPECTS FOR GROWING PLANTS OF THE GENUS EUSTOMA L. IN PROTECTED GROUND

The article presents the results of studies on the cultivation of Eustoma L. plants in closed ground conditions on different substrates. As a result of the cultivation, the influence of the substrate on the passage of the main phenological phases of plant growth and development was determined, as well as data on the effect on plant height and flower diameter of different varieties. Four substrates were used in the study, namely: Domoflor; Compo; Peatfield; Generous soil and seven varieties of the genus Eustoma were studied: Aurora, Echo, Heidi, Flamenco, Mermaid, LittleBell, Florida Pink. It was found that growing plants of Eystoma L. varieties on substrates increases the duration of flowering from 3.39 % to 8.96 %, and accelerates flowering by several days. The size of the flower is a characteristic feature of the Eustoma species. The larger the flower size, the better the growing conditions. Most Eustoma varieties are characterized by the formation of flowers with a relatively large diameter. As a result of growing Echo and Florida Pink varieties, the flower diameter was the smallest and amounted to only 5 cm and was 3 cm or 37% less than the flower diameter of Aurora. A slight increase in flower diameter, relative to Echo and Florida Pink, but less than Aurora, was found for Echo, Heidi, Mermaid and LittleBell. In these variants, the flower diameter was at the level of 6-7 cm. The large size of the flower and similar diameter relative to the control was characterized by the variety Flamenco. The flower diameter of this variety was 8 cm. The use of the Compo substrate for growing tall flowers gave the highest plant height of 98 cm (+18.8 %), and in the case of short flowers 15.3 cm (+15 %) relative to the substrates: Domoflor – 89.5 cm (+8.5 %) for tall varieties and 14.3 cm (+7.5 %) for short varieties, Peatfield – 91.2 cm (+10.6 %) for tall varieties and 14.3 cm (+7.5 %) for short varieties, and on the substrate Generous Earth the plant height was 88 cm (+6.6 %) for tall flowers and 14.3 cm (+7.5 %) for short varieties. Experiments have shown that the substrate does not have a significant effect on flower diameter, with the exception of the Compo. In this variant, an increase of +2.1 % was found in the overall study, while in other substrates the indicator increased only by +0.76 %. Despite the different plant heights, the number of peduncles and buds on the experimental plants was almost the same. Their total number was in the range of 25-34 pcs. The largest number of buds was characterized by the varieties Eustoma, Echo and Heidi. In these variants, the total number of buds was 33 pcs. The same number of buds was characterized by the varieties Flamenco, Mermaid and Little Bell. As a result of growing the Florida Pink variety, the number of buds was the smallest and amounted to only 25 pcs. In terms of substrate use, the best performance was characterized by the Compo substrate, which on average had 1 more bud than the control (+3.5 %), while other substrates had slightly lower rates of increase in the number of buds, where their value ranged from (1-2 %).

PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS EUSTOMA L. IN CLOSED SOIL BY CUT

The article presents the results of research on the cultivation of Eustoma L. plants in closed soil on various substrates. As a result of cultivation, their influence on the passage of the main phenological phases of plant growth and development was established, and data on the effect of substrates on plant height and flower diameter of different varieties were also given. Four substrates were used in the study, namely: Domoflor; Compo; Peatfield; Generous land and studied seven varieties of Eustoma: Aurora, Echo, Heidi, Flamenco, Mermaid, LittleBell, Florida Pink. It was established that growing Eystoma L. plants on substrates increases the duration of flowering from 3.39% to 8.96%, and accelerates flowering by several days. Flower size is a characteristic feature of Eustoma species. The larger its size, the more optimal are the growing conditions. Most varieties of Eustoma were characterized by the formation of flowers with a relatively large diameter. As a result of growing the Echo and Florida Pink varieties, the diameter of the flower was the smallest and was only 5 cm, which was inferior to the diameter of the flower of the Aurora variety by 3 cm, or by 37%. Insignificant increase in flower diameter relative to the Echo and Florida Pink varieties, but smaller than the Aurora variety, was found in the Echo, Heidi, Mermaid and LittleBell varieties. In the indicated variants, the flower diameter was at the level of 6-7 cm. The Flamenco variety was characterized by a large flower size and a similar diameter relative to the control. The flower diameter of this variety was 8 cm. The use of the Compo substrate for growing tall flowers gave the highest plant height indicator, which was 98 cm (+18.8%), and in low plants 15.3 cm (+15%) compared to the substrates: Domoflor - 89.5 cm (+8, 5 %) for tall varieties and 14.3 cm (+7.5 %) for short varieties, Peatfield - 91.2 cm (+10.6 %) for tall varieties and 14.3 cm (+7.5 %) for low-growing varieties, and on the Shchedra Zemlya substrate, the plant height index was 88 cm (+6.6%) for tall flowers and 14.3 cm (+7.5%) for low-growing varieties. Experiments have established that the substrate does not have a significant effect on the diameter of the flower, with the exception of the Compo substrate. In the specified variant, in general, an increase of the investigated indicator was established by +2.1%, in other substrates, the indicator increased only by +0.76%. Despite the different plant heights, the number of peduncles and buds on the recorded plants was almost the same. Their total number was in the range of 25-34 pcs. Eustoma Echo and Heidi varieties were characterized by the largest number of buds. In these variants, the total number of buds was 33 pcs. Flamenco, Mermaid and LittleBell varieties were characterized by the same number of buds. As a result of the cultivation of Floridfa Pink variety, the number of buds was the smallest and amounted to only 25 pcs. For the use of substrates, the Compo substrate was characterized by the best indicators, in which, on average, 1 more bud was established on the plants than in the control (+3.5%), other substrates had slightly lower indicators of an increase in the number of buds, where their value ranged from (1- 2%).

Die Wirkung von Benzyladenin und Salicylsäure auf morphologische und biochemische Merkmale der asiatischen Hybride Lilium ‚Navona‘

Lilies are one of the most important bulbous plants as cut flowers. In the present study, the effect of foliar sprays of different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) (0.00, 0.25, and 0.50 mM) and salicylic acid (SA) (0.00, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 mM) was investigated at four stages of pre-harvest on qualitative and quantitative traits of Lilium ‘Navona’. The studied traits included number of buds, number of leaves, bud length, bud diameter, stem length, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, fresh and dry weights of stems and leaves, dry matter of stems and leaves, vase life, peduncle length and diameter, ionic leakage, chlorophyll index, content of anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. The highest number of buds and vase life were achieved with 0.50 mM SA and 0.00 mM BA. The highest values for bud diameter and peduncle length were achieved with 1.00 mM SA and 0.00 mM BA, however, there was no significant difference to 0.50 mM SA. In addition, 0.50 mM SA increased stem diameter and length, leaf length and width, and stem fresh weight compared with control. Results showed that increasing BA to 0.50 mM caused undesirable effects on many traits including the number of buds. Since the largest number of buds and the highest vase life were achieved with 0.50 mM SA and 0.00 mM BA and these traits are the most important characters for the quality of Lilium, spraying of 0.50 mM SA is recommended.

Influence of rootstock and grafting method on the grafts success and growth of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) ‘Karl Fuchs’ Plants

Experimental studies were conducted in 2015–2017 in the Department of Dendrology, Pomology and Nursery of Poznan University of Life Sciences. The aim of the research was to study the usefulness of three rootstocks: Larix decidua, Pinus armandii, Cedrus deodara and two grafting methods: side grafting and split grafting for propagation purposes of Cedrus deodara ‘Karl Fuchs’. In addition, it was evaluated how the rootstock and the age of cultivar shoots influenced the level of chloroplast pigments in the needles. A higher percentage of grafts success was obtained on Pinus armandii and Cedrus deodara using the side grafting method. Grafted scions of ‘Karl Fuchs’ produced the greatest number of lateral buds and the longest lateral increments of growth on Cedrus deodara root stock. Side grafting significantly improved the percentage of plants that restarted their growth in the second year of cultivation. The largest number of buds on two-year-old shoots were counted on plants grafted on Cedrus deodara using split grafting method. The rootstocks used in this experiment had a slight effect on the content of chloroplast pigments in the needles. Plants grafted on Pinus armandii had the highest level of chlorophyll B, and those grafted on Larix decidua – chlorophyll A/B ratio. The content of chloroplast pigments in the needles depended on the age of shoots. The highest level of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and carotenoids was observed when needles were collected from the last year’s growth.

In vitro multiplication and acclimatization of Heliconia hybrid (Heliconia bihai x Heliconia caribaea 'Jacquinii')

For the implementation of commercial cultivation areas of heliconias, it is important to use pathogen-free seedlings and maintain the inherent characteristics of the hybrid plants to be cultivated. Thus, the objective of this work was to study a protocol for the in vitro propagation of the Heliconia bihai x Heliconia caribaea 'Jacquinii' hybrid and evaluate the plants survival rate during the acclimatization stage. Buds (explants) up to 5 mm long, originated from plantlets established in vitro were transferred to a ½ MS culture medium added by 0,5 mg L-1 of NAA combined with concentrations of 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5 mg L-1 of 6-BA. Each treatment included 10 replications with one explant by replication, distributed at completely randomized design. After 100 days of growth under controlled conditions, rate of multiplication; plantlets length (cm) and cluster fresh and dry weight (g) were evaluated. Remaining plantlets were acclimatized in coconut fiber substrate to assess survival rate. In regards to the number of buds, the largest number of buds (four buds per explant) was verified in the absence of 6-BA, whereas in the presence of 6-BA, two to three buds per explant were observed. No significant differences were observed among 6-BA concentrations for plantlets length and cluster fresh weight. Plantlets survival rate during the acclimatization stage was 100%. Results from this study show that the MS culture medium added by 0.5 mg L-1 of NAA can be used for the in vitro propagation of the H. bihai x H. caribaea 'Jacquinii' hybrid

Germplasm preservation in vitro of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.

Background:The root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. is a common traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years, the wild resources of P. multiflorum have been seriously broken, and the cultivated varieties have been degrading. The germplasm resources of P. multiflorum need protection and preservation. So far, no in vitro germplasm preservation of P. multiflorum has been reported.Objective:To explore a method for the in vitro germplasm preservation of P. multiflorum.Materials and Methods:A large number of buds from seed explants were induced by tissue culture. The single buds were used as experimental materials to study the effects of plant growth regulator, temperature, and osmotic pressure on the preservation time, growth recovery, and genetic stability.Results:When the buds were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media containing 4% w/v sucrose, 2% w/v mannitol, and 1% w/v sorbitol, supplemented with paclobutrazol (PP333) 1.0 mg/l, abscisic acid (ABA) 5.0 mg/l, and daminozide (B9) 30.0 mg/l in an illuminated chamber under a 16 h photoperiod of 1500 lx light intensity at 15°C for 10 months, the survival rate was over 70% with good growth recovery and genetic stability.Conclusion:The results of this study can be used for medium-term in vitro germplasm preservation of P. multiflorum, and meeting actual needs of research and production.

Tissue culture of Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep. and its quality evaluation

Background:Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep. is an important rare medicinal plant in China. There were only a few papers on the rapid propagation of S. tonkinensis through in vitro tissue culture, and still no report focuses on the quality analysis of in vitro tissue culture plantlets.Materials and Methods:The different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KT), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were used to establish and screen the optimal rapid propagation technology of S. tonkinensis by orthogonal test; the different concentrations of a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and ABT rooting power (ABT) were used to screen the optimal rooting technology. For quality evaluation of tissue culture plants, three different sites were chose to finish planting experiment. The leaf characteristics, radix ex rhizoma yield, and contents of matrine and oxymatrine were evaluated, respectively, to provide evidence of high yield and good qualities of tissue culture plants.Results:A large number of buds could be induced directly from epicotyl and hypocotyl explants on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP, 0.5 mg/l IAA, and 0.5 mg/l KT; the best root induction medium was solid MS medium at half the macronutrient concentration supplemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA, 0.4 mg/l IBA, and 0.1 mg/l ABT. The rooting rate was 98%. All tissue culture plants showed normal leaf characteristics. Tissue culture plants from two sites possessed higher radix ex rhizoma yield and overall productivity of matrine and oxymatrine than those of seed plants.Conclusion:Tissue culture is a rapid, effective, and convenient propagation method for S. tonkinensis, and the quality of S. tonkinensis tissue culture plants meets the requirement of quality standard of China Pharmacopoeia (edition 2010), the crude drug from S. tonkinensis tissue culture plants will be suitable for substituting the crude drug from seed plants.

Regeneration of some monocotyledonous plants from subterranean organs in vitro

The aim in view was investigation ofthe regenerative potential of rhizomes, bulbs and corms of ten monocotyledonous plant species from four families: <i>Amaryllidaceae</i> (<i>Haemanthus katharinae, Crinum abyssinicum, Leucojum vernum</i>), <i>Araceae</i> (<i>Spathiphyllum wallisii</i>), <i>Iridaceae</i> (<i>Crocus vernus, Iris germanica</i>), <i>Liliaceae</i> (<i>Hosta lancifolia, Muscari racemosum, Scilla laxiflora, Veltheimia viridifolia</i>) under conditions of in vitro culture. All the investigated species were capable of buld or, alternatively, bud and root regeneration. Different morphogenetic potential was noted between the particular families. A high regenerative potential under the conditions of culture applied was characteristic for plants of the <i>Liliaceae</i> and <i>Araceae</i> families, it was lower in plants belonging to <i>Amaryllidaceae</i> and lowest in those of the <i>Iridaceae</i> family. Plants from the <i>Liliaceae</i> family exhibited also the highest ability of callus formation, whereas <i>Amaryllidaceae</i> and <i>Iridaceae</i> plants possessed this ability in only a low degree. The influence of growth regulators of the auxin group (NAA, IAA, 2,4-D) and of cytokinins (K) on the initiation and course of organogenesis was tested. The results of the experiments indicate that auxins in interaction with kinetin gave the highest percentage of regenerating explants and also a large number of buds on the latter. Stimulation of callus tissue was highest under the influence of 2,4-D, and weaker when NAA IAA were used.

Temperature and irradiance effects on growth and photosynthesis of Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) species from the eastern Mediterranean

We evaluated the effects of temperature and irradiance on growth and photosynthetic activity of Caulerpa prolifera, C. mexicana and C. scalpelliformis, all common species in the eastern Israeli Mediterranean. The growth of these species was negative at 15°C but optimal at 23–26°C, averaging 16% at 23°C and 48% at 26°C. For all species, the effect of irradiance on growth was seen by a large number of buds (regeneration of new thalli from mother leaves), particularly at the high (120μmolphotonsm−2s−1) experimental irradiance. The species most sensitive to high irradiance was C. scalpelliformis, for which growth was negative from 60μmolphotonsm−2s−1 and above. Photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic parameters generally correlated with growth, irradiance, and temperature conditions found in the natural environments for all three species.

Activated charcoal and graphite for the micropropagation of Cattleya bicolor Lindl. and a orchid double-hybrid ‘BLC Pastoral Innocence’

No previous studies have investigated the use of graphite instead of activated charcoal in orchids. In this work, different concentrations of activated charcoal or graphite were added to KC medium to darken the culture medium and stimulate the in vitro propagation of Cattleya bicolor and of a double hybrid orchid ('BLC Pastoral Innocence'). The seedlings were inoculated on growth regulator-free KC medium; the effects of activated charcoal (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 g L -1 ) and graphite (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 g L -1 ) concentrations were tested separately. Each flask contained fifteen seedlings, and the experiments had a randomised, two-way factorial design. The two tested variables were culture medium and illumination levels; eleven culture levels (different concentrations of graphite or activate charcoal) and two illumination levels (14-hr photoperiod or continuous illumination) were evaluated. Three replicates of each combination were utilised. After six months of culture, the average numbers of induced buds and roots per seedling were recorded for each concentration of activated charcoal or graphite. Whereas the largest number of buds in C. bicolor seedlings occurred on media containing 6.0 or 7.5 g L -1 graphite, the largest number of roots occurred on media containing 6.0 g L -1 activated charcoal. In the hybrid 'BLC Pastoral Innocence', the largest number of buds and roots was reported in medium with 4.5 g L -1 activated charcoal. When using graphite in place of activated charcoal, we obtained disparate the results in root formation that suggest that graphite is not a recommended substitute for activated charcoal.

Micropropagation and induction of autotetraploid plants of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Vis

Rapid propagation technology was established and optimized in vitro for Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Vis., an important botanical insecticide plant with a huge international market. A large number of buds could be induced directly from epicotyl and hypocotyl explants on Murashige T; Skoog F. J. Plant. Physiol. 15: 473–479; (1962) medium [Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium] supplemented with 0.3 mg l−1 benzyladenine (BA) and 0.3 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Root induction and development could be observed within 15 d after inoculation on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg l−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.1 mg l−1 rooting powder (ABT). Furthermore, a polyploid breeding study in vitro was reported to obtain superior breeding lines with high yield and good quality. Autotetraploid lines of C. cinerariifolium were obtained by colchicine treatments and identified by root-tip chromosome determination and stoma observation. The chromosome number of the autotetraploid plantlet was 2N = 4x = 36. Obtained autotetraploid lines will be of important genetic and breeding value and be used for further selection and plant breeding.

High frequency of adventitious shoot regeneration from commercial cultivars of evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) using thidiazuron

SummaryEvening primrose (Oenothera spp.) is grown commercially for its seed oil that contains gamma linolenic acid (GLA), a valuable food supplement and pharmaceutical. There is considerable interest in the potential of genetic engineering to improve yields of GLA in evening primrose, and attention has focused on the current state of tissue‐culture knowledge in this species which is a prerequisite for genetic transformation. Published protocols for the regeneration of plants from leaf or cotyledon material of Oenothera spp. are available, but these prove unsatisfactory when applied to commercial cultivars used in this study. An efficient method for regenerating three commercial cultivars of evening primrose Rigel, Merlin and Vulcan was developed using thidiazuron (TDZ) as a growth regulator. Explants from one month old seedlings were cultivated in vitro; a large number of buds were induced directly from strips of leaves, cotyledons and stems when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing TDZ and indole‐butyric acid (IBA). Shoots that were excised and placed onto MS basal medium, supplemented with IBA, rooted with 85–90% efficiency. Plantlets were transferred to soil after 6–8 wk. TDZ stimulated the regeneration process, and its effects were enhanced when combined with IBA or indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). The methods developed may be a useful advance toward improvement of this oil seed crop through genetic modification.

THE ROLE OF PHOTOPERIOD IN DETERMINING SEASONAL YIELD VARIATION IN TEA

Previously published data from two tea experiments in Tanzania and Malawi were re-analysed to identify factors responsible for the marked seasonal peaks and troughs of production observed at the two locations. Simulation modelling indicated that the influence of seasonal variations in temperature or photoperiod on shoot growth rates alone were not able to explain the occurrence of a large peak in September/October followed by smaller and progressively wider peaks in December, February and April in well-irrigated, well-fertilized tea at the two sites. Various mechanisms to explain these seasonal variations in yield are discussed, but it is concluded that the best explanation is the regulation of the numbers of shoots available for harvesting through the effect of photoperiod on shoot activity. The significant production peak normally obtained in September/October at both locations can then be explained by the release of a large number of buds from their resting state around the time of the winter solstice in June. Subsequent peaks are due to successive cohorts of shoots released from apical dominance when the preceding peak is harvested.

Control of Ranunculus asiaticus Flowering by Photoperiod and Temperature

Three-month-old plants of Ranunculus asiaticus L. `Bloomingdale Mix' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 12, 16, or 20°C and 8, 12, or 16 hours day length. The irradiance was 12 mol·d–1·m–2. The fastest appearance of flower buds and flowering occurred for plants grown at 16 hours day length and 16°C or 12 hours day length and 20°C. At 16°C, plants grown at 8 hours photoperiod required 7–10 more days to reach the stage of visible flower bud than those plants grown at 12 or 16 hours day length. The number of days to flower from the initiation of experimental conditions varied from 53 ± 3.7 days (168 days from seeding) for plants at 16-hour days and 16°C or 12-hour days and 20°C to 74 ± 2.7 days (189 days from seeding) for plants at 8-hour days and 16°C or 12-hour days and 12°C. Largest number of buds and flowers (15 ± 2.2 flower buds) was observed on plants grown at 12 or 16°C and 12-hour photoperiod. Conditions with 8- or 16-hour days at 16°C or 12-hour days at 20°C resulted in a smaller number of buds and flowers (9 ± 3.2 flower buds).

Differentiation of caulonema and bud-cells on the protonema of the moss Anoectangium thomsoniiMitt. — Effect of activated charcoal

Summary The protonema of the moss Anoectangium thomsonii remains bud-free, but readily differentiates a large number of buds if grown at the caulonema stage on medium supplemented with activated charcoal. Differentiation of bud-cells on the caulonema is possibly due to adsorption by charcoal of some inhibitor(s) which prevent the caulonema cells from forming buds. The transfer of protonema at chloronema stage does not result in bud formation, save for occasional presence of solitary buds, as caulonema formation is not favoured on charcoal medium. The ability of chloronema cells to differentiate into caulonema is impaired probably by the adsorption of auxin-like substance elaborated by chloronema. This study suggests that differentiation of chloronema, caulonema and bud-cells are distinct steps mediated by different growth substances in early stages of moss morphogenesis.

Studies on the Utility of Assam Varieties in Tea Plant Breeding (Part 1)

In the F1 progenies crossed in 1960, the growth, characters of mature leaves and buds, number of buds, yield of first crop were investigated.The heritability (values, indexes) of height and width of tea bush were 0.436 and 0.554 respectively. As the lateral growth of the Indian varieties was very poor, it was necessary to select such varieties that had ample lateral growth in order to improve the vigor of Indian progenies.The heritability (value) of the extent of mature leaf was so high as 0.700 that suitable varieties having corresponding leaf extent of Indian varieties should be utilized in crossing. C 17 was a variety which had a moderate leaf extent for this purpose.The heritability (value) of number of buds was 0.563 but that of yield of first crop was so low as 0.1562 that it was not easy to get a high yielding variety.From the results of these tests, the important points to utilize Indian varieties for crossing are (1) vigorous lateral growth of bush, (2) large number of buds, (3) moderate characters of mature leaves and plucked leaves. It is also necessary to get a wide variation in F1 by large scale crossing combinations.