Can nonnative English accents become barriers to garnering attention in public discourse? The current study examined this question. Analyzing 5,367 TED Talks through computational methodologies such as voice recognition, natural language processing, and vision models, we investigated the relationship between speakers' accents and online engagement. After adjusting for various control variables with a series of robustness checks, we found a sizeable disparity in public discourse: Speakers with nonnative accents received less engagement than speakers with native accents. To complement our findings, we conducted a controlled social-psychological experiment among English-speaking American adults (N = 462) and a direct replication (N = 916) that corroborated our computational analyses and highlighted stereotyping and processing disfluency as key factors driving reduced engagement in accented speakers. Our research highlights the pervasive impact of accent discrimination in global communication and emphasizes the need for strategies to mitigate its detrimental effects on knowledge exchange across cultural and linguistic boundaries.

Mnemonic discrimination of visual objects entails differentiating among repetitions of target objects, unstudied foil objects, and, critically, lure objects that are similar, but not identical to, studied objects (e.g., a different coffee mug than what was studied). Correctly rejecting lures may involve hippocampal pattern separation, a process that orthogonalizes representations of similar experiences. However, lures can also be rejected when recollection of studied objects enables detection of changed lure features. The present study examined whether verbal justifications of recognition decisions in an object-based mnemonic discrimination task could reveal recollection rejection as the primary basis for lure rejections. Across multiple study-test trials, participants studied everyday objects and, at test, attempted to classify similar lures, studied targets, and novel foils. Participants sometimes verbally justified their decisions. Machine learning classifiers showed that verbal justifications discriminated among different classifications given to the same item types for both in- and out-of-sample data. Lure rejection language often expressed the use of recollection of studied objects to detect changes in perceived objects (viz., recollection-rejection strategy). Verbal justifications also discriminated correct from incorrect responses better than numeric confidence, which could not be explained by a model assuming a one-dimensional memory strength signal. Finally, verbal justifications best predicted accurate recognition decisions for all item types at the highest level of subjective confidence, which further implicated the use of recollection. The present findings verify that lure rejections in mnemonic discrimination tasks do not only reflect hippocampal pattern separation but also suggest that rejections reflect recollection of studied targets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Purpose The purpose of this study is to discover the conflicts faced by refugee employees in their work relationships with colleagues, co-workers, managers and customers at restaurants as well as how they deal with these conflicts. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory qualitative study employed snowball sampling to reach 13 refugee employees working in restaurants in Izmir. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic content analysis via MAXQDA software. Findings Refugee employees reported vertical conflicts with managers involving task, role, process and relational issues. They also experienced horizontal conflicts with coworkers, including interpersonal problems such as psychological aggression and task-related frictions. In their interactions with customers, they encountered challenges linked to language barriers and discrimination. Participants used five main strategies to manage these conflicts: acceptance, avoidance, support-seeking, job-focused adjustments and communication/collaboration approaches. Practical implications This study contributes to both theory and practice by highlighting the specific conflict types experienced by refugee workers in hospitality and their preferred coping strategies. The findings suggest the need for clear grievance mechanisms, intercultural training and inclusive management practices in hospitality businesses. These implications are particularly relevant for service-sector employers seeking to establish fairer and more sustainable workplaces for vulnerable groups. Originality/value Refugees are increasingly joining the workforce in the service industry, yet their workplace conflicts remain understudied. This study addresses this gap and provides actionable insights for managers and policymakers.

Respiratory disease diagnosis remains challenging in resource-constrained settings, where limited specialist expertise contributes to diagnostic uncertainties affecting over 300 million people worldwide. This study presents E-RespiNet, a novel multi-modal deep learning architecture that integrates ELECTRA’s discriminative pre-training with a triple-stream convolutional neural network framework, enhanced through Harmony Search with Opposition-Based Learning optimization for automated respiratory sound classification. The architecture simultaneously processes mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, discrete wavelet transforms, and mel-spectrograms through parallel CNN streams, with features integrated through hierarchical fusion and ELECTRA-based contextual enhancement. Comprehensive evaluations on two independent clinical datasets—the Asthma Detection Dataset Version 2 (1,211 recordings across five conditions) and King Abdullah University Hospital dataset (940 samples from 81 subjects across four conditions)—demonstrated exceptional performance with 98.9% and 98.8% accuracy respectively, representing 5.0% and 4.3% improvements over baseline configurations. Cross-institutional validation revealed 75.7% average accuracy with a 23.3% generalization gap, substantially better than typical medical AI cross-domain performance. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping provided clinically relevant interpretability, while the Harmony Search optimization framework enhanced both performance and cross-institutional robustness. These results demonstrate significant advances in automated respiratory sound analysis through discriminative language model integration and metaheuristic optimization, establishing important benchmarks for deployable respiratory diagnostic tools in diverse healthcare settings.

Respiratory disease diagnosis remains challenging in resource-constrained settings, where limited specialist expertise contributes to diagnostic uncertainties affecting over 300 million people worldwide. This study presents E-RespiNet, a novel multi-modal deep learning architecture that integrates ELECTRA's discriminative pre-training with a triple-stream convolutional neural network framework, enhanced through Harmony Search with Opposition-Based Learning optimization for automated respiratory sound classification. The architecture simultaneously processes mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, discrete wavelet transforms, and mel-spectrograms through parallel CNN streams, with features integrated through hierarchical fusion and ELECTRA-based contextual enhancement. Comprehensive evaluations on two independent clinical datasets-the Asthma Detection Dataset Version 2 (1,211 recordings across five conditions) and King Abdullah University Hospital dataset (940 samples from 81 subjects across four conditions)-demonstrated exceptional performance with 98.9% and 98.8% accuracy respectively, representing 5.0% and 4.3% improvements over baseline configurations. Cross-institutional validation revealed 75.7% average accuracy with a 23.3% generalization gap, substantially better than typical medical AI cross-domain performance. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping provided clinically relevant interpretability, while the Harmony Search optimization framework enhanced both performance and cross-institutional robustness. These results demonstrate significant advances in automated respiratory sound analysis through discriminative language model integration and metaheuristic optimization, establishing important benchmarks for deployable respiratory diagnostic tools in diverse healthcare settings.

Linguistic diversity is an important yet often overlooked aspect of campus life in U.S. higher education. Drawing on data from the 2023–2024 Linguistic Diversity Research Survey, this study investigates how students at a public East Coast university use, experience, and perceive multilingualism in their daily lives. The survey reveals a high level of linguistic diversity among students in terms of language backgrounds and everyday language practices, consistent with prior research. However, experiences of linguistic discrimination remain prevalent. Regression analyses indicate that such experiences are significantly associated with students’ perceptions of language use and the extent to which they feel the university supports multilingualism. Moreover, students’ language use and attitudes toward multilingualism vary across social identities, including race, gender, and immigration status. These findings underscore the need for institutions to move beyond symbolic recognition and adopt more inclusive policies that meaningfully support linguistic diversity on campus.

The study explores the integration challenges of African refugees who fled the war in Ukraine and sought asylum in Germany amid the global refugee crisis. The research delves into language barriers, discriminatory encounters, administrative hurdles, and professional development complexities within the broader context of the war-induced displacement of individuals with a third-state status. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with five African refugees aged 23–27 in Germany. Analysing the data through qualitative content analysis, four main categories emerged: integration challenges, physical and mental health, quality of life, and factors influencing well-being. The findings highlight multifaceted integration challenges, encompassing language barriers, discrimination, administrative complexities, and professional development difficulties. Participants reported stress from simultaneous language learning and employment, social isolation, and fear of returning home. Although physical health was generally rated as good, mental health challenges arose, linked to the dual burden of integration and professional advancement. Unsatisfactory quality of life stemmed from unmet basic needs, including employment, housing, and travel to visit family. Despite significant challenges, participants displayed resilience and optimism. The study emphasises the need for targeted interventions and support systems tailored to the unique struggles of African refugees from the Ukrainian war in Germany. Policymakers, refugee-support organisations, and community-based groups can use these findings to develop programs enhancing integration and well-being for this population.

Prompted by growing concerns about racism in healthcare, particularly towards staff, this mixed-methods service evaluation investigated the frequency, nature, and response to incidents of racism within inpatient mental health settings across an NHS Trust in North-West England. Incident reports from January 2023 to December 2024 were analysed. Quantitative data was used to examine associations between aggression-related racist incidents and factors such as ward type, perpetrator sex, and the victim–perpetrator relationship. Reflexive thematic analysis of incident narratives was conducted to explore how racism is described, understood, and managed in practice. Findings suggest that racist abuse, primarily by patients towards staff, was prevalent in high-acuity settings. Racism was frequently conceptualised as a symptom of mental illness, contributing to ambiguous or minimised documentation. Three key themes were identified: the normalisation of racist abuse, inadequate support for affected staff, and limited intervention for perpetrators. Reports often lacked anti-racist language or clear definitions of discrimination, potentially obscuring the issue. These findings underscore the need for trauma-informed, anti-racist practice and culturally sensitive staff support. Enhanced reporting mechanisms and interventions are recommended to promote psychological safety and equity in mental health care. This evaluation contributes to evidence that responses to racism must extend beyond procedural de-escalation.

Background Evidence suggests that youth with a refugee background from Africa have higher prevalence of mental health issues due to traumatic experiences like war, violence, sexual abuse and loss of relationships. These youths face new challenges after resettling in a new country, where their past experiences, and current difficulties with resettlement threaten their mental well-being. Despite their vulnerability and mental health issues, they are less likely to access mental health services compared to their peers. Aim To explore how youth with refugee background from Africa experience the support provided by Norwegian municipal health services for their mental health. Methods Qualitative individual interviews were conducted with 16 youths with refugee backgrounds from Central and East Africa. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Findings revealed that youths had difficulties trusting healthcare professionals due to fears of confidentiality breaches and potential child welfare involvement. Cultural backgrounds influenced their interactions with the services, as factors like shame, stigma, language barriers, perceived prejudice, and lack of culturally competent ­professionals impeded their access to services. Conclusion Addressing the challenges faced by youths in accessing and benefiting from services can be achieved by fostering trusting relationships, enhance cultural competence and safety among professionals, prevent discrimination, and use professional language interpreters.

Basque women and gender non-normative individuals are a part of an Indigenous and ethnic minority culture, thus more likely to be exposed to discrimination and sub-optimal healthcare services. This study explores their experiences with healthcare and identifies the barriers and facilitators to implement culturally safe healthcare practices in the Basque Country. We used a critical ethnographic approach to conduct 37 semi-structured interviews, 36 hours of health clinic observations, and 4 focus groups. Using a thematic analytic approach, we find that euskalfobia in the healthcare system presents a major barrier to culturally safe healthcare through the normalization of euskarafobia, systematic invisibilizing of Basque language and culture, and the devaluing of cultural healing practices. Language and culturally concordant care, acknowledgment of cultural healing practices, and training regarding the concept of cultural safety at an individual and institutional level can facilitate the implementation of cultural safety in the Basque context.

279 Background: The Support and Empowerment Program to Quit Tobacco for Latino Cancer Survivors (SE Puede) is a mixed-methods study examining tobacco cessation disparities among Latinos. Though Latinos have lower smoking rates, they face barriers like limited counseling, low screening, and underuse of evidence-based treatments. Social determinants of health (SDOH), discrimination, gender roles, and acculturation influence quit attempts. This study quantifies these factors to guide culturally tailored strategies that reduce disparities. Methods: Latino lung, head/neck, and breast cancer survivors with a smoking history were recruited from Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center. Surveys (N = 50) assessed SDOH, acculturation, discrimination, smoking behavior, motivation, and cessation service use. Interviews and focus groups (N = 20) explored personal cessation experiences. Primary endpoints included use of cessation aids, provider counseling, quit motivators, and social needs. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS; qualitative data using inductive thematic coding. This was an exploratory study not powered for hypothesis testing. Results: Among 50 participants (median smoking duration: 40 years), 85% were former and 12% current smokers. Over half (56%) never used cessation aids; only 38% received provider counseling. Health (74%) and family (31%) were top quit motivators. Of current smokers (n = 6), 80% were willing to quit if conditions improved; 66% had high social needs, especially food insecurity (22%) and transportation issues (24%). Stress and language discrimination were linked to lower success; only 10% were highly acculturated. Qualitative data showed smoking as a coping mechanism for stress, with family support as a key motivator. Conclusions: Latino cancer survivors face cultural and structural barriers to quitting—high social needs, limited counseling, language discrimination, and low acculturation. Bilingual, culturally tailored cessation interventions that address SDOH and engage community support are urgently needed to improve outcomes. Summary of respondent demographics, social needs, and tobacco use (N=50). Category Item % and/or (n) Demographics Mean Age (range) 69 (51-83) Female: Male 72%:28% (36:14) Born Outside U.S. 98% (49) Insurance Medicaid/MedicareMedicare OnlyPrivateOther 34%28%14.9%8.4% Social Needs TransportationFood InsecurityOther 24% (12)22% (11)24% (12) Quit Attempts Never1-2 times3-5 times5+ times 32.6%26.1%23.9%17.4% Quit Aids NoneNRTMedicationsE-cigarettesCounseling 56%22%8%6%2% Reasons to Quit Health ConcernsFamilyMedical AdviceCost 74.4%30.8%12.8%2.6% NRT = Nicotine Replacement Therapy; E-cigarettes = Electronic cigarettes.

Background and ObjectivesWhile research on transgender older adults and health is growing, gaps remain about transgender older adults of color, immigrants, and other groups experiencing multiple forms of marginalization who are shaped by concurring experiences of oppression across the life course. This article aims to address these gaps by examining health challenges and supports among transgender older adults—many of whom are racially minoritized and immigrants—through an Equitable Aging in Health framework.Research Design and MethodsThis community-driven study incorporates qualitative data from 37 transgender older adults from a larger study of 23 focus groups with 208 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual (LGBTQIA+) older adults in California to examine challenges, thriving and surviving strategies, and recommendations regarding health, housing, social services, and caregiving. Data foreground experiences of transgender older adults who are racially underrepresented, immigrants, and have low incomes.ResultsTransgender older adults identified challenges related to healthcare access, housing, employment, economics, and violence that often intersected with disability and aging. Transgender older Latina immigrants experienced elevated challenges related to language barriers, immigration status, and discrimination. Supports included community connections, financial and legal assistance, educational workshops, and homesharing programs. Healthcare access, health experiences, and overall well-being were intricately tied to challenges and supports in housing, social services, healthcare systems, and employment that existed at micro, mezzo, and macro levels.Discussion and ImplicationsThe Equitable Aging in Health framework helps illuminate how challenges and supports described by transgender older adults, including immigrants and older adults who are racially minoritized, can shape health-related experiences for transgender older adults. Policies, services, and programs targeting transgender older adults, thus, would benefit from a multi-level, multi-systems approach.

ABSTRACTBackgroundMaternal health is a fundamental human right, ensuring that all women have access to non‐discriminatory, equitable and high‐quality maternal and reproductive healthcare. Minority groups and migrant populations face significant challenges in accessing maternity services. The Roma are Europe's largest and most marginalised ethnic group. Ireland has a sizable population of Roma migrants, and there is limited information on their experiences of maternal care in Ireland. Their participation in research and user panels is challenging as many lack proficiency in English and tend to have low levels of health literacy. By engaging Roma women in a unique co‐design education and research process, this study aims to identify barriers to accessing care faced by this minority community and understand their experiences of maternity services to enhance equity, accessibility and cultural responsiveness in maternal healthcare.MethodsThis study employed a co‐design approach in partnership with Cairde, a community health organisation, to engage Roma women in exploring their experiences while engaging with maternity services. Eight Roma women participated in four online workshops and completed a questionnaire to share their experiences of pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal care. Workshops incorporated information components, focus groups and Romani translation and interpretation to ensure accessibility. Ethical considerations were maintained, and inductive thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 20.ResultsThe study involved eight Roma women aged 21–39, many of whom had their first pregnancy between the ages of 14 and 19 and experienced homelessness after the birth of their first child in Ireland. Proficiency in English was limited; five women reported needing a translator while engaging with maternity services. Key patterns identified in Roma women's experiences of maternity care included language barriers, inadequate translation and interpretation support, and systemic discrimination, which leads to delays in antenatal care and heightened emotional distress. Additionally, systemic discrimination manifested through negative interactions with hospital security and administrative staff fostered mistrust and disengagement from healthcare services. However, despite these barriers, many Roma women expressed a preference for Irish maternity care over Romanian services, citing respectful treatment from healthcare professionals, shorter hospital stays, and the provision of essential postnatal supplies.ConclusionsThis study highlights the significant barriers Roma women face in accessing maternity care in Ireland, including language barriers, financial constraints, cultural factors and discrimination. Limited English language proficiency, lack of translators and interpreters, and unfamiliarity with antenatal services often led to delayed or inadequate care, increasing health risks. Despite appreciating respectful treatment from healthcare providers, systemic challenges such as discriminatory practices and low health literacy persist. To address these disparities, it is essential to implement culturally tailored interventions, including the active recruitment and inclusion of Roma women across all levels of the healthcare system. This not only enhances the accessibility and quality of translation and support services but also fosters greater inclusivity, representation and culturally competent care. Future research should focus on expanding representation and designing and evaluating community‐based health initiatives.Patient or Public ContributionThis study collaboration between academic researchers, staff from the Health Service Executive (HSE), and Cairde, a community health development organisation, aimed to involve all stakeholders, including members of the Roma Community, in the co‐design approach that allowed the capture of the experiences and perspectives of Roma women on engaging with maternity services while giving birth in Ireland. Staff from Cairde, including members of the Roma Community, co‐designed a series of workshops and a questionnaire and provided support on the set‐up and delivery of the workshops and questionnaire. This collaboration resulted in the successful delivery of focus groups, informational sessions and a questionnaire, with full participation from the eight participants. Two of the eight Roma women who participated in the workshops were also involved in the co‐design process. Staff from Cairde, including members of the Roma Community, also contributed to the interpretation of findings and drafting of the papers. Partnering with Cairde afforded privileged access to the Roma Community, allowing the research team to engage with this seldom‐heard group. The many barriers to this engagement were addressed through partnering with an organisation with the trust of the Roma community and with the capacity to participate.

Abstract This study examines critical language‐related events (CLREs) experienced by 28 teacher candidates (TCs) from various content areas at a US Hispanic‐serving institution, employing a critical reflection framework. Through narrative inquiry, it examines how these events shape TCs’ worldviews and behaviors about language use, language learning, and language teaching. The research identifies six main types of CLREs, with language discrimination and translation being the most common. These events primarily occur in educational and work contexts, affecting monolingual and multilingual TCs differently. The study reveals that such experiences often prompt language advocacy among multilingual TCs and increase language awareness among monolingual TCs. The findings highlight the need for language teacher education to address CLREs and support linguistically diverse TCs. By incorporating critical reflection on CLREs, teacher educators can equip future teachers to navigate the complexities of multilingual classrooms and challenge existing language ideologies. The study recommends further research on how TCs implement transformative practices based on their experiences with CLREs, as well as how LTE can effectively support this process.

This study examines the manifestation of symbolic violence within patriarchal language culture against female students in English Education departments at Indonesian universities, specifically focusing on Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar. Utilizing Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical framework of symbolic violence and habitus, this qualitative research investigates how language serves as a tool of gender based oppression in academic environments. Through semi-structured interviews with three participants (two female and one male student) and ethnographic observations, the study reveals persistent gender-based linguistic discrimination despite students'theoretical understanding of gender equality concepts. The results demonstrate that certain vocabulary items, particularly profanity and emotional expressions, remain predominantly accessible to male students, while female students face social sanctions for using similar language. Three primary forms of symbolic violence were identified: restrictions on specific vulgar terminology (“telaso,”“sundala”), differential standards for emotional expression, and gendered expectations in formal address (“you”vs. “we”). The research identifies emotional states, humor, and disappointment as key triggers for these linguistic manifestations. The implications extend beyond mere language use to encompass broader patterns of gender subordination that reproduce patriarchal power structures within educational settings. This study contributes to the understanding of how symbolic violence operates through everyday linguistic practices, highlighting the need for critical awareness of gendered language norms in Indonesian higher education contexts. The study results demonstrate that formal gender education initiatives, while present, have proven insufficient to eliminate deeply embedded cultural practices that perpetuate linguistic inequality, indicating an urgent need for more comprehensive institutional approaches to addressing symbolic violence in academic environments.

In today’s increasingly digital world, there is a growing demand for linguistic solutions that promote accessibility, ethics, and multilingualism in online environments. The challenges of language discrimination, digital inequality, and the endangerment of minority languages due to automated language processing are becoming increasingly urgent. This study aims to explore the role of applied linguistics in addressing these global language issues, with a particular focus on emerging trends in language engineering, framed within ethical and social contexts. The research adopts an interdisciplinary theoretical foundation, drawing from sociolinguistics, corpus linguistics, semiotics, cognitive science, and digital humanities. Through content analysis of relevant literature and data, the study typologizes ethical risks linked to the deployment of artificial intelligence-based language models and identifies key trends in applied linguistics, from socio-humanitarian interpretations of language to the construction of multilingual corpora for automated text processing. Findings highlight a tension between technocratic and sociocentric paradigms in current scientific discourse and underscore the absence of a unified ethical framework governing language technology. The practical value of this research lies in its proposed typology of ethical risks, which may inform digital inclusion policies, educational program design, and user interfaces for marginalized linguistic communities. Additionally, the study sets a foundation for future investigations into the intercultural adaptation of NLP systems, the creation of ethical protocols, and the development of normative approaches to linguistic diversity in the age of artificial intelligence.

This study employs intersectionality theory as an analytical framework to explore the multiple intersecting factors influencing accent adjustments among Korean-Chinese professionals in South Korea. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 46 Korean-Chinese foreign residents of South Korea, along with semi-structured interviews with 13 participants. This paper focuses on reporting the results that emerged from an iterative analysis of qualitative data, incorporating initial and axial coding based on intersectionality theory, which led to the identification of two main themes. The findings indicate that Korean-Chinese professionals adjust their accents to more closely align with standard South Korean pronunciation, using this linguistic strategy to counter stereotypes about the Korean-Chinese community and challenge the raciolinguistic essentialism prevalent in South Korean society. The study further reveals a sociolinguistic hierarchy that prioritizes nationality over ethnic identity, categorizing Korean-Chinese professionals as “Chinese nationals with Korean characteristics” rather than fully “Korean.” When nationality of a country perceived as less developed (China) intersects with ethnic identity—compounded by easily identifiable non-standard Korean accents—the Korean-Chinese accent serves as a marker of individuals who are devalued, reinforcing perceptions of their “essential inferiority” within social cognition. Thus, the accent adjustments made by Korean-Chinese professionals are not merely personal choices but rather a flexible linguistic strategy shaped by a social hierarchy in which ethnicity, nationality, and language intersect. These findings contribute to research in both ethnic studies and applied linguistics by explicitly applying an intersectionality framework to the study of accent discrimination.

ABSTRACTIn this article, three TESOL scholar‐practitioners engage in a collaborative autoethnography, analyzing our intersectional professional experiences with native‐speakerism and race. Our discussions center around native‐speakerism, linguistic racism, and critical race theory. A counter‐storytelling approach juxtaposes each of our encounters with native‐speakerism ideology as a “non‐native” English language teacher in Brazil, Asian‐American “native‐speaking” teacher in the United States, and European‐American “native‐speaking” teacher in Turkey. These counter‐stories highlight critical events that sparked a reckoning with native‐speakerism in our professional trajectories and teacher education practices. Our counter‐stories demonstrate how we became aware of racial and accent discrimination, recognized the connections between race and expertise, and resisted native‐speakerism and racial ideologies. We close with a call to action for readers to reflect upon their experiences with native‐speakerism and racism and map out recommendations for expanding inclusivity in our field.

There have been numerous debates about African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), the most widely studied American English variety primarily spoken by African-Americans. This paper explores the nature of AAVE, trying to reveal it as a distinct linguistic variety and identity marker, highlighting its sociolinguistic implications and its relation to Standard English (SE). AAVE’s origins are revealed in the study through the dialectologist hypothesis, which traces its features to non-standard British dialects, and the Creole hypothesis, which links it to Creole languages formed during the transatlantic slave trade. Its lexical impact on Standard American English (SAE) is evident through the widespread adoption of AAVE-originated vocabulary in mainstream discourse facilitated by pop culture and digital media. The research analyses the existing literature, comparing AAVE with SAE in terms of phonology and syntax, drawing from the scholarly works of Rickford, Green, and Morgan. The findings of the study indicate that AAVE’s linguistics features, including copula deletion, negative concord, aspectual markers, and subject-auxiliary inversion, illustrate its complexity and rule-governed nature. Furthermore, the study addresses the social implications of AAVE in the framework of public performance by middle-class African-Americans, as well as the widespread linguistic discrimination Africans face together with the educational challenges they encounter. Public performances of political leaders such as Barack Obama, Martin Luther King, and well-known talk show host Oprah Winfrey have been analyzed, emphasizing their sociolinguistic code-switching ability where speakers adjust their pronunciation and shift between different linguistic styles and dialects based on audience and context. Research outcomes prove that AAVE has deep historical and cultural roots; thus, it needs proper recognition and valuation for linguistic equity. The findings underscore the necessity of integrating the contrastive analysis teaching method to bridge the linguistic gap between AAVE and SAE. This will promote linguistic justice and inclusivity, particularly in educational frameworks, where code-switching and contrastive approaches can enhance literacy and academic performance. Աֆրոամերիկյան ժողովրդական անգլերենը (այսուհետ՝ ԱԱԺԱ)՝ ամերիկյան անգլերենի ամենաշատ ուսումնասիրված տարատեսակը, որը հիմնականում օգտագործում են աֆրոամերիկացիները, դարձել է բազմաթիվ քննարկումների առարկա։ Հոդվածում ուսումնասիրվում է ԱԱԺԱ -ի բնույթը՝ բացահայտելով այն որպես առանձին լեզվական տիպ ևինքնության ցուցիչ, ընդգծելով դրա սոցիալ-լեզվաբանական նշանակությունը և կապը ստանդարտ անգլերենի հետ։ Ուսումնասիրության շրջանակներում ԱԱԺԱ-ի ծագումը դիտարկվում է երկու վարկածների միջոցով՝ բարբառագիտական, որը կապում է դրա առանձնահատկությունները ոչ ստանդարտ բրիտանական բարբառների հետ, և կրեոլյան, որը կապում է դրա ծագումը կրեոլյան լեզուների հետ, որոնք ձևավորվել են տրանսատլանտյան ստրկավաճառության շրջանում։ ԱԱԺԱ-ի բառապաշարային ազդեցությունը ստանդարտ ամերիկյան անգլերենի վրա դրսևորվում է հիմնական խոսույթում ԱԱԺԱ-ից փոխառված մի շարք բառերի լայն տարածմամբ, ինչին նպաստում են փոփ մշակույթը և թվային լրատվամիջոցները։ Հոդվածում վերլուծվում է առկա գիտական գրականությունը՝ ԱԱԺԱ-ն համեմատվում է ստանդարտ ամերիկյան անգլերենի հետ հնչյունաբանության և շարահյուսության տեսանկյուններից՝ հիմք ընդունելով Ռիքֆորդի, Գրինի և Մորգանի գիտական աշխատությունները։ Ուսումնասիրության արդյունքները ցույց են տալիս, որ ԱԱԺԱ-ի լեզվական առանձնահատկությունները, այդ թվում՝ օժանդակ բայի բացակայությունը, կրկնակի ժխտումը, կերպիմաստային ցուցիչները ևենթակայի ու օժանդակ բայի շրջադասությունը, վկայում են դրա բարդության և կանոնակարգված բնույթի մասին։ Այնուհետև հոդվածում դիտարկվում են ԱԱԺԱ-ի սոցիալական դրսևորումները միջին խավի աֆրոամերիկացիների հրապարակային խոսքում, ինչպես նաև լայնորեն տարածված լեզվական խտրականության և կրթական դժվարությունների խնդիրները, որոնց բախվում են աֆրոամերիկացիները։ Վերլուծվում են քաղաքական առաջնորդների, ինչպիսիք են Բարաք Օբաման և Մարտին Լյութեր Քինգը, ինչպես նաև հայտնի թոք-շոուի հաղորդավար Օփրա Ուինֆրիի, հրապարակային ելույթները՝ ընդգծելով նրանց սոցիալ-լեզվաբանական կոդափոխման ունակությունը, երբ խոսողը հարմարեցնում է իր արտասանությունը ևանցում կատարում տարբեր լեզվական ոճերի ու բարբառների՝ կախված լսարանից և համատեքստից։ Ուսումնասիրության արդյունքները ապացուցում են, որ ԱԱԺԱ-նունի խորը պատմական և մշակութային արմատներ, ուստի՝ այն պետք է արժանանա պատշաճ ճանաչման և գնահատման՝ լեզվական իրավահավասարության ապահովման նպատակով։ Արդյունքներն ընդգծում են կրթական գործընթացում ԱԱԺԱ-ի և ստանդարտ ամերիկյան անգլերենի միջև լեզվական բացը լրացնելու համար հակադրողական վերլուծության ուսուցման մեթոդի ներմուծման անհրաժեշտությունը։ Դա կնպաստի լեզվական արդարությանը և ներառականությանը, հատկապես կրթական միջավայրում, որտեղ կոդափոխումը և հակադրողական մոտեցումները կարող են բարձրացնել գրագիտության մակարդակը ևակադեմիական առաջադիմությունը։

This research examines how language exposure marginalizes transgender individuals in Islamabad while specifically studying discrimination patterns in Bari Imam. Through Michel Foucault’s concept of language combined with power dynamics and subjective identities the study analyzes how transgender populations become invisible through different forms of communication. The study uses interview methods to explore how language constructs the identity narratives and social experiences of underrepresented populations by speaking with transgender individuals together with knowledgeable participants. References borrowed from Indian Colonial history help researchers analyze the origin of linguistic discrimination via the “Criminal Tribes Act of 1871”. The strong linguistic representation in both legal paperwork and public discussions fails to emerge thereby sustaining the exclusion of transgender individuals from social equality. This investigation necessitates three principal reform actions which should merge actions to change legal terminology together with community education and structural assistance systems to defend transgender populations while building inclusive systems. Research at scale should determine the sociological relationships between language systems and social strata structures and gender representation to generate fair societies.