Language Subsystems Research Articles

Accuracy and complexity as connected growers in L2 English speech at secondary school – a case study of a good, average, and poor language learner

Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST), which originated in the natural sciences, has recently been applied to second language acquisition, underlining the interdisciplinary character of this humanistic discipline. According to this theory, language is a complex dynamic system consisting of subsystems which develop in a non-linear way, forming different kinds of supportive, competitive, or conditional relationships. What is more, these subsystems compete for the learner’s limited resources, which causes trade-offs within and between language subsystems, such as complexity, accuracy, and fluency, especially in speech. The present paper constitutes a part of a short series of articles which present different aspects of the same longitudinal case study on the development of L2 English speech at secondary school. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between language accuracy and a number of specific measures of syntactic complexity, i.e. general sentence complexity, subordination, coordination, and nominalisation; as well as lexical complexity, i.e. lexical density, sophistication, and variation, in the case of a good, average, and poor language learner at secondary school. In general, the results showed that the relationships between the selected variables fluctuated over time and often differed in the case of a good, average, and poor language learner.

Review of English language proficiency assessments for young learners; Editors: Mikyung Kim Wolf, Yuko Goto Butler; Publisher: Routledge, 2017; ISBN: 9781138940369; Pages: 295

Language assessment has recently attracted a great deal of attention of both researchers and practitioners, which is evidenced, among other things, by a number of well-known monographs (Brown & Abeywickrama, 2010; Coombe et al., 2012; Gordon & Rajagopalan, 2016; Gottlieb, 2006; Komorowska, 2002; Tsagari & Banerjee, 2016, to name just a few), as well as a proliferation of journals oriented towards language testing and assessment (e.g., Language Testing, Assessing Writing, Language Assessment Quarterly, International Journal of Language Testing and Assessment, and Educational Assessment). In recent years, great popularity of computers and easy access to the Internet have made it possible to move testing to a new dimension, through enabling Web-based testing (delivered via the internet) as well as computer-adaptive testing (see Krajka, 2016; Malec, 2018; Marczak et al., 2016). The use of computers has enhanced the assessment of not only target language skills and subsystems, which could be easily predicted, but also more complex constructs, such as intercultural communicative competence (Marczak & Krajka, 2014; Wilczyńska et al., 2019). Formative assessment, often referred to as assessment for learning (Black et al., 2003), dynamic assessment (Shohamy, 2015) or alternative assessment (Alismail & McGuire, 2015; Tedesco et al., 2014) is redefining the way school teachers think about assessment, moving them away from testing towards more comprehensive ways of evaluation. At the same time, even though a great number of publications have appeared on teaching young learners, also with a focus on assessment, this does not necessarily translate into widespread awareness of these assessment issues among teachers. The question might arise, then, whether there is a need for a new publication dealing with the complex nature of language assessment, and if yes, what kind of reader to aim at, how to bridge the gap between what is available and what might be desired, and how to structure it to respond to the changing educational reality.

Język tekstów legislacyjnych i jego ocena normatywna – na przykładzie wybranych aktów prawnych

The article presents the results of a linguistic-stylistic analysis of selected three acts, posted on the official website of the Journal of the Polish Republic in November and December 2016. As pointed out by the author, in spite of the specific terminology and phraseology, legal language can not be considered as a separate code (which is, for example, the Polish ethnic language), because it has not developed its own grammar. Therefore, if the author speaks of the legal language, she means rather the legal style, understood as a variety of the special (functional) Polish general language, assessed from the perspective of the normative rules of a general language. The analysis has shown that the examined legislative texts contain primarily the syntax errors (57% of all errors), followed (in terms of the number of occurrences) by the errors regarding the other subsystems of language. In a total of 39 pages the author recorded 292 violations of the linguistic correctness. Despite revealing numerous imperfections of the studied writings, the results of the overall analysis proved them satisfactory. Negligible number of grammatical shortcomings, flawless spelling, small number of mistakes concerning the government and isolated cases of syntactic homonymy demonstrate good quality of the studied texts. However, the authors need to ensure greater accuracy in terms of formation, reduce the number of the troublesome participle clauses and multi-nominal constructions, use more suitable expression, and avoid the heavy style.

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ В СОЦИОЛЕКТЕ СУБКУЛЬТУРЫ ДРИФТЕРОВ

The article deals with the sociolect of the drifting subculture and its lexical features. Like any other, this sociolect not only generates unique lexical units to describe the realities of life of those belonging to the subculture but also contains numerous borrowings of lexemes and lexical constructions from other systems and subsystems of language, such as literary language, substandard language, related terminological and jargon systems. The author analyzed vocabulary collected with the use of the continuous sampling method when viewing numerous videos on the subject of drift. The analysis has shown that the sociolect contains borrowings from literary language, general jargon, sports jargon, motorsport jargon, jargon of car mechanics and substandard language. The presence of a large number of lexemes and lexical structures borrowed from the above-mentioned terminological and jargon systems is due to the mixed composition of carriers of the drifting sociolect. It includes not only pilots, judges and fans but also mechanics, commentators, track staff, as well as street racers. All the above experts and amateurs largely use motorsport, engineering, technical and special sports terms and jargon describing the realities of the subculture under study. As part of the sociolect, borrowings from Japanese and English languages have been found, which is due to the fact that the subculture originated in Japan and then developed in the west. The study has also identified an extensive onomastic system of the sociolect. This system includes both individual and group onyms. The relevance of this article is due to the lack of research on the sociolect and vocabulary of the drifting subculture despite the fact that the subculture itself is becoming increasingly popular.

Multiple-brain systems dynamically interact during tonic and phasic states to support language integrity in temporal lobe epilepsy

An epileptogenic focus in the dominant temporal lobe can result in the reorganization of language systems in order to compensate for compromised functions. We studied the compensatory reorganization of language in the setting of left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), taking into account the interaction of language (L) with key non-language (NL) networks such as dorsal attention (DAN), fronto-parietal (FPN) and cingulo-opercular (COpN), with these systems providing cognitive resources helpful for successful language performance.We applied tools from dynamic network neuroscience to functional MRI data collected from 23 TLE patients and 23 matched healthy controls during the resting state (RS) and a sentence completion (SC) task to capture how the functional architecture of a language network dynamically changes and interacts with NL systems in these two contexts.We provided evidence that the brain areas in which core language functions reside dynamically interact with non-language functional networks to carry out linguistic functions. We demonstrated that abnormal integrations between the language and DAN existed in TLE, and were present both in tonic as well as phasic states. This integration was considered to reflect the entrainment of visual attention systems to the systems dedicated to lexical semantic processing. Our data made clear that the level of baseline integrations between the language subsystems and certain NL systems (e.g., DAN, FPN) had a crucial influence on the general level of task integrations between L/NL systems, with this a normative finding not unique to epilepsy. We also revealed that a broad set of task L/NL integrations in TLE are predictive of language competency, indicating that these integrations are compensatory for patients with lower overall language skills.We concluded that RS establishes the broad set of L/NL integrations available and primed for use during task, but that the actual use of those interactions in the setting of TLE depended on the level of language skill. We believe our analyses are the first to capture the potential compensatory role played by dynamic network reconfigurations between multiple brain systems during performance of a complex language task, in addition to testing for characteristics in both the phasic/task and tonic/resting state that are necessary to achieve language competency in the setting of temporal lobe pathology. Our analyses highlighted the intra- versus inter-system communications that form the basis of unique language processing in TLE, pointing to the dynamic reconfigurations that provided the broad multi-system support needed to maintain language skill and competency.

ФРАГМЕНТ РАЗМЕТКИ В ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОМ КОРПУСЕ RuTuBiC. ПЕРЕКЛЮЧЕНИЕ КОДА ИЛИ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЕ?

The article presents a solution to one of the problems of special linguistic markup in the RuTuBiC corpus – the Russian Speech Corpus of Russian-Turkic Bilinguals, asso-ciated with error annotation at the lexical level. The corpus includes three subcorpuses representing materials of the Russian speech of Shor-Russian, Tatar-Russian and Khakass-Russian bilinguals. The article presents solutions developed on the basis of all subcorpuses; the illustrative contexts are drawn from the Shor-Russian subcorpus, recordings of interviews with 14 respondents, about 20 hours of sound. The recordings were made during expeditions to Shoria in 2017–2019. Bilingualism of the respondents is defined as early natural bilingualism with the dominance of the second Russian lan-guage, mother tongues are languages of the family heritage. The theoretical basis of the research was works on linguistic contact at the lexical level. Solutions based on the differentiation of lexemes fully mastered by the system of standard Russian and units with the status of borrowings from other subsystems of the national language and other languages are proposed. In the latter case, linguistic and contextual features are distin-guished that oppose lexical borrowing and code-switching. The typical errors singled out at the lexical level are: [LexId] – idiomatic expressions that are not fixed in the standard language (dialectal and vernacular, slang, etc.), they can also be Turkic calques; [LexSem] – general Russian words used in meanings different from those fixed in the normative sources; [LexSemAgr] – violations of the lexical and semantic agreement norms. The units borrowed from the mother tongue of the respondents are located on the scale of transitions from nuclear to borderline. The nuclear units marked with the [Lex] tag are dialectal units, common words, other word usage cases that are outside the standard, as well as borrowings from the Turkic languages that are not included in the dictionaries of standard Russian. On the border “to the left” are borrowings assimilated to different degrees. On the border “to the right” are non-assimilated borrowings and code-switches. The [CodeSw] marks code-switching, insertion of mother tongue elements into Russian speech. The author considers the inclusion of statements as nuclear cases of code-switching, and single lexical inclusions as transitional cases. Code-switching is evidenced by metatext and linguistic proper, primarily phonetic, indicators. There is an insignificant number of both lexical borrowings and cases of code-switching in the speech of the respondents of the RuTuBiC corpus, which depends on the type of bilingualism. The typicality of metatext marking of borrowings and code-switches is determined by the discursive, genre and thematic limitations of the corpus.

Fluency and complexity as coupled growers in speaking English at secondary school – A case study of a good, average, and poor language learner

One of the main assumptions of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) is that internally complex language subsystems develop non-linearly while entering different kinds of supportive, competitive, conditional, or dual relationships which are characterised by trade-offs caused by learners’ restricted cognitive processing, especially in foreign language speech. The present paper belongs to a short series of articles which examines various aspects of the development of L2 English speech at secondary school on basis of the same longitudinal, exploratory, and corpus-based case study. The aim of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of the relationships between fluency and both syntactic and lexical complexity in the speech of a good, average, and poor language learner at the level of secondary school. Syntactic complexity was investigated in terms of general sentence complexity, subordination, coordination, and nominalisation, whereas lexical complexity was construed in terms of lexical density, sophistication, and variation. In general, the results indicated predominantly supportive relationships between fluency and different measures of syntactic complexity but competitive or dual relationships between fluency and lexical complexity. However, the relationships between the selected variables fluctuated over time and often differed in the case of a good, average, and poor language learner.

Innovations of the new public administration language: professionally prestigious sociolectisms or the signs of communicative failures?

This article is devoted to the study of the formation and functioning of professional innovations in the language of Russian public administration, reflecting the manifestation of tendencies toward standardization and informality in the choice of lexical items and syntactic constructions. To conduct a research, we used methods of linguistic observation and description, methods of component, comparative and lexicographic analysis, as well as the methodology of complex cognitively oriented synchronous diachronic analysis of language subsystems and their units. Printed text versions of speeches by people in the Government and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation were the materials for the study. A language analysis of the new public administration made it possible to single out a whole series of lexical-semantic, word-formative, morphological and syntactic innovations, which are identification marks of the studied subsystem and necessary elements of the thesaurus of a civil servant personality. A special group of language innovations of the new public administration is formed by the so-called thematically reoriented semantic neologisms. It is established that the language development of the new public administration is on the way to expand the field of functioning and strengthening its influence on the linguistic taste formation of Russian society. It is noted that the written form of communication in the field of public administration is significantly influenced by the oral colloquial element, and the results of this effect are manifested in all aspects: from lexical to communicative-pragmatic. Researchers are particularly worried about the consolidation in the professional language of the studied sphere of linguistic items violating linguistic and ethical-moral standards that create barriers for effective communication. In conclusion, it is unacceptable to actualize reduced professional language elements that contribute to the inefficiency of communication between representatives of authority and the community.

Trudności fonetyczno-fonologiczne osób uczących się języka polskiego jako obcego w perspektywie logopedyczno-glottodydaktycznej

The interest of foreigners in studying and working in Poland compels them to study Polish intensely and to master the phonetic and phonological sphere, which is the foundation for other language subsystems. More and more students studying Polish as a foreign language benefit from the help of a speech therapist, which has the specialist knowledge of articulation phonetics and has the ability to make sounds. The article presents a review on research on phonetic and phonological problems of foreigners learning Polish language from the perspective of two interdisciplinary and related sciences – speech therapy and Polish language glottodidactics. We discussed speech therapy procedures addressed to foreigners, which include diagnosis and therapy of speech defects or the improvement of the articulatory and prosodic sphere using glottodidactic and speech therapy methods.

НЕМЕЦКИЙ МОЛОДЕЖНЫЙ СЛЕНГ

Young people react most vividly to all events in life. New forms of social relations to a certain extent affect it, as the socially most promising stratum of society, whose linguistic competence and speech behavior largely determines the direction of development of other social subsystems of language, including the spoken and literary language. Youth slang as an everyday language of communication among young people is a kind of indicator of their level of development, interests, tastes and needs. Students' speech is most influenced and changed

Borrowing morphology

Veps is a Finnic minority language that has long been influenced by Russian, the prestige language in the speech area. The influence of Russian can be perceived in all subsystems of the Veps language, but hardly any research has been done on its impact on morphology. The current paper focuses on the influence of Russian on the Veps indefinite pronouns and their restructuring. The contemporary Veps indefinite pronoun system is based on the use of different affixes and particles, i.e., indefiniteness markers, which are attached to interrogative stems. This article describes the various Veps indefiniteness markers, which have been acquired via morpheme transfer (MAT) and morphological pattern transfer (PAT) from Russian. The borrowing of indefiniteness markers is typical for languages under the very strong influence of another language. According to contemporary studies, the motivation for borrowing should primarily be attributed to sociolinguistic factors and less to structural-typological similarities of the languages in question. In the Veps language community, such sociolinguistic factors are the minority status of the Veps language and the bilingualism of its speakers.

Военная лексика в деловых письмах хана Аюки и русских переводах 1714 г.

Vocabulary in the ethnolinguistic aspect is considered as a verbal manifestation of the national culture. A special layer of the lexical system of the Kalmyk language, the formation of which is associated with the conditions of the socio-political life of the Kalmyks, is represented by the vocabulary of military affairs. The study of military vocabulary in the Kalmyk language touches on various aspects: historical lexicology, lexical borrowings, lexicographical description. The military vocabulary of the Kalmyk language at the present stage is considered as part of socio-political vocabulary. As sources of the material for the study of military vocabulary, works of fiction, folklore texts, the epos “Dzhangar”, old Kalmyk business texts, lexicographic publications were used. At the same time, the military vocabulary of the Kalmyk language in synchronous and historical aspects remains insufficiently studied. Materials. The work is based on the material of letters of the Kalmyk Khan Ayuka (1714) and Russian translations of these letters (1714) stored in the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia. The transliteration and transposition to the modern Kalmyk graphics used in the article were made by D. B. Gedeeva. The author analyzes military vocabulary that is specific for that historical period under consideration and relates to several thematic subgroups: 1) names associated with the general concept of ceriq ‘army’; 2) representatives of a certain type of troops; 3) the type of military activity; 4) names of substances that are used for the manufacture of weapons (ammunition). Findings. The elements of the thematic group of military vocabulary analyzed in the article, recorded in business letters of Khan Ayuka for 1714, give a clearer picture of the history of the development of the lexical system of the Kalmyk language and the ethnolinguistic specificity of the business text — original and translated. An analysis of the use of the names of general concepts in business letters, representatives of a certain kind of troops, means for making ammunition reveals the specifics and patterns of functioning of one of the lexical subsystems of the Kalmyk language, confirms the possibility of replenishing existing dictionaries with outdated words and creating a separate dictionary of Kalmyk business letters of the 18th century.

SYNONYMY OF STABLE PHRASES IN THE DICTIONARY OF SMOLENSK DIALECTS: THE ANALYSIS EXPERIENCE

The attention of modern linguistics to the study of verbal representatives of the mental essence (both individual and collective one) of the native speakers involves an appeal to all subsystems of the national language where territorial dialects take a significant part. The analysis of dialect linguistic units possessing linguistic and cultural value is considered as a necessary way for the study of people’s worldview and perception of the world, national mentality as a whole. The ability of stable phrases (phraseological units) to preserve and express a native speaker’s attitude to the world around them is the basis for the use of the analysis of folk phraseology as a way of penetration into a speaker’s spiritual world. Volumetric representation of the external and internal peculiarities of stable phrases allows the author to get their systematization in the form of phraseosemantic field consisting of different kinds singled out in phraseosemantic groups. The article deals with stable phrases of synonymic value recorded in the Dictionary of Smolensk dialects and stable phrases forming a phraseosemantic group. These phrases are analyzed taking into account the semantic structure of the key word, the characteristics of the dependent word, and the method of forming phraseological semantics. On the example of the analysis of phrases with the key word «bit’» and a synonymic series with the semantic dominant «bezdel’nichat’», the article discusses the peculiarities of phraseological nomination in Smolensk dialects and confirms a high level of connotativity and evaluation in the folk phraseology.

Взаимодействие подсистем современного русского языка в идиолектном отражении: речевой портрет жителя поселка городского типа

Взаимодействие подсистем современного русского языка в идиолектном отражении: речевой портрет жителя поселка городского типа

Intra-Individual Variability in the Emergence of Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Speaking English at Secondary School: A Case Study of a Good, Average and Poor Language Learner

According to Complex Dynamic Systems Theory CDST, language is a complex dynamic system consisting of subsystems which show a lot of variability, especially during intensive development. Second language development is generally connected with an increase in complexity, accuracy and fluency but there are trade-offs within and between these language subcomponents. What is more, intra-individual variability, defined as differences in the level of developmental variables within individuals and between repeated measurements, is said to be an important developmental phenomenon. The aim of this article is to analyze the relationships between different measures of syntactic complexity, lexical complexity, accuracy and fluency, and to examine intra-individual variability with respect to the rate of development in longitudinal oral data provided by a good, average and poor language learner at the level of secondary school. Generally, the results of the study show some statistically significant differences between the learners in the development of these language subsystems but no such differences in intra-individual variability. Nevertheless, the study indicates a strong, positive correlation between the learners’ level of intra-individual variability and the rate of development of the language subsystems in speech at this level.

Metaphors in Anatomical Terminology

The article is concerned with the problem of metaphorisation as the most important cognition mechanism that plays a significant role in forming the anatomical vocabulary of the Kazakh and Russian languages. Terminology is a part of the literary language, whose formation and development is inseparable from the history and culture of its people. The article puts forward and scientifically substantiates the thesis that anatomical terminology differs from other terminological subsystems of the national language. It typically utilises terms developed from vernacular names that have not been formed through the logical comprehension of some scientific concept, i.e. they are categorised with the help of the everyday consciousness of native speakers. The key part of anatomical terminology is represented by proto-terms regarded as full-fledged terms in general scientific terminology. The article aims to analyse anatomical terms-metaphors of the Kazakh and Russian languages. To attain this objective, the authors of the article have compared metaphorical models of the Kazakh and Russian anatomical vocabulary, revealed their standard features and differences. The study uses the method of constructing metaphorical models and submodels for structuring the source area since conceptual metaphors have mental mappings between conceptual areas of the source and goal. The study material comprises single-word and compound anatomical terms of metaphorical origin (fifty-eight Kazakh nominations and fifty Russian) extracted from various dictionaries. As a result, the authors have identified and described four basic metaphorical models common to both languages. Some of them relate to the sphere of intradiscourse interaction of concepts ("parts of human body and organs", "fauna"), while the others belong to the sphere of interdiscourse interaction ("flora", "containers, reservoirs"). The study concludes that the language objectification of cognitive metaphorisation mechanism is a secondary result of mental processes, and such language phenomena as metaphors form generalised cognitive metaphorical models that function in the minds of speakers.

Dissociating motor-speech from lexico-semantic systems in the left frontal lobe: insight from a series of 17 awake intraoperative mappings in glioma patients.

Functional brain mapping during awake surgery procedures is the gold standard technique in the management of left frontal lobe tumors. Nevertheless, a unified picture of the language subsystems encountered during left frontal lobe mapping is still lacking. We retrospectively analyzed the 49 cortical and the 33 axonal sites of functional language mapping performed in 17 patients operated for a left frontal lobe glioma under awake conditions. Sites were tagged on the postoperative MRI, based on anatomical landmarks and intraoperative photography. All MRIs and tags were then registered in the MNI template. Speech disturbances related to motor functions (speech arrest-with or without superior limb arrest-, stuttering, and vocalization) were grouped together as "motor-speech" responses. Anomias, semantic paraphasia, perseverations, and PPTT errors were classified as "lexico-semantic" responses. MNI-registered axonal sites were used as seed for computing disconnectome maps from a tractogram atlas of ten healthy individuals, as implemented in the BCB toolkit. The cortical distribution of lexico-semantic responses appeared to be located anteriorly (pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus and posterior end of the middle and superior frontal gyrus) compared to motor-speech responses (lower end of the precentral gyrus and pars opercularis). Within the white matter, motor-speech responses and lexico-semantic responses overlapped on the trajectory of the aslant and fronto-striatal tracts, but the lexico-semantic sites were located more anteriorly (mean Y coordinate on the MNI system was 21.2mm for lexico-semantic sites and 14.3mm for the motor-speech sites; Wilcoxon test: W = 60.5, p = 0.03). Moreover, disconnectome maps evidenced a clear distinction between the two subsystems: posterior fronto-striatal and frontal aslant tracts, corpus callosum and cortico-spinal tract were related to the motor-speech sites, whereas anterior frontal aslant tract, inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) and anterior thalamic radiations were related to the lexico-semantic sites. Hence, we evidenced distinct anatomical substrates for the motor-speech and lexico-semantic systems. Regarding the aslant/fronto-striatal system, an anterior to posterior gradient was found, with a lexico-semantic role for the anterior part and a motor-speech involvement for the posterior part. For tumors abutting the precentral sulcus, posterior boundaries of the resection are made of motor-speech sites, meaning that the anteriorly located lexico-semantic system is no more functional, as a result of network reorganization by plasticity.

Problems of determining communicative needs for the formation of the Ukrainian-speaking competence of foreign students of higher education institutions of Ukraine

The article discusses the main components of the system of communicative needs of foreign students in educational activities. One of the main tasks as the basis for setting aims and in accordance with the content of education in higher education is to identify the communicative needs of foreign students. This is necessary to study the real communicative needs of foreign students in the learning process and to create, on this basis, differentiated programs that correspond to the specifics of the region, to adaptthe existing programs according to the results of such studies of the content of textbooks and presentation forms of educational material, to consolidate and control the acquired knowledge, speech skills and abilities. A general strategy is to teach the Ukrainian language as a foreign language but this choice is complicated by the lack of a Ukrainian-speaking environment and the presence of a Russian-speaking one, an insufficient number of hours for foreign students to learn the Ukrainian language. It should be noted that the identified real communicative needs of first-year students in writing in the educational and professional field also arise in the educational process in a certain sequence, which allows you to build a hierarchical system of exercises, which provides for the phased nature of the formation of relevant skills. Communicative needs are important in the formation of the linguistic competence of foreign students; it is necessary to take into account the nature of the ordering of the language system as a whole, and functional subsystems relevant for a particular student population. The language competence of foreign students should correspond to the volume and nature of the communicative needs that arise in them within the framework of various fields of activity in Ukraine, and should be formed on the basis of the literary language, when future specialists, having mastered the core of the system, naturally proceed to study the specific features of the language subsystems. This must be taken into account for a methodologically reasonable selection of the didactic material, which is systematized on the basis of the identified communicative needs.

PECULIAR FEATURES OF THE ENGLISH INTERNET DISCOURSE: PRAGMATIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS

Summary. The article deals with one of the modern trends in discourse studies – the Internet discourse. The article aims to analyze the Internet discourse and systematize sociolinguistic and pragmatic factors that determine the peculiarities of the Internet language. The object of the research is the Internet discourse and the subject of the article is sociolinguistic peculiarities of the Internet discourse. We have analyzed different interpretations of the Internet discourse by modern linguists, stating the difference between the concepts «virtual discourse», «computer discourse», «electronic discourse», «network discourse» and «Internet discourse». The ambiguous status of the Internet language has been also touched upon in our research. The language of the Internet can be attributed to a new kind of language, which plays an important role in the life of society alongside such other large language subsystems. Dealing with peculiar features in the English Internet discourse, we have outlined its goals and strategies according to a sociolinguistic approach; we can speak of the Internet discourse as a linguistic category that combines features of personally-oriented discourse. Conclusions Modern Internet discourse is a complex system of different functional styles and forms of speech. The phenomenon of Internet communication develops so actively that it begins to affect the offline communication genre system. The developed genre system is an indicator of the dynamic paradigm formation of Internet discourse. The linguistic genres that exist in reality are undergoing various modifications in the Internet discourse, making the Internet language a true third means of communication. Internet language interpretation; the impact of the Internet language on literary English; linguistic and extra-linguistic elements of the Internet language in the communicative process can become the subjects of further investigation.

Wczesne wspomaganie rozwoju mowy u dziecka z alalią sensoryczno-motoryczną – studium przypadku

Artykuł dotyczy problematyki wczesnego wspomagania rozwoju dziecka w przypadku zaburzeń mowy pochodzenia centralnego. Stanowi studium przypadku sześcioletniego chłopca z alalią motoryczno-sensoryczną. Autorka poddaje ocenie możliwości językowe i komunikacyjne dziecka. Dokonuje charakterystyki jego mowy w odniesieniu do wszystkich podsystemów języka (fonologicznego, morfologicznego, leksykalnego i składniowego). W opracowaniu przedstawiono również program i efekty terapii logopedycznej oraz wskazano kierunki działań w kolejnych etapach postępowania.