Large Amount Of Variation Research Articles

The Relationship between Echo Intensity and Specific Strength as Measures of Muscle Quality

The use of ultrasound (US) echo intensity (EI) as a measure of muscle quality has increased in popularity over recent years. However, in early studies muscle quality was quantified as a function of force per unit of muscle, or specific strength (MQST). Limited data exist that have examined the relationship between these two measures of muscle quality. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between US EI and MQST as measures of muscle quality. METHODS: Thirty-one healthy volunteers (mean ± SD age, 35 ± 7 yrs; Body Mass Index [BMI], 28.66 ± 5.08) participated in this study. Following a familiarization session, participants visited the laboratory on a separate occasion for isometric strength testing and skeletal muscle US imaging. Peak torque (PT) was determined from highest mean value (500 ms) that occurred during three maximal voluntary contractions. Vastus lateralis (VL) cross-sectional area (CSA) and EI were assessed with a B-mode US device. The VL images were taken perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the muscle at half of the distance between the greater trochanter and articular cleft of the knee. All US images were analyzed in ImageJ using the polygon function to determine the VL CSA that included as much muscle as possible without the surrounding fascia. The same region of interest was used for the EI (gray-scale) analyses and subsequently corrected for subcutaneous fat thickness. MQST was defined as PT per unit of muscle size (VL CSA). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between VL EI and MQST, while separate partial correlation coefficients were used to examine the influence of BMI and sex. An alpha level of P ≤ 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between VL EI and MQST (r = 0.409, P = 0.022). In addition, similar relationships existed when controlling for BMI (r = 0.376, P = 0.041) and sex (r = 0.411, P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: A significant relationship exists between VL EI and MQST, however a large amount of variance is left unexplained (r2 = 0.167). Although both are considered to reflect muscle quality, each measure may be influenced by unique physiological variables (i.e. muscle activation, hydration status). GRANT FUNDING: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (T42OH008673)

Seismic Pounding Response of Singled-Degree-of-Freedom Elastic and Inelastic Structures Using Passive Tuned Mass Damper

The present paper addresses the comparative study of two adjacent single-degree-of-freedom structures for elastic and inelastic systems with and without pounding. The study is also carried out in the presence and absence of tuned mass damper under (TMD) seismic excitations. The tuned mass damper considered for the present study is a passive device attached to single main structural unit in the simplest form as soft storey at the top of main system. Total eight models have been considered depending upon the presence and absence of pounding as well as TMD in the analysis. The entire numerical simulation is carried out in time domain form by considering the inputs of four real earthquake ground motions. Outcome of the present study indicates that elastic adjacent structural system always overrates the pounding forces than the inelastic adjacent structural units. The use of TMD reduces the pounding forces in the adjacent structures. During pounding, the results show that the structural displacement response is much more sensitive for inelastic systems mostly under consideration or ignorance of TMD. One of the observations is that there is large amount of variation in the structural energy formation of adjacent structures while considering or ignoring the pounding as well as TMD.

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Genetics of human bone formation.

Throughout life, bone is continuously remodelled to be able to fulfil its multiple functions. The importance of strictly regulating the bone remodelling process, which is defined by the sequential actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, is shown by a variety of disorders with abnormalities in bone mass and strength. The best known and most common example of such a disorder is osteoporosis, which is marked by a decreased bone mass and strength that consequently results in an increased fracture risk. As osteoporosis is a serious health problem, a large number of studies focus on elucidating the aetiology of the disease as well as on the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoporotic patients. These studies have demonstrated that a large amount of variation in bone mass and strength is often influenced by genetic variation in genes encoding important regulators of bone homeostasis. Throughout the years, studies into the genetic causes of osteoporosis as well as several rare monogenic disorders with abnormal high or low bone mass and strength have largely increased the knowledge on regulatory pathways important for bone resorption and formation. This review gives an overview of genes and pathways that are important for the regulation of bone formation and that are identified through their involvement in monogenic and complex disorders with abnormal bone mass. Furthermore, novel bone-forming strategies for the treatment of osteoporosis that resulted from these discoveries, such as antibodies against sclerostin, are discussed as well.

Incomplete revascularization for percutaneous coronary interventions: Variation among operators, and association with operator and hospital characteristics

Many studies have compared outcomes for incomplete revascularization (IR) among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs), but little is known about the correlates of IR, the extent to which complete revascularization (CR) was attempted unsuccessfully, and the variation across operators in the use of IR. New York's PCI registry was used to examine medium-term mortality for IR, the variables associated with the use of IR, and the variation across operators in the utilization of IR after controlling for patient factors. Incomplete revascularization occurred for 63% of all patients and was significantly associated with higher 3-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio1.35, 95% CI 1.23-1.48) than for CR. A total of 96% of all attempted CRs were successful. Operators with 15 or fewer years in practice (the lowest half) used IR significantly more (65% vs 61%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.17, 95% CI 1.00-1.37) than other operators, and operators with annual volumes of 171 or lower (the lowest 3 quartiles) used IR more than other operators (68% vs 60%, AOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.14-1.59). Also, hospitals with annual volumes of 645 and lower (the lowest 50% of hospitals) used IR more (67% vs 62%, AOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.07-1.99) than other hospitals. Percutaneous coronary intervention patients without myocardial infarction who undergo IR continue to have higher medium-term (3-year) risk-adjusted mortality rates. There is a large amount of variability among operators in the frequency with which IR occurs. Operators who have been in practice longer, and higher-volume operators and hospitals have lower rates of IR. Failed attempts at CR occur very infrequently.

The study of online digitized specimens revalidates Andersonglossum boreale as a species different from A. virginianum (Boraginaceae)

Cynoglossum virginianum L., now transferred to the genus Andersonglossum as A. virginianum (L.) J.I.Cohen, has been traditionally considered to be formed by two infraspecific taxa: var. virginianum, and var. boreale (Fernald) Cooperr. The var. boreale was originally described as an independent species, Cynoglossum boreale Fernald, and remained treated as such until its combination as a variety of C. virginianum. However, no analysis exists that objectively compares both taxa in order to properly assess their taxonomic relationships. We performed a morphometric study to help elucidate their taxonomy. We found that both species are distinguishable using a few characters, despite slight overlap in nutlet length, corolla diameter, and calyx length, all traditionally considered to identify both taxa. The relatively large amount of variation in calyx dimensions seems to be the reason for most recent authors treating the two taxa at varietal rank. We provide the new combination Andersonglossum boreale (Fernald) Jim.Mejías, J.I.Cohen & Naczi to allow treating Cynoglossum boreale as a distinct species under its new generic circumscription.

Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the fluid goniometer for measuring active knee flexion in painful knees; correlations do not mean agreement.

[Purpose] The fluid goniometer is an instrument for measuring range of motion. Reliability of the fluid goniometer has not been established for subjects with painful knee joints. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the fluid goniometer in measuring active knee flexion of painful knees and to test its agreement with the gold standard ruler goniometer. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-five individuals with either unilateral or bilateral painful knees participated in the study. Two raters each took three measurements with the same Baseline® fluid goniometer on 35 knees. [Results] Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.97 for both intra-rater and inter-rater measurements, denoting high relative reliability. The large standard error of measurement (SEM) value of 6.6 degrees, and the 95% limits of agreement, which revealed a potential difference of 18.4 degrees between raters of similar subjects, however, revealed poor absolute reliability. The smallest detectable difference (SDD) of 18 degrees was also large. [Conclusion] The results revealed excellent relative reliability, but a large amount of variability between the raters’ measurements. The sensitivity of the fluid level of the goniometer to end range tremors of the lower leg flexed against gravity in the obligatory prone position may contribute significantly to the large variability in knee ROM values.

Scholastic Aptitude Test, Sex and Department as Predictors of University Academic Performance: The Case of Addis Ababa University

The objective of the present study was to assess the predictive power of SAT, Sex and Department in AAU College of Science and Social Science. To analyse and interpret the collected data, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation was employed to see the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the predictor variables and the criterion measure. To see the percentage of variance in students first year CGPA that can be explained by predictor variables multiple regression was used. Lastly, to identify relative contribution of predictor variables (or to identify the best predictor variable step-wise regression was employed. Predictor variables are statistically significant predictors of college academic performance for all participants 17.6% (R2=0.176, F (3, 296) =21.068, P<0.05). Regarding the gender, there is a significant difference between male and female students college academic performance. A large amount of variance accounted for was found for female students 22% (R2=0.220, F (2, 95) =13.362, P<0.05) than for males 13.2% (R2=0.132, F (2,199) =15.095, P<0.05). When the disciplines are considered, College of Science was found to be a more significantly predicted field of studies 17.5%(R2=0.175, F(3, 151)=10.697, P<0.05) than Social Science 8.4% (R2=0.084, F(3, 141)=4.317, P<0.05). Regarding the relative contribution of each predictor variables, the study result showed that department was the best predictor followed by SAT. Sex was a non-significant predictor of college CGPA. Hence, further investigation is required to conduct a study on the predictive power of sex.

Spatial patterns and sources of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming determined from lichens

Increased anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition can lead to N saturation of ecosystems, altering water quality, biogeochemical cycling and biodiversity. Although some N deposition (Ndep) is natural, there has been an increase of Ndep in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), largely due to local and regional intensification of agricultural activity, which releases ammonia (NHx), and transportation and industrial processes, which release nitrogen oxides (NOx). The climate, topography, and sources of Ndep in the region likely create heterogeneous patterns of Ndep in the GYE, where nutrient-limited alpine ecosystems are especially susceptible to Ndep. Epiphytic lichens obtain their nutrients from the air and record local scale patterns of Ndep. We collected 162 lichen samples (Usnea lapponica and Letharia vulpina) and analyzed them for %N and δ15N at 15 sites in the GYE to understand patterns and sources of Ndep in the GYE at small spatial scales. We found that lichen \%N was higher closer to the Snake River Plains and at higher elevations, which indicates higher deposition at those sites. This is likely because N is more likely to be deposited closer to major sources and because N is often deposited in precipitation so deposition patterns follow precipitation patterns. Additionally, the mean δ15N value was -11.8 ± 3.2‰, which suggests an agricultural source of Ndep, but δ15N values increased with higher %N, which indicated sites with high deposition were receiving more N from combustion sources. However, the large amount of variation in lichens collected at a single site suggest that future work needs to address how microhabitat factors influence lichen N incorporation.&#x0D; &#x0D; Featured photo by Kathryn Robertson, taken from the AMK Ranch photo collection.

The contribution of response conflict, multisensory integration, and body-mediated attention to the crossmodal congruency effect.

The crossmodal congruency task is a consolidated paradigm for investigating interactions between vision and touch. In this task, participants judge the elevation of a tactile target stimulus while ignoring a visual distracter stimulus that may occur at a congruent or incongruent elevation, thus engendering a measure of visuo-tactile interference (crossmodal congruency effect, CCE). The CCE reflects perceptual, attentional, and response-related factors, but their respective roles and interactions have not been set out yet. In two experiments, we used the original version of the crossmodal congruency task as well as ad hoc manipulations of the experimental setting and of the participants' posture for characterizing the contributions of multisensory integration, body-mediated attention, and response conflict to the CCE. Results of the two experiments consistently showed that the largest amount of variance in the CCE is explained by the reciprocal elevation of visual and tactile stimuli. This finding is compatible with a major role of response conflict for the CCE. Weaker yet distinguishable contributions come from multisensory integration, observed in the absence of response conflict, and from hand-mediated attentional binding, observed with the modified posture and in the presence of response conflict. Overall, this study informs the long-standing debate about mechanisms underlying the CCE by revealing that the visuo-tactile interference in this task is primarily due to the competition between opposite response tendencies, with an additional contribution of multisensory integration and hand-mediated attentional binding.

Artificial selection reveals the energetic expense of producing larger eggs.

BackgroundThe amount of resources provided by the mother before birth has important and long-lasting effects on offspring fitness. Despite this, there is a large amount of variation in maternal investment seen in natural populations. Life-history theory predicts that this variation is maintained through a trade-off between the benefits of high maternal investment for the offspring and the costs of high investment for the mother. However, the proximate mechanisms underlying these costs of reproduction are not well understood. Here we used artificial selection for high and low maternal egg investment in a precocial bird, the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) to quantify costs of maternal reproductive investment.ResultsWe show that females from the high maternal investment lines had significantly larger reproductive organs, which explained their overall larger body mass, and resulted in a higher resting metabolic rate (RMR). Contrary to our expectations, this increase in metabolic activity did not lead to a higher level of oxidative damage.ConclusionsThis study is the first to provide experimental evidence for metabolic costs of increased per offspring investment.

Online Social Networking Sites Continuance Intention: A Model Comparison Approach

ABSTRACTRetaining existing users and letting them continue to use the current social networking sites (SNSs) have become increasingly challenging for developers. This study takes a model comparison approach to investigate this important issue. Based on technology acceptance model, self-determination theory, and net-valence model, our study develops four models that explain individuals’ continuance intention. Based on the data collected from U.S. SNS users, all four models can predict individuals’ intention reasonably well, and net-valence model with perceived benefits and risks as second-order constructs explains the largest amount of variance of SNS continuance intention. This study is among the first model comparison studies in the SNS continuance area. It is also among the first to apply self-determination theory and net-valence model to investigate SNS continuance.

Multiple stressor effects on stream health in the Lake Simcoe Watershed

The Lake Simcoe Watershed (LSW) is an important natural resource, supporting varied agricultural, recreational, and tourism activities for millions of people. Historically, major alterations to land uses have occurred throughout the watershed, resulting in increases of nutrients and contaminants, and alteration of hydrological and thermal regimes. The combination of these stressors has the potential to elicit greater impacts on ecosystem health than any one stressor in isolation, yet no studies have examined their effects on stream health and aquatic biota in the LSW. In this study, we quantified the impacts of multiple stressors on indices of biotic integrity, as well as assessments of benthic invertebrate and fish community composition from 2004 to 2012. Using a suite of multivariate analyses, we examined stressors across three categories of environmental variables: water quality, temperature, and hydrology. Water quality explained the largest amount of variation in stream health and biological community composition, followed by water temperature and hydrological variables, respectively. Total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, and iron concentrations, as well as the 7-day low flow and the mean summer temperature, were identified as predictors of both fish and benthic invertebrate variance. Multiple stressor interactions were detected for fish communities, although these interactions were of lower relative importance than for individual stressors. In contrast, no significant stressor interactions were found to influence benthic invertebrate communities. Overall, our results reinforce the importance of ecosystem monitoring, and the need to consider the influence of multiple aspects of ecosystem function, when examining the health of aquatic systems.

Love the one you're with: replicate viral adaptations converge on the same phenotypic change.

Parallelism is important because it reveals how inherently stochastic adaptation is. Even as we come to better understand evolutionary forces, stochasticity limits how well we can predict evolutionary outcomes. Here we sought to quantify parallelism and some of its underlying causes by adapting a bacteriophage (ID11) with nine different first-step mutations, each with eight-fold replication, for 100 passages. This was followed by whole-genome sequencing five isolates from each endpoint. A large amount of variation arose—281 mutational events occurred representing 112 unique mutations. At least 41% of the mutations and 77% of the events were adaptive. Within wells, populations generally experienced complex interference dynamics. The genome locations and counts of mutations were highly uneven: mutations were concentrated in two regulatory elements and three genes and, while 103 of the 112 (92%) of the mutations were observed in ≤4 wells, a few mutations arose many times. 91% of the wells and 81% of the isolates had a mutation in the D-promoter. Parallelism was moderate compared to previous experiments with this system. On average, wells shared 27% of their mutations at the DNA level and 38% when the definition of parallel change is expanded to include the same regulatory feature or residue. About half of the parallelism came from D-promoter mutations. Background had a small but significant effect on parallelism. Similarly, an analyses of epistasis between mutations and their ancestral background was significant, but the result was mostly driven by four individual mutations. A second analysis of epistasis focused on de novo mutations revealed that no isolate ever had more than one D-promoter mutation and that 56 of the 65 isolates lacking a D-promoter mutation had a mutation in genes D and/or E. We assayed time to lysis in four of these mutually exclusive mutations (the two most frequent D-promoter and two in gene D) across four genetic backgrounds. In all cases lysis was delayed. We postulate that because host cells were generally rare (i.e., high multiplicity of infection conditions developed), selection favored phage that delayed lysis to better exploit their current host (i.e., ‘love the one you’re with’). Thus, the vast majority of wells (at least 64 of 68, or 94%) arrived at the same phenotypic solution, but through a variety of genetic changes. We conclude that answering questions about the range of possible adaptive trajectories, parallelism, and the predictability of evolution requires attention to the many biological levels where the process of adaptation plays out.

Sentencing recommendations are insensitive to juvenile offender’s age and maturation

AbstractResearch on perceptions of juvenile criminals has long sought to understand what drives punishment of juvenile. While some researchers argue that age influences the punishment of juvenile offenders, others argue that more severe crimes receive harsher punishments. However, in much past research, information about the juvenile and the details surrounding the crime have been manipulated, yielding inconsistent results. In this study, we manipulated age, maturity, crime severity, and offender characteristics and measured blame, sentencing recommendations, and likelihood of a guilty verdict. We expected more severe crimes would garner harsher judgments. We also expected information about the juvenile’s reasons for acting would influence judgments. Results indicate that crime severity explained the largest amount of variance in sentencing. However, age and maturity influenced judgments about blame and guilt. This study helps clarify the effects of age and maturity on punishment-related judgments by demo...

Do infants have the horizontal bias?

A robust set of studies show that adults make more horizontal than vertical and oblique saccades, while scanning real-world scenes. In this paper we study the horizontal bias in infants. The directions of eye movements were calculated for 41 infants (M=8.40 months, SD=3.74, range=3.48–15.47) and 47 adults (M=21.74 years, SD=4.54, range=17.89–39.84) while viewing 28 real-world scenes. Saccade directions were binned to study the proportion of saccades in the horizontal, vertical and oblique directions. In addition, saccade directions were also modeled using a mixture of Von Mises distributions, to account for the relatively large amount of variance in infants data. Horizontal bias was replicated in adults and also found in infants, using both the binning and Von Mises approach. Moreover, a developmental pattern was observed in which older infants are more precise in targeting their saccades than younger infants. That infants have a horizontal bias is important in understanding infants’ eye movements. Future studies should account for the horizontal bias in their designs and analyses.

Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Rats Induced Orally with Eleven Strains of Toxoplasma gondii of Seven Genotypes: Tissue Tropism, Tissue Cyst Size, Neural Lesions, Tissue Cyst Rupture without Reactivation, and Ocular Lesions.

BackgroundThe protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widely distributed and successful parasites. Toxoplasma gondii alters rodent behavior such that infected rodents reverse their fear of cat odor, and indeed are attracted rather than repelled by feline urine. The location of the parasite encysted in the brain may influence this behavior. However, most studies are based on the highly susceptible rodent, the mouse.Methodology/Principal FindingsLatent toxoplasmosis was induced in rats (10 rats per T. gondii strains) of the same age, strain, and sex, after oral inoculation with oocysts (natural route and natural stage of infection) of 11 T. gondii strains of seven genotypes. Rats were euthanized at two months post inoculation (p.i.) to investigate whether the parasite genotype affects the distribution, location, tissue cyst size, or lesions. Tissue cysts were enumerated in different regions of the brains, both in histological sections as well in saline homogenates. Tissue cysts were found in all regions of the brain. The tissue cyst density in different brain regions varied extensively between rats with many regions highly infected in some animals. Overall, the colliculus was most highly infected although there was a large amount of variability. The cerebral cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum had higher tissue cyst densities and two strains exhibited tropism for the colliculus and olfactory bulb. Histologically, lesions were confined to the brain and eyes. Tissue cyst rupture was frequent with no clear evidence for reactivation of tachyzoites. Ocular lesions were found in 23 (25%) of 92 rat eyes at two months p.i. The predominant lesion was focal inflammation in the retina. Tissue cysts were seen in the sclera of one and in the optic nerve of two rats. The choroid was not affected. Only tissue cysts, not active tachyzoite infections, were detected. Tissue cysts were seen in histological sections of tongue of 20 rats but not in myocardium and leg muscle.Conclusion/SignificanceThis study reevaluated in depth the rat model of toxoplasmosis visualizing cyst rupture and clarified many aspects of the biology of the parasite useful for future investigations.

Coordination in Budget Policy after the Second Federal Reform: Beyond Unity and Diversity

This article considers the impact of the 2009 federalism reform on budget policy in national and Land governments. It assesses whether the reform led to a centralisation of budget policy, through the work of the new ‘Stability Council’ and imposition of a ‘debt brake’, which would affect both levels. The fiscal and economic crisis of 2008–09 coincided with the so-called second federalism reform prepared from 2007 to 2009. This coincidence was supported by a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court requiring an early warning system for ‘budget crises’. Against this backdrop the reform commission placed budget policy on the agenda, resulting in the establishment of a debt brake and a common framework to detect budget crises through the Stability Council. Compliance with both institutions expresses the new paradigm of balanced budgets that avoid new state debts. This article considers whether the common goal of budgetary crisis prevention results in a uniform or comparable budgetary policy in the Länder. It draws on expert interviews and finds that a common mechanism to detect a budget crisis was indeed established. However, in the end a large amount of variation in budget policy can be seen between the Länder, so that budgetary policy (still) is a long way off uniformity.

Studies on genetic variability and character association in Indian bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet

Sixty four genotypes of Indian bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] were evaluated for genetic variability and correlation coefficient analysis for green pod yield and its contributing characters. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Plant height, seed yield per plant, seed yield q/ha, green pod yield per plant, green pod yield q/ha, pod width, weight of 10 pod, number of green pod per plant, pericarp thickness and days to first flowering exhibited high GCV and PCV values indicating large amount of variation. The highest heritability estimate was observed for days to last picking (99.60 %). In the present study highest value of EGA was observed for the seed yield per plant (194.78%) followed by the green pod yield per plant (175.87%). Green pod yield per plant exhibited positive and significant correlation with green pod yield q/ha, seed yield q/ha, plant height at 60 days, days to first flowering, days to first picking, days to last picking, weight of 10 pod, weight of 100 seed, number of green pod per plant, pod length, pericarp thickness, moisture percentage and seed yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels.

The Random Forests statistical technique: An examination of its value for the study of reading

ABSTRACTStudies investigating individual differences in reading ability often involve data sets containing a large number of collinear predictors and a small number of observations. In this article, we discuss the method of Random Forests and demonstrate its suitability for addressing the statistical concerns raised by such data sets. The method is contrasted with other methods of estimating relative variable importance, especially Dominance Analysis and Multimodel Inference. All methods were applied to a data set that gauged eye-movements during reading and offline comprehension in the context of multiple ability measures with high collinearity due to their shared verbal core. We demonstrate that the Random Forests method surpasses other methods in its ability to handle model overfitting and accounts for a comparable or larger amount of variance in reading measures relative to other methods.

Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Colon Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Data for Cytoreduction and Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.

A systematic review of the literature on the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from colon cancer with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) was undertaken using OVID Medline. Forty-six relevant studies were reviewed. Mean weighted overall morbidity following CRS and IPC was 49% (range 22-76%) and mortality was 3.6% (range 0-19%). Median overall survival ranged from 15 to 63 months, and 5-year overall survival ranged from 7 to 100%. This represents an improvement over historical treatment with systemic chemotherapy alone, even in the era of modern chemotherapeutic agents. Quality of life following surgery is initially decreased but improves with time and approaches baseline. Available data appear to support the treatment of PC from colon cancer with CRS and IPC. There is a large amount of variability among studies and few high-quality studies exist. Further studies are needed to standardize techniques.