Skin infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus remain a significant health problem. The excessive use of conventional antimicrobial agents may lead to microbial resistance, therefore alternative therapies that are safer and more effective are needed. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a topical nanogel preparation containing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and aqueous extract of duku peel (Lansium domesticum Corr.) and to determine its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The research was conducted using an experimental method which included characterization of simplicia, phytochemical screening, extraction using the infusion method, formulation of nanogel with extract concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6%, particle size analysis using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and antifungal activity testing using the well diffusion method. The characterization results of the simplicia met the standards of Materia Medika Indonesia, while phytochemical screening indicated the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. The PSA results showed that the nanogel particle size ranged from 35.85–48.45 nm, indicating that the formulation belongs to the nanoparticle system. The antifungal activity test demonstrated that all nanogel formulations were able to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, with average inhibition zone diameters of 17.16 mm (2%), 17.22 mm (4%), and 18.84 mm (6%). In conclusion, the nanogel containing ZnO nanoparticles and aqueous extract of duku peel showed good physical characteristics and demonstrated potential antifungal activity, indicating its potential development as a topical preparation for the treatment of fungal skin infections.

This study presents the isolation, characterization and cytotoxic potential of four onoceranoid triterpenoids from the stem bark of Lansium domesticum Corr. cv. Piedjietan, including a newly identified compound, methyl lansic (1), and three known compounds: α,γ-onoceradienedione (2), methyl ester lansiolate (3), and lansiolic acid (4), but reported for the first time in this cultivar. Methyl lansic was tested for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The Results showed that methyl lansic exhibited strong cytotoxic activity with an IC₅₀ value of 7.78 µg/mL, while its IC₅₀ on normal CV-1 cells was substantially higher (620.30 µg/mL), indicating good selectivity toward cancer cells. Molecular docking analysis indicated that methyl lansic and α,γ-onoceradienedione had strong binding affinities to ERα, suggesting their potential as estrogen receptor inhibitors. Molecular dynamics, RMSD/RMSF profiles, persistent key interactions, and favourable MM/GBSA binding energy collectively demonstrate that the methyl lansic–ERα complex is structurally stable and exhibits characteristics consistent with a promising candidate for further evaluation in ERα-positive breast cancer models. These findings expand the phytochemical and pharmacological understanding of Lansium domesticum cv. Piedjietan and highlight its promise as a source of bioactive compounds for the development of anticancer agents. HIGHLIGHTS Methyl lansic was isolated for the first time from Lansium domesticum cv. Piedjietan, expanding the onoceranoid triterpenoid class. This study provides the first phytochemical investigation of the Piedjietan cultivar and reports four onoceranoid compounds. Methyl lansic demonstrated strong cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 7.78 µg/mL, indicating its potential as an anticancer agent. The comparison of IC₅₀ values between breast cancer cells MCF-7 and normal CV-1 cells (620.30 µg/mL) shows that methyl lansic is selectively cytotoxic toward breast cancer cells. In silico studies including molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and ADMET analyses demonstrated strong binding to ERα and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Bioavailability and safety predictions indicate that methyl lansic is a promising lead compound for the development of therapies targeting estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Abstract Chloramphenicol (Cp), a toxic antibiotic, poses significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems when released into the environment. This study investigates the removal of Cp from aqueous solution using copper-functionalized activated carbon derived from Lansium parasiticum trunk (Cu-MFCLT). The adsorbent was synthesized via microwave-assisted CO 2 activation followed by copper(II) nitrate, (Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ) surface modification. Optimal synthesis conditions were identified through response surface methodology (RSM), yielding a radiation power of 466.24 W, a duration of 13 min, and a metal loading rate (MLR) of 0.60 g/g. Under these conditions, the predicted Cp uptake capacity of 71.19 mg/g closely matched the experimental value of 73.66 mg/g, with an error of 3.35%. For Cu-MFCLT yield, the predicted and actual yield values were 52.75% and 51.11%, respectively (error of 3.21%). High R 2 values of 0.9441 and 0.9392 confirmed the reliability of the RSM models for Cp uptake and Cu-MFCLT yield, respectively. The optimized Cu-MFCLT showed a BET surface area (BET-SA) of 866.86 m 2 /g and a mesopore surface area (MESO-SA) of 627.17 m 2 /g. Adsorption equilibrium followed the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer coverage with a maximum adsorption capacity, Q m of 129.58 mg/g. Kinetic studies followed the pseudo-first-order (PFO) model, with k₁ values decreasing from 0.77 to 0.39 h −1 as Cp concentration increased from 10 to 100 mg/L. After five regeneration cycles, thermal microwave regeneration reduced Cp removal to 10.85% and Cu-MFCLT yield to 4.45%, whereas ethanol solvent regeneration maintained 65.82% Cp removal and 73.52% Cu-MFCLT yield, confirming ethanol as the superior regeneration method.

Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.) is an important tropical fruit tree in Indonesia, but the supply of uniform and vigorous planting material for orchard establishment remains limited. Polyembryony in duku seeds offers a potential source of clonal seedlings, yet the effects of different polyembryonic seed types and handling methods on seedling vigor are not well documented. This study evaluated early seedling growth of duku derived from zygotic and polyembryonic seeds under farmer managed nursery conditions in Eris Village, North Sulawesi. A randomized complete block design was used with five seed treatments and four replications: zygotic seed with a single embryo (Z1), intact polyembryonic seeds with two embryos (PU2), intact polyembryonic seeds with three embryos (PU3), polyembryonic seeds cut into two sections (PB2), and polyembryonic seeds cut into three sections (PB3). At the end of the nursery phase, number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and root weight were recorded and analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test at the five percent level. Seed type significantly affected all traits. Zygotic seeds produced seedlings with the highest leaf number, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and root weight. Seedlings from cut polyembryonic seeds (PB2 and PB3) showed intermediate performance, with stem diameter and root weight close to those of zygotic seedlings. In contrast, seedlings from intact polyembryonic seeds with three embryos (PU3) had the lowest leaf number, leaf area, and root weight. These findings indicate that zygotic seeds remain the best option for producing vigorous duku seedlings, while sections of polyembryonic seeds, especially PB2 and PB3, can provide acceptable alternatives when zygotic seeds are limited or when clonal propagation is desired. Keywords: duku; Lansium domesticum; polyembryonic seeds; seedling vigor; rootstock; nursery management

Species introduction is a key conservation strategy for the Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi), a high-priority species in Indonesia. Successful introduction requires thorough habitat assessment. This study analyzed vegetation structure and identified potential key species in Tengkudak Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali–one of the designated introduction sites. A plot-based sampling method was used in 10 sampling areas, with 20 plots (20 m × 20 m) for tree and sapling analysis and 100 plots (2 m × 2 m) for ground vegetation assessment. Vegetation parameters such as density, frequency, dominance, and importance value index were analyzed, along with community indices, including Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson’s dominance, and Pielou’s evenness. The upperstorey was dominated by plantation species and riparian vegetation, while the understorey consisted mainly of agricultural weeds, grasses, and ferns. The community index analysis indicated high species diversity and a stable community structure. Most plant species provide essential resources for the Bali myna, including food, shelter, perching, and nesting sites. Fifteen species were identified as potential plant keys, including Baccaurea racemosa, Bischofia javanica, Carica papaya, Cocos nucifera, Dysoxyllum densiflorum, Elaeocarpus sphaericus, Ficus spp., Lansium domesticum, Magnolia champaca, Persea americana, Sandoricum koetjape, and Theobroma cacao.

Natural fibre composites are globally recognized for their sustainability and functionality, yet challenges such as poor interfacial bonding and high moisture absorption limit their performance. This study developed and characterized a polyester-based hybrid composite reinforced with silane-treated hemp fibres and Lansium parasiticum shell powder—an underutilized agricultural byproduct. The effects of reinforcement loading on mechanical, wear, dynamic mechanical, hydrophobic, and flammability behaviours were systematically investigated. The 3 vol% filler (T3) formulation exhibited maximum tensile and flexural strength, while 5 vol% enhanced hardness and wear resistance. Excess filler loading led to agglomeration and property deterioration. Silane treatment significantly improved fibre–matrix adhesion, thermal stability, and water repellence, as evidenced by increased contact angle and dynamic mechanical analysis results. Overall, the study demonstrated that silane-treated hybrid bio composites offer superior mechanical integrity, reduced moisture uptake, and improved thermal resistance. These findings highlight their potential for sustainable applications in automotive components, building panels, prosthetic sockets, and orthotic supports, contributing to lightweight and eco-friendly material development. This sustainable silane-treated hemp and bio-filler composite demonstrates potential as a next-generation material for lightweight biomedical support and rehabilitation applications in disability research.

This study evaluated the morphological and physiological traits of 29 lanzones (Lansium domesticum) accessions from four varieties: ‘Longkong’, ‘Duku’, ‘Mindanao’, and ‘Paete’. Most accessions exhibited verticillate and irregular branching, except ‘Longkong 3’, ‘Longkong 4’, and ‘Mindanao 1’, which showed pyramidal forms. All accessions had elliptic leaflets with broadly acuminate tips and cuneate bases, though leaflet size and area varied due to environmental factors such as light, soil type, and water availability. ‘Longkong’ accessions had the highest chlorophyll content, indicating greater photosynthetic efficiency and growth potential. In fruit morphology, ‘Duku’ produced the heaviest bunches, while ‘Longkong’ had more compact clusters. Taste differences were also observed, with ‘Paete’ being sweet to sour while ‘Longkong’ and ‘Duku’ mainly sweet. Significant variation occurred in fruit size, weight, peel thickness, aril characteristics, seed number, and total soluble solids. These variations are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, including parthenocarpy, apomixis, and natural hybridization. While vegetative traits were mostly similar, differences in physiological and fruit traits provide essential information for cultivar improvement and enhanced lanzones production.

Lansium domesticum, Duku, leaves contain bioactive compounds with significant health benefits, particularly as antioxidants. However, an efficient and sustainable extraction method is essential to maximize their potential. This study investigates ultrasonic-assisted green extraction (UAE) as an eco-friendly approach for optimizing the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The optimization process involved three key parameters: solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50), extraction temperature (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 °C), and extraction time (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 min), using a completely randomized design. The bioactive compound stability was assessed under various conditions, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results demonstrated that solvent ratio and extraction temperature significantly influenced extract yield, phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity, while extraction time affected yield and bioactive content but not antioxidant activity. The optimal extraction condition is a 1:20 powder-to-solvent ratio, 50 °C temperature, and 80 min extraction time. Yielded 5.98 ± 0.1% extract, 40.49 ± 0.9 mg AGE/g phenolic content, 185 ± 3.9 mg QE/g flavonoid content, and 38.28 ± 0.2% antioxidant activity. These findings highlight the UAE as a sustainable and effective method for extracting bioactive compounds, with promising applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional food.

Background: Aedes mosquitoes are the main vectors of dengue fever (DF), which remains a public health problem in Indonesia. Excessive use of chemical repellents can cause adverse effects on humans and the environment, so safe and effective natural alternatives are needed. This study aims to determine the protective power of langsat peel extract (Lansium domesticum) as a repellent against Aedes sp. mosquitoes. Method: Experimental with a post-test only with a control group design. The variations in extract concentration used were 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, with five repetitions. The parameters observed were the number of mosquitoes that landed during six hours of observation every five minutes, and the results were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively using the protection power formula Result: The results showed that the protective power of langsat peel extract increased with concentration, namely 84% at a concentration of 15% (not protective), 95% at 20% (highly protective), and 100% at 25% and 30% (highly protective). Conclusion: Langsat peel extract with a concentration of ≥20% is effective as a natural repellent against Aedes sp. mosquitoes and has the potential to be developed as an environmentally friendly natural repellent base ingredient

Optimization, characterization, and biological activities of chitosan-tripolyphosphate microcapsules for the encapsulation of Lansium domesticum leaf extract.

Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are pollinators in tropical ecosystems that show morphological and ecological variations between species. This study aims to identify nesting preferences and their morphometric characters of stingless bees in Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out through field surveys to access nesting preferences of stingless bees by locating their natural nests and documenting them in different habitats, after which bee samples were measured to obtain morphometric data. Data were then analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation, and hierarchical clustering with SPSS 30.1.1.1.. Observations showed that stingless bees preferred Lansium domesticum trees as nest locations (42.5%), with variations in nest height, elevation, and entrance size that differed significantly between species (p < 0.05). The results showed that Tetragonula fuscobaltea had the smallest body size (2.99 ± 0.05), while T. biroi was larger (3.97 ± 0.10 mm) and formed a contiguous morphometric cluster, where there were two main groups, with T. fuscobaltea separated from the other three species. Strong positive correlations were found between body characters (r > 0.95), while environmental variables such as elevation and nest height did not show significant relationships to morphometry. The results of this study are expected to be the basis for the identification of stingless bee species morphometrically, as well as supporting the development of natural habitat-based conservation and the improvement of local bee cultivation in Luwu Regency and the South Sulawesi region in general.

Kinetic Modeling and Shelf Life Prediction of Lanzones (Lansium domesticum Correa) Based on Packaging and Storage Temperature

Background: Soil fungal communities significantly contribute to the health and productivity of plants, with their compositions influenced by plant disease presence at various altitudes. This study compares the variations in soil fungal diversity between healthy and diseased duku (Lancium domesticum Corr.) plantations in Jambi, Indonesia. Methods: This study examines the potential fungal indicators on soil health, concentrated on four sites representing various altitudes: Kumpeh (10,32 m asl), Rano (5,80 m asl), Koto Rami (623,46 m asl) and a location of the Diseased site (194,01 m asl). The fungal communities were analyzed using DNA sequencing and the NCBI ITS RefSeq database. Result: The dominant fungal phyla across all sites were Ascomycota, most abundant in the low-altitude from Kumpeh and Basidiomycota, primarily present in the high-altitude from Koto Rami. Mucoromycota and smaller groups like Zoopagomycota were also identified. The high-altitude site at Koto Rami showed high water content and organic matter, which may have supported a unique soil microbial community. The low-altitude site at Rano exhibited a neutral pH and well-balanced Phosphorus levels, both of which encourage fungal activity. In contrast, the low-altitude samples from Kumpeh displayed higher levels of Calcium and Magnesium, low organic matter and a sandy texture, which may have restricted the fungal community. In the Diseased site, stress was detected as indicated by reduced moisture levels and heightened microbial activity, suggesting that certain microbes might adversely affect plant health. Overall, increased moisture and good organic matter in the soil can enhance fungal growth, while a neutral pH, adequate phosphorus and suitable soil texture can facilitate fungal diversity.

Textile dye waste such as Methylene Blue is a hazardous pollutant that is difficult to degrade, thus requiring environmentally friendly treatment solutions. This study aims to utilize langsat peel waste (Lansium domesticum) modified with the cationic surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue, with a focus on improving adsorption capacity and examining the effects of process variables, namely pH and stirring speed. The langsat peel was prepared, ground to a particle size of 150 µm, and modified with CTAB. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted by varying the pH (2–10) and stirring speed (100–300 rpm). The concentration of Methylene Blue was analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the optimal adsorption occurred at pH 6 with a capacity of 5.57 mg/g, while the optimal stirring speed was 200 rpm, yielding the highest adsorption capacity of 17.9 mg/g. These findings demonstrate that CTAB-modified langsat peel significantly enhances its effectiveness as a potential biosorbent for the remediation of Methylene Blue-containing wastewater.

This paper presents an eco-friendly method to synthesize TiO 2 NPs using Lansium domesticum Correa fruit peel extract as a capping agent.A UV-Vis signal at 239 nm confirmed the role of the extract in synthesizing TiO 2 NPs, with XRD revealing a crystalline anatase TiO 2 phase.Rietveld refinement is used to analyze the precise structural characteristics of TiO 2 NPs and the acceptable model.FESEM showed spherical particles of 17.6 nm, and PSA indicated an average size of 43.3 nm.FTIR suggested that the phytochemicals of the peel extract be used as reducing and capping agents.The BET of TiO 2 NPs was 88.0470 m/g, with a mean pore diameter of 15. 2281 nm and total pore volume of 0.2299 cm 3 /g, TiO 2 NPs exhibited 97.74% photocatalytic degradation of MO dyes, indicating potential for application.The present findings offer an eco-friendly and cost-effective method and highlight Lansium domesticum peel waste as a potential reducing and capping agent for synthesizing TiO 2 NPs for wastewater treatment applications.This research significantly contributes to advances in sustainable materials science and environmental engineering.

This study aims to examine the effect of giving various combinations of solid decanter compost and liquid humic acid concentration, and to find the best dose combination for the growth of langsat seedlings. The study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jambi, for 12 MST. The study used statistical analysis with a Randomized Block Design (RAK) pattern with 9 treatment and 3 replications. The results showed that the provision of a combination of solid decanter and liquid humic acid had a significant effect on the increase in plant height, root dry weight, crown dry weight and leaf chlorophyll, of langsat seedlings.

This study investigates the anticancer potential of ethanolic extracts (EEL) and fractions derived from Lansium domesticum leaves, with a particular focus on the fourth fraction of EEL (EELD), against the murine 4T1 breast cancer cell line. EELD demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity, with an IC₅₀ of 72.75 ± 2.98 µg/mL and a selectivity index (SI) of 4.69, indicating notable selectivity toward cancer cells compared to normal cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that EELD induced cell cycle arrest at the Sub G1 phase and promoted apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Immunocytochemical evaluation showed upregulation of p53 and suppression of Cdk-2 expression, highlighting the involvement of intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Phytochemical analysis identified bioactive compounds, including hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, and trans-13-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, which are associated with anticancer and antioxidant properties. These findings suggest that EELD’s anticancer activity is mediated through a combination of cell cycle regulation, apoptosis induction, and bioactive compound synergy. While EELD exhibits promising anticancer properties, its efficacy remains lower than the standard chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. Further, in vivo studies and molecular investigations are required to optimize its therapeutic potential and elucidate its mechanisms of action. This study highlights the potential of L. domesticum as a source of plant-derived anticancer agents and provides a foundation for future research into its therapeutic applications.

Tradisional plants and spices, including cinnamon and langsat leaves, are easily found in the community and can be used as medicine to control blood sugar levels for people with Diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to determine the level of glucose reduction given a mixture of cinnamon and langsat leaves decoction in vitro. This type of research is a laboratory experiment with a static group comparison research design. The samples will be tested in phytochemical screening and made into a mixture of cinnamon and langsat leaves decoction in a ratio of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20 to see the level of glucose reduction. The results of phytochemical screening on cinnamon showed the presence of flavonoids and saponins, while langsat leaves contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenols. The highest reduction in glucose levels occurred in the concentration variation of 20:80 (20% langsat leaf decoction: 80% cinnamon decoction) with a result of 92.21%. There is an effect between variations in the concentration of langsat leaves and cinnamon decoction water on reducing glucose levels in vitro.

Kokosan is a cultivar of Lansium domesticum (Meliaceae), and compounds in this variant remain limited. A new onoceranoid glycoside, lansioside E (1), along with two known onoceranoids, were isolated from the fruit peels of Kokosan. The structure of the new compound was elucidated based on spectroscopic data, including FTIR, HRTOF-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, NMR calculations (DP4+ analysis). Compounds 1–3 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells. Compound 3 exhibited the highest potency, with an IC50 value of 17.11 µg/ml, followed by compounds 1 and 2, with IC50 values of 39.83 and 271.90 µg/ml, respectively.

Pediculosis, an infestation caused by head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis), is a common parasitic condition affecting the human scalp. Although synthetic chemical agents such as lindane, pyrethrin, permethrin, and malathion are widely employed to prevent and treat head lice infestations, their continuous use has led to the development of drug resistance. Consequently, the exploration of natural substances with insecticidal properties, known as pediculosides, has become increasingly necessary. This study investigates the pediculosidal activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts derived from duku bark (Lansium domesticum) against lice at different developmental stages—eggs, nymphs, and adults—at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%. The results demonstrated that the mean number of inactive (non-viable) eggs was 6.72 at 10% concentration, 18.22 at 15%, and 17.06 at 20%, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.002. In contrast, mortality among nymphs averaged 10.06 individuals at 10%, 15.56 at 15%, and 16.39 at 20%, without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.169). For adult lice, the mean mortality was 7.83 at 10%, 13.22 at 15%, and 20.94 at 20%, yielding a highly significant p-value of 0.001.