Clauses In Languages Research Articles

Formulation of Boilerplate Clauses in Outsourcing Agreement that is Constanted by the Parties in Give Legal certainty

This research analyzes the formulation of boilerplate clauses in outsourcing agreements, focusing on how these clauses ensure legal balance and certainty for all parties involved. It reviews critical components such as Choice of Law, Language Clauses, and Severability Clauses, identifying their roles in achieving fair and enforceable agreements. Utilizing a normative legal research method, this study examines Indonesia's Employment Law No. 13 of 2003 and Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021, which outline the guidelines for outsourcing, including the legal requirements for contracts with outsourced workers. Findings suggest that incorporating boilerplate clauses within outsourcing agreements strengthens legal certainty and balance between the outsourcing agency, employer, and outsourced workers, addressing potential issues of norm ambiguity and ensuring adherence to national labor standards. The research emphasizes the importance of these clauses in upholding the principle of legal balance and protecting the rights of outsourced employees.

Presenting indigenous language of Suwawa in terms of clause structure

This research is aimed to describe Suwawa language clauses (SLC) in local content subject at elementary schools. It focuses on introducing SLC and the description of types of SLC. The method used is the descriptive method. SLC Data were obtained from utterances and speech by native of Suwawa. Observation, interviews, and note-taking were used to collect the data. A distribution method on the functions of SCL was used to analyze the data. The research findings revealed that introducing Suwawa is very important since the language functions as a self-identity and a filter from global culture penetration. The language has 13 types of clauses grouped into 5 based on (1) the core elements, (2) internal structure, (3) position in the sentence, (4) the presence or absence of negation elements in the predicate, and (5) the functional category. Research shows that introducing the Suwawa language is important not only to preserve it but also to give Gorontalo, Sulawesi Indonesia's youth a sense of self and cultural identity against globalization.

Neural Correlates of Object-Extracted Relative Clause Processing Across English and Chinese

Abstract Are the brain bases of language comprehension the same across all human languages, or do these bases vary in a way that corresponds to differences in linguistic typology? English and Mandarin Chinese attest such a typological difference in the domain of relative clauses. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with English and Chinese participants, who listened to the same translation-equivalent story, we analyzed neuroimages time aligned to object-extracted relative clauses in both languages. In a general linear model analysis of these naturalistic data, comprehension was selectively associated with increased hemodynamic activity in left posterior temporal lobe, angular gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex in both languages. This result suggests the processing of object-extracted relative clauses is subserved by a common collection of brain regions, regardless of typology. However, there were also regions that were activated uniquely in our Chinese participants albeit not to a significantly greater degree. These were in the temporal lobe. These Chinese-specific results could reflect structural ambiguity-resolution work that must be done in Chinese but not English object-extracted relative clauses.

Agree and the subjects of specificational clauses

AbstractThis article investigates agreement in Persian sentences with a specificational copular clause embedded under the epistemic modal tavānestan ‘can’. We argue that this structure is a raising structure. It exhibits agreement on both the embedded and modal verbs. Crucially, while the subject fails to control agreement in the embedded clause, it successfully controls agreement on the modal. We argue that the subject's failure to form an Agree relation in the embedded specificational clause is due to its defective feature structure, resulting in agreement with the lower noun phrase instead, this being an accessible goal as well. In the matrix clause, the lower noun phrase is inaccessible, due to the presence of an intervening domain boundary. This triggers probe reduction, a process that impoverishes the feature structure of the probe, expanding the set of possible goals to include the subject. We extend this analysis to subject agreement in simple specificational clauses in languages like English.

Directive and optative clauses in Manding languages

Directive and optative clauses in Manding languages

Ensure ‘dissolution clause’ still meets current needs

Most nonprofit boards are familiar with their organization's “purpose” clause—language in the articles of incorporation that states the organization's essential reason for being and intended mission.

Semejanzas y contrastes en los sistemas de puntuación y en el uso de la coma en las oraciones subordinadas sustantivas y de relativo en español y polaco

Similarities and contrasts in punctuation systems and in the use of commas in subordinate nouns and relative clauses in Spanish and Polish The objective of the article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to briefly compare the definitions of punctuation marks in Spanish and Polish, to justify their syntactic-logical function from a diachronic point of view, and to compare the graphic representations of punctuation marks in both languages. On the other hand, it attempts to compare, in more detail, the use of the comma in subordinate substantive clauses and in relative clauses in both languages, starting from the Spanish syntax and based on the corpus from literary works. The conclusion shows that, between both languages, there are more similarities when it comes to defining punctuation marks than when comparing the use of commas in specific syntactic structures.

Contrastive Analysis of Noun Clauses in Arabic and Swahili Languages

The focus of this study is to compare the structure of noun clauses in Arabic and Swahili based on its pattern and constituent elements. This study is a qualitative study using a contrastive descriptive analysis method. The analysis used is content analysis with the aim of describing the structure of noun clauses in Arabic and Swahili separately which is then compared to find out the similarities and differences in the noun clauses of the two languages. Based on the results of the comparison, it can be seen that the noun clauses of the two languages have the same structure, namely consisting of a subject and a predicative. The difference between these two noun clauses is that in Arabic (1) predicates can be nouns, adjectives, prepositional phrases, or adverbs and this is not found in Swahili; (2) subject and predicate in Arabic can be either masculine or feminine; (3) Subjects in Arabic sometimes take the form of definite and infinite (4) Nominal sentences in Swahili have 4 four kinds, namely sentensi sahili, sentensi ambato, sentensi changamano and sentensi shurtia while Arabic has two types of noun clauses namely mansukha and gairu mansukha. By knowing the similarities and differences of noun clauses based on patterns and forming structures, students can get a better description of how to use Arabic clauses correctly. For teachers of Arabic, this study can be input for teaching clauses and preparing better learning materials.

The Languages of Contract: A Comparative Law Perspective with a Focus on the CISG

In nowaday’s international trade, the contracting parties often come from a different linguistic background. As a consequence, the use of foreign languages in contractual relationships raises many issues the implications of which are often underestimated. They are thereby analysed in a comparative law perspective and with reference to the CISG experience.Before invoking consent defects and invalidity, a central role must be devoted to the interpretation of contract. In particular, we have to mention the following criteria: the principle of good faith/fairness, the binding effects of agreed usages and established practice, the promotion of uniform languages and neutral terminologies with specific reference to business contracts. In the first Section, I briefly introduce the debate on language risk in contractual communication, discussing the implications of language barriers for the validity of the contract. Then, I outline the problem of legal constraints protecting offical languages that may significantly impact the choice of a foreign idiom in contractual relationships. The call for language uniformity in the international commercial framework and the prominent role of English, as a ‘lingua franca’, are also discussed. The last Section is devoted to the use of clauses aimed at preventing language inconsistencies in international contracts. Then I deepen the CISG experience by approaching the following key points: formation of contract, incorporation of standard terms, applicable law and foreign terms, non-conformity of the goods. Language, Contract, Validity, Interpretation, Official Languages, Sales of Goods, Good Faith, Lingua Franca, Legal English, Controlling Language Clauses

Ratio Legis on the Right to Language in the Education System in Timor Leste

The East Timor obtained its independence though a referendum conducted by the United Nation (UN). The constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (RDTL) officially enacted on 20th of May 2002. The language clause with the constitution, article 13 states that the official language of East Timor is Tetun and Portuguese. Based on the language clause mention above, the government of East Timor puts a policy in place, obligated all level of educational system to only use Portuguese in their activity. This policy, however, gets fierce rejection especially from private educational institutions because of its inconsistency with the new reality According to the data from the United Nation (UN), actually, only less than 5 persent of the Timorese speaks Portuguese. in this research, there are 2 legal issues emerged. The first is about the language as a constitutional right of citizens. Secondly, use of Portuguese language in the education system in East Timor to human rights?. To analyze the legal problems, this research utilizes the qualitative and legal method. And, it can be successfully proved that the implementation of language clause of East Timor The government policy does not consider the legal principle of proportionality justice and then to be discriminative for Timorese who use Tetun and other national languages, which are important to be developed by the nation as wel. The conclusion that the use of Portuguese language violated constitutional rights and impedes the quality of education.

Big Data-Driven Pedestrian Analytics: Unsupervised Clustering and Relational Query Based on Tencent Street View Photographs

Recent technological advancements in geomatics and mobile sensing have led to various urban big data, such as Tencent street view (TSV) photographs; yet, the urban objects in the big dataset have hitherto been inadequately exploited. This paper aims to propose a pedestrian analytics approach named vectors of uncountable and countable objects for clustering and analysis (VUCCA) for processing 530,000 TSV photographs of Hong Kong Island. First, VUCCA transductively adopts two pre-trained deep models to TSV photographs for extracting pedestrians and surrounding pixels into generalizable semantic vectors of features, including uncountable objects such as vegetation, sky, paved pedestrian path, and guardrail and countable objects such as cars, trucks, pedestrians, city animals, and traffic lights. Then, the extracted pedestrians are semantically clustered using the vectors, e.g., for understanding where they usually stand. Third, pedestrians are semantically indexed using relations and activities (e.g., walking behind a guardrail, road-crossing, carrying a backpack, or walking a pet) for queries of unstructured photographic instances or natural language clauses. The experiment results showed that the pedestrians detected in the TSV photographs were successfully clustered into meaningful groups and indexed by the semantic vectors. The presented VUCCA can enrich eye-level urban features into computational semantic vectors for pedestrians to enable smart city research in urban geography, urban planning, real estate, transportation, conservation, and other disciplines.

Copular clauses in Dene languages: Argument structure and interpretation

AbstractA widely accepted assumption in both the syntactic and semantic literature is that copulas lack semantic content. A consequent question is how to explain the existence in certain languages of two copular verbs that give rise to different interpretations. Such is the case in numerous languages of the Dene family (formerly known as Athapaskan). We explain this situation with the hypothesis that the copulas realize an underlying three-copula system differing in argument structure. Differences between the interpretations of copular clauses in these languages originate in the compositional semantics of these structures, not in any lexical semantic differences.This hypothesis successfully predicts the distributional differences between the surface forms of the Dene copulas, such as their compatibility with adjuncts of time and intentionality, interactions with accusative case, and semanticlifetime effects.

Avoiding Gaps in Romance: Evidence from Italian and French for a Structural Parsing Principle

AbstractExisting evidence suggests that the parser avoids positing a movement dependency if the grammar does not require doing so. By investigating the processing of two syntactic ambiguities that have not been the subject of processing studies before, we provide more conclusive evidence for this parsing bias in two Romance languages: French and Italian. In two acceptability‐judgment experiments and two self‐paced‐reading studies, we found that sentences that involved a filler–gap dependency (indirect questions in Italian and free relatives in French) were dispreferred compared to sentences involving the same lexical material but no filler–gap dependency (declarative complement clauses in both languages). Crucially, the filler–gap dependency was not dispreferred when there was no available competitor. We conclude by discussing the relevance of these results for syntactic theory, in particular for the questionable status of Merge over Move as a grammatical principle.

The Prosody of Shingazidja Relatives: an update

Much work has been done in recent years on the prosody of relative clauses in Bantu languages (see among others Downing et al. 2010), and this is also the case for Shingazidja, a Bantu language of the Comoros (Patin 2010), for which it has been established that restrictive relatives differ from non-restrictive ones in that the latter, contrary to restrictives, have the relative separated from its head by a prosodic boundary, as in other languages (Cheng & Kula 2006, Cheng & Downing 2007). However, many aspects of the prosody of Shingazidja relatives remain to be established. In particular, the question of whether relatives are in this language aligned with the boundaries of Intonational phrases remained undetermined, as the H% boundary tone that characterizes these prosodic structures when they do not emerge at the end of an utterance (see O'Connor & Patin 2015) is not always observable in the data (Patin 2017). The descriptive exam of a corpus collected in 2009 indicates that a H% boundary tone does emerge at the right boundary of the relative, but that i. this tone is associated with the last surface tone and not with the last vowel, on the one hand, and ii. that it is absent from a restrictive if the restrictive relative is of reduced size, revealing that eurhythmic constraints condition the prosodic structure of these clauses.

Code-Switching Strategies: Prosody and Syntax.

The contentious question of bilingual processing cost may be recast as a fresh question of code-switching (CS) strategies—quantitative preferences and structural adjustments for switching at particular junctures of two languages. CS strategies are established by considering prosodic and syntactic variables, capitalizing here on bidirectional multi-word CS, spontaneously produced by members of a bilingual community in northern New Mexico who regularly use both languages (Torres Cacoullos and Travis, 2018). CS strategies become apparent by extending the equivalence constraint, which states that bilinguals avoid CS at points of word placement conflict (Poplack, 1980), to examine points of inconsistent equivalence between the languages, where syntactic difficulty could arise. Such sites of variable equivalence are junctures where the word strings of the two languages are equivalent only sometimes due to language-internal variable structures. A case in point for the English-Spanish language pair is the boundary between main and complement clauses, where a conjunction occurs always in Spanish but variably in English. The prosodic distancing strategy is to separate the juncture of the two languages. Here the complement clause appears in a different prosodic unit from the main clause—disproportionately as compared both with monolingual benchmarks and with bilinguals’ own unilingual English and Spanish. Prosodic distancing serves to mitigate variable equivalence. The syntactic selection strategy is to opt for the variant that is more quantitatively available and more discourse neutral. Here the preference is for the Spanish complementizer que—regardless of main or complement clause language. This is the more frequent option in bilinguals’ combined experience in both their languages, whereas the English complementizer that is subject to a number of conditioning factors. Syntactic selection serves to restore equivalence. Discovery of community CS strategies may spur reconsideration of processing cost as a matter of relative difficulty, which will depend on bilinguals’ prosodic and syntactic choices at particular CS sites.

Child Relativized Minimality and Grammaticality Judgement.

Grammaticality judgements are the fundamental experimental source of generative linguistic theory. They may be difficult to elicit, especially in some populations, but generally they inform us neatly about what the grammar licenses or, on the contrary, bans. On the other hand, acceptability is multifactorial and therefore, unlike grammaticality judgement, can be quantified. In this paper I consider a particular empirical domain, that of Relativized Minimality (RM) in acquisition, and its relation to the dichotomy between grammaticality and acceptability. Friedmann et al. (2009) argued that children hold a stricter version of RM than adults. In particular, children would require a disjoint feature specification, not just a distinct feature specification, between target and intervener. The literature shows asymmetries in comprehension of subject and object relative clauses in various languages which fulfill the predictions of child RM. Variation between adults and children might be expected not only in production and comprehension, but also in grammaticality judgement. If so, children would be predicted to reject object relatives as well as the classic RM violations. Alternatively, if child RM is a processing effect, the prediction is that children would be able to tease apart object relative clauses from RM violations under favorable processing conditions. The question I address is: do children assimilate RM violations and object relative clauses? Grammaticality judgement should provide an answer to this question. In this paper I present an experiment targeting grammaticality judgement for object relatives and RM violations and report preliminary results for a group of 6-year-old Catalan-speaking children showing that object relatives and RM violations are not judged in a parallel fashion, since RM violations are rejected more often than object relatives.

Penggunaan Governing Languange Clause dan Translation Clause pada Perjanjian Berbahasa Asing

Since the enactment of Law No. 24/2009 on Flag, Language, National Emblems and the National Anthem (UU Bahasa), many court decisions arise related to the use of foreign languages (English) in agreements made between Indonesian Citizens or Indonesia Legal Entities with Foreigners or Foreign Legal Entities. One of the most well-known verdicts was the verdict that canceled the loan agreement between PT Bangun Karya Pertama Lestasri and Nine AM for violating Article 31 paragraph (1) UU Bahasa. This article discusses 4 cases that have been resolved by the State Court, the High Court and the Supreme Court where almost all of the decisions cancelled the agreements written in foreign languages. It is effected the businessman to use governing language clauses and translation clauses into foreign language agreements based on freedom of contract and pacta sunt servanda

Sentence-final aspect particles as finite markers in Mandarin Chinese

AbstractIn Mandarin Chinese, sentence-final aspect particlesne, le, andlaizhemay occur in some types of embedded clauses, but not in other types, such as the complement of a control verb, a raising verb,lai‘come’ andqu‘go’, a non-epistemic modal, and the prepositional complementizerdui‘to’. These latter types of clauses systematically show properties of nonfinite clauses in other languages. They are intrinsically embedded, banpro-drop, their clause boundaries may be invisible for binding, and they disallow a speaker-oriented adverb and an epistemic modal. The restrictions on the distribution of the particles indicate that they are used in finite clauses only, although the language has no tense or case marker. The paper argues that finite clauses show speaker-oriented properties whereas nonfinite ones do not; instead, nonfinite clauses exhibit higher-clause-oriented properties. Identifying the role of speaker in the finiteness distinction reveals the capacity of finite clauses, whether or not the capacity is marked overtly.

A note on the emotive origins of syntax

AbstractIn this note, I ask what (if any) linguistic means above the word level might have already been in place before our full-blown syntactic capacity involving recursive Merge has evolved. I argue that the ‘pre-Merge era’ might have been characterized by paratactic emotive utterances comparable to root small clauses in modern languages. At the end of this contribution, this new emotive perspective on so-called ‘living linguistic fossils’ is extended to the core syntactic property of displacement, which features an augmentation strategy in the form of multiple copies that is reminiscent of doubling and reduplication processes involved in conveying expressive meaning components.

FUNGSI IDEASIONAL DALAM BAHASA KAILI: SEBUAH TINJAUAN LINGUISTIK SISTEMIK FUNGSIONAL (IDEATIONAL FUNCTION IN KAILI LANGUAGE: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS VIEW)

This paper aims to find the ideational functions in bahasa Kaili. Linguistics Systemic Function Halliday is used to find that Ideational Function. The data is collected through a library method, using reading and note taking techniques. Data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the analysis showed that in the mental process, there is only one participant in a clause, in the form of a human, who senses-thinks, feels-who always has consciousness. While in the material process, every participant is something, while in the mental process, concerning perceived, thoughtful, or accepted, the position of sense or sense is not only limited to certain semantic or grammatical categories but broader than the participants in the process material. In short, participants in mental processes are not just ‘something’ but, it can be facts. It is lead to one conclusion that in general, the structure of the Kaili and Indonesian language clauses is not quite different between each other.