Landscape Design Research Articles (Page 1)

The construction of post-industrial landscapes is increasingly regarded as an important pathway for promoting urban sustainability. However, limited attention has been given to the interconnections between post-industrial landscapes and local villagers in rural contexts. From the perspective of environmental justice, the ecological and cultural-tourism goals of post-industrial landscapes may be mismatched with villagers’ place-based needs. This study examines a typical rural post-industrial waterfront area in China to analyze villagers’ environmental justice. Representative project photographs were collected, and villagers’ perceptions were obtained through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, yielding 98 valid responses (95% response rate). Quantitative measurements of landscape characteristics were combined with pairwise preference evaluations, and the analysis applied the framework of recognition, participatory, and distributive justice. A discrete choice model (DCM) and spatial analysis were then employed to explore the relationships. Quantitative analysis showed that natural vegetation, plazas, industrial heritage, and pedestrian paths had negative effects on villagers’ recognition (β = −0.36 to −0.18), whereas hardscape had a strong positive effect (β = 0.94). Moreover, spatial analysis indicated localized patterns of environmental injustice, highlighting uneven distribution of landscape benefits across the site. Semi-structured interviews revealed villagers’ priorities across landscape design, amenities, local livelihoods, and project implementation, highlighting the importance of safer, more functional, and well-managed spaces. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of inclusive planning and design strategies that integrate ecological, cultural, and recreational considerations, thereby supporting the sustainable renewal of rural post-industrial waterfronts.

Photinia × fraseri (Rosaceae) is an evergreen ornamental shrub valued in horticulture for its striking young red foliage, widely employed in urban landscaping and garden design. In October 2024, a leaf blight disease was observed on P. × fraseri in a seedling nursery in Shouguang City, Shandong Province (36°53′42.16″N, 118°47′22.4″E), with a 20-60% disease severity per affected plant (n = 120). Symptoms first appeared as irregular brown to reddish-brown lesions with dark-brown margins, originating at the leaf tips or margins. The lesions gradually expanded to complete leaf necrosis. Fifteen symptomatic leaves were randomly collected from 10 trees. Twenty tissue samples (4 × 4 mm) were excised from lesion margins, surface-disinfected with 75% ethanol (30 s), followed by 1% NaClO (30 s), and rinsed three times with sterile water. The samples were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C for 5 days. Fungal colonies exhibiting consistent morphology were subcultured via hyphal-tip purification. Two representative isolates (HSN1, HSN2) were selected for morphological and molecular characterization. Colonies on PDA attained 8.5 cm in diameter, initially exhibited white, transitioning to dark gray after 5 days. Conidiophores were cylindrical, hyaline, and smooth. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, fusiform, 21–29 × 4–8 μm (av. 26.6 × 6.8 μm, n=50). Morphological features matched descriptions of B. dothidea (Crous et al. 2006; Slippers et al. 2014). Genomic DNA of the two isolates was extracted. Three genomic loci—the internal transcribed spacer (ITS; GenBank accession nos. PQ901792, PQ901793), β-tubulin (TUB2; PV007810, PV007811), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α; PV007812, PV007813)—were amplified using universal primers (Jia et al. 2019). BLASTn analysis of the sequences showed 99–100% identity to corresponding loci from the ex-type strain B. dothidea CMW 8000 (ITS: AY236949; TUB2: AY236927; TEF1-α: AY236898). A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis was conducted in MEGA 11.0 using concatenated sequences. Both isolates HSN1 and HSN2 clustered within the B. dothidea clade, confirming taxonomic placement. To fulfill Koch’s postulates, pathogenicity tests were performed on 2-year-old seedlings in the greenhouse. Ten leaves per plant were wounded using a sterile needle and inoculated with 5 mm mycelial plugs from a 3-day-old isolate on PDA cultures. Control leaves were wounded and inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. Five plants were used per treatment group. All plants were potted at 25°C with 75% relative humidity and a 12-h photoperiod. Initial leaf blight symptoms consistent with field observations developed on 90% of inoculated leaves after 7 days, while control leaves remained asymptomatic. The experiment was repeated three times independently. B. dothidea was successfully reisolated from the symptomatic tissues (100% recovery rate) and confirmed through morphological characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis. B. dothidea has been previously documented to cause leaf blight on diverse hosts, including Kadsura coccinea (Su et al. 2021), Camellia oleifera (Hao et al. 2023), and Parrotia subaequalis (Yang et al. 2024). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea infecting P. × fraseri in China. This identification will be helpful for subsequent disease control and field management of ornamental shrubs.

Purpose: The study develops an explicit plan for landscape design incorporating heritage in Federation-era streets. It considers the significant issue of preserving heritage while satisfying the demands of contemporary city development in Sydney inner suburbs. Methodology: The study employs mixed methods, uniting numbers and narratives to investigate rules and heritage, with an emphasis on a case study of Stanmore’s C88 Cardigan Street Heritage Conservation Area. The method involves interviewing stakeholders, observing street features very closely, and examining design modifications very thoughtfully. Findings: Strategies based on materials receive a high score (8.6 out of 10), and heritage character and rules receive the highest scores (9.2 and 8.9, respectively). Support from communities increases from 45% to 87% when it employs structured consultation processes. Utilizing technology has some difficulties (7.1 out of 10) in heritage places, demonstrating a tension between preserving heritage and satisfying sustainability demands. Conclusion: Landscape design preserving heritage needs to comprehend the intricate interplay between preserving heritage, community values, rules, and contemporary functional demands. Practical Implications: The study presents design tips and policy recommendations for industry practitioners and decision-makers who deal with developments in Federation-era heritage streets.

Placed in a landscape of great beauty, Terra Nostra Garden has more than two centuries of history, a unique landscape architecture, a dense canopy, several botanical collections, and thermal waters. The garden is located at Furnas village, an active volcanic area of the Azorean Island of São Miguel. The increased number of visitors associated with the Terra Nostra Garden Hotel and the garden natural SPA, triggered the need of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to improve both park management and contents communication. This work aimed to add scientific and economical value to the historical Terra Nostra Garden through the implementation of a GIS. With this purpose we established the following specific objectives: describe the origin and evolution of Terra Nostra Garden, supported on published work, unpublished notes, and age determination in georeferenced tree specimens; implement a GIS linked to walking trails covering the maximum points of interest regarding: special specimens, botanical collections, historical constructions, and points of view; and select 121 plant specimens of interest to obtain the following information: height, diameter at breast heigh, canopy area, and phenology. The heart of Terra Nostra Garden has its origins in the 1786 summer house of Thomas Hickling. Trees’ age estimation enabled to link the sampled trees to different garden historical periods supporting an apparent pattern of plantation from West to East and from North to South explained by the land acquisitions made sequentially by the Viscount and his son the Marquis. The oral tradition referring the Quercus robur as the oldest tree, already present in Thomas Hickling Garden, was confirmed (255 years) by the Viscount Duarte Borges da Câmara Medeiros, as well the plantation of at least one Araucaria near the tank (Araucaria bidwillii). Besides Quercus robur, we linked two more specimens to the Thomas Hickling period. Araucaria heterophylla, a species introduced to Kew Gardens in 1793 by Joseph Banks, was planted in the early 1800s at Terra Nostra Garden by Thomas Hickling. Although the Ginkgo Lane has been designed between 1936/37 by Vasco Bensaude; an older specimen planted by the Marquises’ heirs already existed. This study allowed also to identify the tallest Araucaria heterophylla in Europe (world fourth place).

Abstract Zinnia, owing to its striking floral colors and high ornamental value, is widely cultivated in landscape designs during the warm seasons. However, increasing water scarcity and intensified drought stress have become major constraints limiting its growth and aesthetic performance in urban green spaces. This study investigated the effects of foliar application of a brassinosteroid, specifically 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 4 µM on morphological and biochemical responses of Zinnia elegans L. var. ‘Purple Prince’ under four levels of soil moisture: 100% FC as non-stress control, 80% FC as weak drought stress, 60% FC as moderate drought stress, and 40% FC as severe drought stress. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with a completely randomized layout and four replications. Results showed that drought stress decreased plant height, biomass accumulation, flower quality, and relative water content, with the most pronounced effect observed at 40% FC. Application of 1 µM EBL effectively alleviated these impacts, improving morphological traits and increasing plant height by ≈ 15–49%, shoot fresh weight by ≈ 9–27%, shoot dry weight by ≈ 6–26%, flower visual quality index by ≈ 3–133%, and relative water content by ≈ 1–7% across FC levels compared to the control. EBL treatment also enhanced total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin contents under all FC levels. In addition, total protein, total phenolic contents, and antioxidant capacity increased significantly in response to BR. Drought stress reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), which were maintained or elevated by BR application. Conversely, levels of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and proline, as well as electrolyte leakage, and polyphenol oxidase activity were enhanced by drought, but markedly reduced by EBL. Moreover, EBL increased endogenous levels of salicylic acid and abscisic acid, indicating its role in reinforcing antioxidant defense and modulating phytohormonal signaling. These findings suggest that foliar application of 1 µM EBL effectively enhances drought tolerance in Z. elegans by improving morphological and biochemical traits, reducing oxidative stress, and strengthening stress-response mechanisms.

This study examines the applicability of xeriscape-based approaches in enhancing Istanbul’s climate resilience under the increasing pressures of global climate change—rising temperatures, irregular precipitation, and declining freshwater resources. Rapid urbanization, unequal green space distribution, and the intensifying Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect have weakened the city’s ecological stability. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary literature base that synthesizes principles of sustainable landscape architecture, urban ecology, and integrated water management, the research evaluates xeriscape strategies as adaptive frameworks rather than merely aesthetic interventions. Findings indicate that xeriscape-oriented models integrating sustainable water systems, native and drought-tolerant plant diversity, and spatial connectivity can effectively mitigate climate-induced stresses. Within this framework, a holistic planning model is proposed encompassing adaptive planting schemes, decentralized water infrastructure, multi-level governance, and participatory community engagement. Ultimately, the study not only presents a practical roadmap for strengthening Istanbul’s ecological resilience but also provides policy-relevant insights for urban planning institutions seeking scalable, evidence-based strategies for climate-sensitive urban management.

Abstract The creation of contemporary cities relies heavily on modern landscape protection, which is increasingly informed by AI, thereby enhancing both the natural environment and the perception of cities. Human comprehension of artificial intelligence is growing as a result of society’s and technology’s ongoing advancements, and intelligent technology is progressively permeating every facet of daily life. It will be easier to utilise network means for landscape protection because media technology can implement rich design structures and offer a wide range of design features. Thus, to meet people’s demands for diversification in contemporary urban gardening construction, this study thoroughly examines the current state and issues of landscape design and attempts to investigate efficient ways to apply artificial intelligence technology to landscape design, thereby encouraging the integration of landscape design and AI design. In addition to encouraging creativity and optimisation in landscape design, artificial intelligence successfully boosts the efficiency of contemporary landscape design while guaranteeing its quality. From 2012 to 2024, at five-year intervals, we calculated the landscape ecological risk to 510 of China’s nature reserves across levels, climate zones, and ecosystem types using the Landscape Ecological Risk Index. We also investigated the effects of climate change and human activity on the temporal variation and spatial heterogeneity of landscape ecological risk in China’s nature reserves. According to our findings, there has been a general decline in the environmental danger to China’s nature reserves over the past thirty years, with the most noticeable drop occurring between 2012 and 2024. With a maximum accuracy of 97.2%, a precision of 96.2%, a recall of 96.8%, and an F1-score of 97.1%, the proposed fmodel is the most effective. The recommended technique performs better at minimising absolute errors than RMSE and MAE. However, whilst the landscape ecological risk to other ecosystem types has declined, the landscape ecological risk to coastline nature reserves has grown.

The aim of this research is the landscape design at the transit area in a participatory tourism community in Mahasawat Canal Community in Nakhon Pathom Province. The Mahasawat Canal Community, a central region community based on agriculture, has formed a group of farmers to transform the community into an agricultural tourism destination. The community offers boat tours under the name "Boat Tour... Viewing the Gardens Along the Mahasawat Canal." This has now become a well-known agricultural tourism destination. The starting point of the boat tour and sightseeing route is at Suwannaram Temple, a public area popular with both Thai and international tourists, as well as local residents, due to its location where land, water, and rail routes converge, also known as a "transit area." This article therefore has the following objectives: 1) to study the physical characteristics and activity characteristics of transit areas within the Maha Sawat Canal community; 2) to analyze the potential, physical problems, and relationships between the physical characteristics and activity characteristics of transit areas within the Maha Sawat Canal community; and 3) to propose guidelines for landscape design within transit areas under a participatory process within the Maha Sawat Canal community. The research methodology uses secondary data, field surveys, non-participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and presentation of design concepts and spatial plans through participatory processes, using focus groups and public hearings with community members and relevant stakeholders. The research was conducted between January and December 2019.The research results revealed that this community's temple serves as the central transit area. Therefore, the design concept emphasizes the uniqueness of the community's important temple buildings, creating a striking and elegant landmark. The open space and waterfront areas were redesigned to align with the temple's key building layout, effectively supporting tourism, traditional and cultural activities, and the waterfront lifestyle of local residents. The area is divided into eight public areas, including: a canalside area, a museum area, a temple area, a parking area, a school area, a train station area, a temporary parking area, and a canalside rest area. The details are: 1) The riverside plaza is designated to accommodate a variety of activities and connects directly to the tourist center, promoting it as a "Port-to-Path Gateway" for land and water transportation. 2) The museum plaza is designated as a key community activity area, supporting learning, meeting, and tourism. It serves as a "Canal Connect Commons Node" and a transition point between walking and canalside activities. 3) The temple plaza serves as a symbolic center. The design emphasizes a north-south axis connecting the pier and the temple entrance, opening up new perspectives and restoring the original historical axis. This plaza plays a role in "connecting the north-south circulation spine." 4) The main parking lot serves as a "transit-support space" for those traveling by private vehicle. The parking area is organized and landscaped, creating a welcoming atmosphere before entering the area. 5) The school plaza is a multi-purpose space connecting the school and the temple, serving as a "shared space" with the surrounding community. Enhance the positive image of the entrance area. 6) The train station yard is designated as a "Primary Access Node" for passengers arriving from outside the area by train, playing a key role in the area's "Mass Transit System." 7) The temporary parking lot is designed to accommodate use during important traditional events, which see higher than normal vehicle traffic. This area is designated as "Flexible Festive Parking." 8) The riverside relaxation area, located at the foot of the bridge, is limited in space. Therefore, the design provides a waiting area and a scenic viewpoint of the temple. It also includes a safe and convenient pier for boats to board and disembark. This area serves as a "Landscape Transition Space," connecting the community and the temple. The research concludes that preserving the community’s identity requires the preparation of design manuals, measures, regulations, local ordinances or regulations to create a unique identity for the community, and prioritize the improvement of landscape environment to make it safe and convenient for local and visitors under control measures and incentive measures of physical landscape development of the community.

The building industry plays a significant role in global carbon emissions, contributing nearly half of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions during both construction and operation. Within the framework of the “double-low” strategy, addressing energy conservation, emission reduction, and climate adaptation in buildings has become a crucial area of research and practice. In northern China, vernacular dwellings have historically developed passive strategies for climate adaptation; however, their quantified thermal performance has not been thoroughly studied. This research focuses on single-story courtyard vernacular dwellings built in the 1990s, which are inspired by historical Siheyuan forms in Shatun Village, located in Handan, Hebei Province. The study specifically examines their thermal performance during the summer and the relationship between this performance and climate design strategies. To understand how building layout, envelopes, materials, and courtyard landscape design influence the microclimate, six measurement points were established within each dwelling to continuously collect environmental data, including air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The RayMan model was used to calculate the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) and physiological equivalent temperature (PET), with subsequent statistical analysis conducted using Origin Pro. The results showed that sustainable design strategies—such as high building envelopes, shaded vegetation, and low-albedo materials—contributed to maintaining a stable microclimate, with over 70% of daytime PET values remaining within a comfortable range. Night-time cooling and the increased humidity from courtyard vegetation significantly enhance thermal resilience. It is important to distinguish this from ambient humidity, which can hinder human evaporative cooling and increase heat stress during extreme heat. This research demonstrates that vernacular dwellings can achieve thermal comfort without relying on mechanical cooling systems. These findings provide strong empirical support for incorporating passive, courtyard-based climate strategies in contemporary rural housing worldwide, contributing to low-carbon and climate-resilient development beyond regional contexts.

A Survey of Resources for Teaching Nature‐Based Solutions in Landscape Architecture Curricula

The article presents the results of the morphological features analysis of 22 introduced plant species and one form of the genus Crataegus L. growing on the territory of the experimental site of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden in Apatity (PABSI). The life form, height and diameter of the trunk, shape and density of the crown, texture and color of the bark, morphological features of shoots, flowers, fruits and other characteristics are determined. The work took into account 18 individual features. It was found that under the conditions of introduction to the Kola Subarctic, most of the PABSI collection samples are multi-stemmed trees up to 3 m high with an irregular spreading crown of medium density. The collection is dominated by plants with smooth gray bark, smooth green leaf blade, with white flowers and pink anthers, with spherical red or orange fruits. According to the visual assessment of the features and their distribution among the studied plants, the most promising ornamental plants were determined: C. flabellata, C. chlorosarca, C. dahurica, C. maximowiczii and C. sanguinea. These types of hawthorns can be recommended for creating solitary and group plantings, alleys, hedges in solving problems of green construction and landscape architecture.

Landscape character assessment (LCA) is a systematic approach used to classify, describe, and analyze the physical and cultural attributes that define the landscape. The traditional approaches to LCA are fundamentally subjective and descriptive, relying on human evaluations of aesthetic value, and they often show inconsistencies in results when assessed by different observers for the same landscape. This research aims to establish a spatial and quantitative methodology through GIS for evaluating the landscape character of King Khalid University (KKU)’s campus in the Southern Province of Saudi Arabia, which is considered crucial for designing a sustainable and context-sensitive landscape. To identify the feasible developed areas and their sustainable characteristics, three key landscape variables were measured and spatially expressed, subsequently averaged to categorize landscape character. The variables include land use and land cover, which were obtained from Sentinel 2 remote sensing data through supervised classification, as well as landforms and hydrological settings derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) utilizing GIS functionalities. The findings revealed three distinct landscape characters, each characterized by quantifiable landscape attributes. The landscapes exhibiting the most significant character encompass approximately 20% (1074 ha) of the study area, whereas those with the least significance account for 6.5% (342 ha). The remaining 73.5% (3884 ha) is classified as landscapes with an average significance character. The results provide a solid scientific basis for choosing locations in the campus’s study area that promote environmentally friendly and sustainable landscape development. This method improves objectivity in LCA and offers a reproducible framework for implementation in arid and semi-arid areas.

Uneven ionomer distribution and sulfonate groups (-SO3 -) poisoning at platinum (Pt) sites significantly impede Pt utilization and local mass transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we report an electrostatic landscape design on nanocarbon supports that harnesses strong and uniform ionomer adhesion to create a poison-resistant Pt interface, effectively mitigating direct poisoning of Pt sites by -SO3 - groups and enhancing active sites accessibility and local mass transport. The resulting PtFe/FN-C catalyst exhibits an exceptionally low ionomer coverage of only 6.4%, enabling a peak power density of 1.39W cm-2 and an oxygen transport resistance of only 44.5s m-1 in PEMFC testing. Furthermore, it demonstrates impressive durability, with only a 2mV voltage loss after 30 000 cycles at 0.8A cm-2. This work establishes a new principle for interface engineering where overall polymer-support adhesion governs local catalyst-functional group interactions, offering a general strategy for designing high-performance, poison-resistant electrocatalysts for energy conversion technologies.

This article reclaims open space as a critical category for landscape architecture, challenging its reduction to a void to be programmed amid socioecological crisis. It theorises open space as a contested dynamic assemblage where ecological processes, colonial histories and more-than-human agencies intersect with design’s technocratic impulses. Drawing on relational spatiality, we argue for a pluriversal theoretical framework that is attentive to overlaps, tensions, and entanglements, interrogating how this construct supports design agency amid complexity and inequality. Using the Puente Hills Landfill as a case study and boundary object, we examine how openness manifests across temporal, material and social registers, predicating open space as a generative, open-ended system and performative terrain where ecological subjectivities, cultural inscriptions, and socio-political claims converge, demanding a radical reorientation of design agency and landscape architecture’s epistemic boundaries.

Open space, a living site of interaction between nature, memory, and society, is now a strategic resource for addressing ecological and urban challenges. Too often considered as empty or marginal, it reveals instead a structural, poetic, and transformative potential. When we launched the call for this issue of Ri-Vista over a year ago, our aim was to “to collect images, experiences and reflections for a reading that acknowledges the freedom and diversity of every open space, both in its individuality and in its belonging to more complex systems”, in search of those somatic and ontological features that would outline a portrait of it. What emerged does not outline clear or univocal features. Nevertheless, this issue explores the deep value and design potential of open space through the lens of complexity. Moving beyond disciplinary interpretations rooted in urban planning, architecture, or geography, it is only through a landscape perspective that open space reveals itself as an active skin between sky, land, and sea—a boundary of exchange and imagination. Transcending technical and fragmented visions, landscape design has the capacity to restore meaning to the open, enhancing its ecological, aesthetic, and social dimensions.

Looking at all open spaces as public spaces, understood as our shared common good, and as complexity and temporality, we need to choose landscape as our lens. More precisely, landscape design, capable of creating a dialogue between the unpredictability of nature and the solidity of the city, history and the future, movement and stability.

Kongjian Yu died on 23 September 2025 in a plane crash in a rural area near Aquidauana, in the Pantanal region of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. He was 62 years old and was in Brazil to attend the 14th International Architecture Biennial in São Paulo, which was being held at the time. Yu, universally recognised as one of the most influential and prolific landscape architects of the 21st century, was very important to Ri-Vista, not only for his participation in our scientific committee, but above all for his influence, which can be seen in many of our published contributions. With this short piece, we would like to remember him and thank him with esteem and affection, confident that his work will continue to permeate our design explorations.

One of the biggest problems facing urban citizens today is time. In this intense and fast-paced environment, parks are among the most important areas that meet humanity's need to stop and rest. Parks are urban open and green spaces that can appeal to all users. The problems experienced with rapid urbanization significantly affect the physical and mental health of the public. Studies emphasize that urban open and green spaces improve quality of life and contribute significantly to people's physical and mental well-being. While studies focus on the planning, design, implementation, and management phases of open and green spaces, the usage and post-usage evaluation phases are often neglected. However, taking into account the thoughts and desires of park users (children, youth, seniors, etc.) is an important process for the effective management of the area. This research will contribute to identifying the landscape quality of parks, specifically focusing on the New City Park in Isparta's Çünür Neighborhood. It will provide local governments and administrators with insights into which quality criteria to prioritize when improving multifunctional green and open spaces within the context of sustainable development. Furthermore, it will offer an opportunity to evaluate these prioritized criteria for future landscape designs. Thus, through the exchange of knowledge, it aims to provide an effective guide for sustainable and user-oriented landscape design and management by adopting park quality criteria as a reference for strategic spatial planning approaches in other cities as well.

Visual aesthetic preferences fundamentally shape the restorative potential of university landscapes and have a significant impact on student well-being and engagement. This study developed Ensemble Learning Models to predict students' aesthetic preferences for interactive rest spots and compared their accuracy with conventional individual models. The input dataset (18 features) was extracted from images of 100 student rest spots across four universities campuses in Tehran city: University of Tehran, Amirkabir University of Technology, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, and Tarbiat Modares University. Based on the aesthetic preferences reported by 394 university students, the study employed Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and their combinations of SVR-MLP and SVR-RF-MLP to predict the aesthetic quality on university campuses. The results show that Ensemble Learning Models outperform individual models in predicting students' aesthetic preferences, filling a key research gap. The individual models demonstrated varying levels of accuracy across the total dataset, with SVR (R2 = 0.824) performing the strongest, followed by MLP (R2 = 0.814) and RF (R2 = 0.761). Among all, the SVR-MLP ensemble learning model achieved the highest accuracy, with R2 scores of 0.767 (test data), 0.850 (training data), and 0.828 (total dataset). Key design elements enhancing both aesthetic appeal and mental restoration included more trees, soft landscapes, waterscapes, and color diversity, coupled with minimal building and pathway presence. The Ensemble Learning Models provide a robust conceptual framework for architects, environmental designers, landscape architects, and campus planners to design attractive and restorative spaces aligned with students' visual preferences.

ABSTRACT To address the problems of dynamic user experience optimization, adaptive resource allocation, and personalized service provisioning in modern wireless communication networks, this letter proposes a large model‐based experiential landscape design method utilizing contrastive learning and pre‐trained transformer architectures. Considering the high complexity and heterogeneous nature of wireless environments, along with the insufficient performance of traditional optimization methods for experiential landscape design tasks, wireless signal sequences are first transformed into token‐like representations similar to those used in natural language processing. Subsequently, a pre‐trained transformer model is employed to convert shallow representations into universal wireless experience representations suitable for various downstream landscape design tasks. By transforming the experiential landscape optimization problem into a similarity analysis problem, a diversity‐sensitive transformer model architecture is designed based on contrastive learning principles, which enhances the model's sensitivity to experience differences through positive and negative sample pairs of wireless environments and proposes using information noise contrastive estimation as the loss function for fine‐tuning downstream landscape design tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms mainstream approaches in terms of user satisfaction accuracy, quality of experience precision, service continuity recall, and F1 score metrics, achieving 89.73% accuracy in wireless experiential landscape classification.