Land Services Research Articles

PERAN PEJABAT PEMBUAT AKTA TANAH DALAM MENDUKUNG IMPLEMENTASI TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL LAYANAN PERTANAHAN TERKAIT SERTIPIKAT ELEKTRONIK

The issuance of the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency (ATR/BPN) Number 1 of 2021 concerning Electronic Certificates as a form of digital transformation of land services resulted in changes in the pattern of land services carried out by Land Deed Making Officials (PPAT) as public officials. in the land sector. With these changes, a PPAT is required to be able to develop and master the procedures for digital land services, this also poses several obstacles in its implementation. This study aims to make a PPAT know the role and procedures for digital land services to support its performance and be able to overcome problems that arise in the field of electronic services. This study uses a qualitative method with an analytical descriptive approach with data obtained through observation, documentation and interviews with sources. The results of this study indicate that PPAT has a role in implementing the digital transformation of land services in terms of educating the public about legal actions on certified land, using biometric record technology in verifying people, preventing embezzlement or identity falsification, ensuring the suitability of certificates with information from Database and ensure the suitability of the subject of rights and the parties in the deed.

Digitalization in the Land Service Delivery: Comparison between Bangladesh and Indonesia

The administration of a country's land system has a major impact on its economy and society. Digital land management has the potential to improve the land administration of developing countries and make it more efficient. The governments of Bangladesh and Indonesia have implemented a digital land management framework in the land system to ensure optimal land development, in particular, to deliver land services efficiently. The land offices of both countries have a variety of obstacles when it comes to delivering digital services. Because of this, it is important to recognize the current use of digitalization and identify the variables influencing digitalization in land service delivery by land offices in order to make informed decisions about their future. Content analysis was applied to gather data for the study, which used a qualitative approach. The correct deployment of digitization in land administration in both nations is being slowed down by a lack of institutional and operational capability and personnel misconduct in service delivery.

Towards an operational irrigation management system for Sweden with a water–food–energy nexus perspective

The 2018 drought in Sweden prompted questions about climate-adaptation and -mitigation measures – especially in the agricultural sector, which suffered the most. This study applies a water–food–energy nexus modelling framework to evaluate drought impacts on irrigation and agriculture in Sweden using 2018 and 2019 as case studies. A previous water–food–energy nexus model was updated to facilitate an investigation of the benefits of data-driven irrigation scheduling as compared to existing irrigation guidelines. Moreover, the benefits of assimilating earth observation data in the crop model have been explored. The assimilation of leaf area index data from the Copernicus Global Land Service improves the crop yield estimation as compared to default crop model parameters. The results show that the irrigation water productivities of the proposed model are measurably improved compared to conventional and static irrigation guidelines for both 2018 and 2019. This is mostly due to the advantage of the proposed model in providing evapotranspiration in cultural condition (ETc)-driven guidelines by using spatially explicit data generated by mesoscale models from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. During the drought year 2018, the developed model showed no irrigation water savings as compared to irrigation scenarios based on conventional irrigation guidelines. Nevertheless, the crop yield increase from the proposed irrigation management system varied between 10% and 60% as compared to conventional irrigation scenarios. During a normal year, the proposed irrigation management system leads to significant water savings as compared to conventional irrigation guidelines. The modelling results show that temperature stress during the 2018 drought also played a key role in reducing crop yields, with yield reductions of up to 30%. From a water–food–energy nexus, this motivates the implementation of new technologies to reduce water and temperature stress to mitigate likely negative effects of climate change and extremes. By using an open-source package for Google Earth®, a demonstrator of cost-effective visualization platform is developed for helping farmers, and water- and energy-management agencies to better understand the connections between water and energy use, and food production. This can be significant, especially during the occurrence of extreme events, but also to adapt to the negative effects on agricultural production of climate changes.

Utilization of the Coastal Area as a Settlement Area by the Bajo Tribe in Torosiaje Sea Village

This study aims to determine the role of the government in the utilization of the Coastal Area as a residential area by the Bajo tribal community in Torosiaje Sea Village. This research was conducted in Torosiaje Village, Popayato Subdistrict, Pohuwato Regency, District Land Service. Pohuwato, Department of Housing and Settlement Area of Pohuwato Regency, Department of Forestry Kab. Pohuwato, by determining the research sample includes: Head of Service, Village Head and the community of Torosiaje Sea Village, Pohuwato Regency. The data used are primary data, namely data obtained directly from the field using interview techniques, as well as secondary data in the form of observations and observations of data from related agencies. The data analysis used is qualitative analysis with inductive conclusion drawing. The results of this study found that the role of the government for the use of coastal areas as residential areas for the Bajo community, in this case the Pohuwato District Forestry Service, Pohuwato District Land Service, and the Torosiaje Sea Village government, was to assist and issue certificates of use rights, thereby strengthening the legal power of the community's place of residence. bajo

PENERAPAN PROGRAM REDROSE (REDIFINE OPTEMIZING SERVICE) SEBAGAI INOVASI DALAM PELAYANAN PERTANAHAN DI KECAMATAN RUMBAI KOTA PEKANBARU

The land problem that occurs in the city of Pekanbaru, especially the sub-district of Rumbai in the application of redrose is that the community has not been able to access and obtain information and the lack of socialization. Basuki (2013:179) reveals that the attributes of public service innovation are relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, triability and observability. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, the results show that the redrose program already has advantages that can facilitate land services. The redrose program can reduce existing land problems. Then the redrose program can make it easier to speed up land services in the rumbai sub-district. This program is not yet known by the community as a whole.

Institutional determinants of large land-based investments’ performance in Zambia: Does title enhance productivity and structural transformation?

The importance of well-functioning land markets for structural transformation via labor movements to the non-agricultural sector, farm size growth, and the ability to use land as collateral for credit has long motivated Government efforts at reducing the transaction costs of registering and transferring land but evidence on the effect of such measures for large farms is scant. We explore the impact of land titling on productivity for a representative sample of 3,000 large farms in Zambia, one of the earliest African adopters of such policies to close this gap. Ward fixed effects and instrumental-variable (IV) regressions suggest that title has little or no effect on productivity, investment, or credit access and reduces rather than improves rental market participation. This points towards quality and cost of land services as an under-researched barrier to structural transformation. Improving transparency, document quality, and reducing cost via exclusive use of digital registries and streamlined workflows and fee reductions will be essential to address this. A land tax on state land may further help incentivize productive rather than speculative land use; allow cancelation of outdated legacy documents; and via revenue-sharing, involve local authorities in record maintenance and land management.

Assessing the performance of MODIS and VIIRS active fire products in the monitoring of wildfires: a case study in Turkey

MODIS and VIIRS fire products have been widely used to detect and monitor fire activity at a global scale, as they provide highly relevant information on fire events, on their spatial and seasonal trends. Although these products have some limitations in detecting fires in forested areas due to closed canopy and smoke, they have been widely used to monitor and assess forest fires in many scientific studies. This study analyzes the performance of MODIS (MCD14ML) and VIIRS S-NPP (VNP14IMG) active fire/hotspot products in fire detection in five different land cover types (closed and open forests, shrublands, herbaceous vegetation and croplands) and compares the results to the ground-based fire database from 2015 to end of the 2019 in Turkey. Detected fires with a confidence value above 30% (nominal and high confidence) were used in the study. The land cover was assessed using the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) Dynamic Land Cover Layers at 100 m resolution in the study area. The performance assessment of two fire/hotspot products were conducted in three fire size classes, namely: fire size <1 ha, 1 to 10 ha, and >10 ha in five different land cover types. The results indicated that the overall accuracy of MODIS ranged from 0.6% to 16.6% and VIIRS S-NPP ranged from 1.3% to 25.6% of all ground-based fires in five different land cover types. The detection rates increased as the fire size increased. This study indicates that some limitations still exist to use MODIS and VIIRS S-NPP active fire/hotspot data in the assessment of wildfires.

Estimation of Global Cropland Gross Primary Production from Satellite Observations by Integrating Water Availability Variable in Light-Use-Efficiency Model

Satellite-based models have been widely used to estimate gross primary production (GPP) of terrestrial ecosystems. Although they have many advantages for mapping spatiotemporal variations of regional or global GPP, the performance in agroecosystems is relatively poor. In this study, a light-use-efficiency model for cropland GPP estimation, named EF-LUE, driven by remote sensing data, was developed by integrating evaporative fraction (EF) as limiting factor accounting for soil water availability. Model parameters were optimized first using CO2 flux measurements by eddy covariance system from flux tower sites, and the optimized parameters were further spatially extrapolated according to climate zones for global cropland GPP estimation in 2001–2019. The major forcing datasets include the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) data from the Copernicus Global Land Service System (CGLS) GEOV2 dataset, EF from the ETMonitor model, and meteorological forcing variables from ERA5 data. The EF-LUE model was first evaluated at flux tower site-level, and the results suggested that the proposed EF-LUE model and the LUE model without using water availability limiting factor, both driven by flux tower meteorology data, explained 82% and 74% of the temporal variations of GPP across crop sites, respectively. The overall KGE increased from 0.73 to 0.83, NSE increased from 0.73 to 0.81, and RMSE decreased from 2.87 to 2.39 g C m−2 d−1 in the estimated GPP after integrating EF in the LUE model. These improvements may be largely attributed to parameters optimized for different climatic zones and incorporating water availability limiting factor expressed by EF into the light-use-efficiency model. At global scale, the verification by GPP measurements from cropland flux tower sites showed that GPP estimated by the EF-LUE model driven by ERA5 reanalysis meteorological data and EF from ETMonitor had overall the highest R2, KGE, and NSE and the smallest RMSE over the four existing GPP datasets (MOD17 GPP, revised EC-LUE GPP, GOSIF GPP and PML-V2 GPP). The global GPP from the EF-LUE model could capture the significant negative GPP anomalies during drought or heat-wave events, indicating its ability to express the impacts of the water stress on cropland GPP.

Legal Actions Against Default in the Delivery of Goods Agreement at PT On Time Express Branch Office Bali

On Time Express is a foreign investment company engaged in land, sea and air transportation services. Also called financing companies for goods delivery services, namely business entities outside banks and non-bank financial institutions that are specifically for carrying out economic activities in delivering goods and services. The work contract system is implemented based on the principle of trust as a service provider, a standard agreement is written based on the principle of freedom of employment contract made by PT. OnTime Express. That is, both parties, both service providers and consumers, together and agree to make a work contract agreement. But in reality, the work contract agreement as a service provider in its operations is not uncommon for problems that arise due to unexpected results between the parties. The consumer is unable to fulfill the contents of the agreement as agreed in the initial agreement resulting in a breach of contract. This must be resolved to maintain a good relationship and balance between rights and obligations according to the mutually agreed agreement. The purpose of this paper is to provide accountability for consumers and understanding in resolving violations of employment contract issues. This paper was written using empirical methods and data analysis techniques that are descriptive analytical. Based on research on the contract of delivery of goods, there are still many contract violations in PT. On Time Express by consumers. Most of the breaches of contract issues are resolved by non-litigation methods, which are negotiation and mediation.

Faktor – Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Pelayanan Publik di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Semarang

This study aims to determine the effect of organizational structure, employee capabilities and service facilities on service quality at the Land Office of Semarang City. The main data used is a questionnaire consisting of 27 question items, distributed to people who register and receive land services from Kantor Pertanahan Kota Semarang, either direct applicants or authorized recipients of 377 respondents. The data obtained were analyzed by multiple linear regression using the SPSSv16 software application. The results show that the quality of service at the Kantor Pertanahan Kota Semarang is currently in the good category (average 3.14), even so, there are still several things that need to be addressed related to guaranteeing the timeliness of service management and the accuracy of service costs. There is a significant influence between organizational structure factors, employee capabilities and service facilities on the quality of service both simultaneously at 63.1% and partially at 29.9%, 35.2% and 8.3% respectively. The most dominant factor in determining service quality in this study is the employee ability factor of 35.2%, followed by the organizational structure factor of 19.9% and the service facility factor of 8.3%.

Quantifying Fundamental Vegetation Traits over Europe Using the Sentinel-3 OLCI Catalogue in Google Earth Engine.

Thanks to the emergence of cloud-computing platforms and the ability of machine learning methods to solve prediction problems efficiently, this work presents a workflow to automate spatiotemporal mapping of essential vegetation traits from Sentinel-3 (S3) imagery. The traits included leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), leaf area index (LAI), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), and fractional vegetation cover (FVC), being fundamental for assessing photosynthetic activity on Earth. The workflow involved Gaussian process regression (GPR) algorithms trained on top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance simulations generated by the coupled canopy radiative transfer model (RTM) SCOPE and the atmospheric RTM 6SV. The retrieval models, named to S3-TOA-GPR-1.0, were directly implemented in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to enable the quantification of the traits from TOA data as acquired from the S3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) sensor.Following good to high theoretical validation results with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) ranging from 5% (FAPAR) to 19% (LAI), a three fold evaluation approach over diverse sites and land cover types was pursued: (1) temporal comparison against LAI and FAPAR products obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the time window 2016-2020, (2) spatial difference mapping with Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) estimates, and (3) direct validation using interpolated in situ data from the VALERI network. For all three approaches, promising results were achieved. Selected sites demonstrated coherent seasonal patterns compared to LAI and FAPAR MODIS products, with differences between spatially averaged temporal patterns of only 6.59%. In respect of the spatial mapping comparison, estimates provided by the S3-TOA-GPR-1.0 models indicated highest consistency with FVC and FAPAR CGLS products. Moreover, the direct validation of our S3-TOA-GPR-1.0 models against VALERI estimates indicated with regard to jurisdictional claims in good retrieval performance for LAI, FAPAR and FVC. We conclude that our retrieval workflow of spatiotemporal S3 TOA data processing into GEE opens the path towards global monitoring of fundamental vegetation traits, accessible to the whole research community.

Urbanization in China and the role of social and natural capital in land acquisition and transfer arrangements

The paper is in several parts. We explain the context of the study area that is characterized by land acquisition and transfer (LAT) by local government (often against the wishes of the local villagers). We report on a methodology that is simple, yet robust, that enables local land users and other interested parties to quantify the social capital of local people in rural and peri-urban areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR) and assess the extent to which social capital influences the bargaining power of land users when faced with acquisition of their cropland, grazing land, woodlands, water and other environmental goods and services. Finally, we explore the notion that social capital can be a force to create a more even playing field and influence the outcomes of land grab for industrial, infrastructure and urban development.&#x0D; Interest in the concept of social capital and its application has increased rapidly over the past few years with the realization that social bonds and norms are important for achieving sustainability. Ferdinand Tönnies identified the value of the ideas surrounding social capital as early as 1887, but later scholars gave it a theoretical framework. Social capital implies that there are aspects of social structure and organization that act as resources for individuals, allowing them to realize their personal aims and interests. Often, social capital is defined as trust, norms of reciprocity, and networks among individuals that can be drawn upon for individual or collective benefit. Social capital is different between urbanites and rural dwellers, especially farmers.&#x0D; In this paper, we focus on how social capital serves the interests of individuals or collectives. Social capital based on kinship and geopolitical position plays an important role in affecting rural land transfer. Rural land transfer (also called LAT) is becoming a highly contested matter as China moves to implement its plan to increase the proportion of urban dwellers to 70% by 2030(Ma et al., 2018). Natural capital (a sub-set of social capital) should always be maintained as it is critical to sustainable economic development representing, as it does, a multidimensional concept that mirrors the different frameworks of various scientific disciplines and social groups used in valuing nature. Widespread and rampant LAT that accompanies accelerated economic development in peri-urban and rural areas (Ma et al., 2018) needs to take critical natural capital into account.

Optimizing the Compensation Standard of Cultivated Land Protection Based on Ecosystem Services in the Hangzhou Bay Area, China

The significant positive externality of cultivated land ecosystem services leads to the low comparative benefit of cultivated land utilization and then causes practical problems such as the abandonment and non-agriculturalization of the cultivated land, which poses a threat to China’s food security. The existing protection system only focuses on the quantity requirement and food production service of cultivated land and ignores the multi-function of cultivated land as an ecosystem, resulting in insufficient incentives and poor effect. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the protection’s economic compensation standard by adding the cultivated land’s ecosystem service value in order to comprehensively assess cultivated land resources and correct for externalities. Taking the area around Hangzhou Bay, where the contradiction between cultivated land protection and economic development is prominent, as an example, the values of six typical cultivated land ecosystem services in 2016 was constructed and calculated, including food production, carbon sequestration and oxygen production, water conservation, soil conservation, biodiversity maintenance, and cultural leisure. Combined with ecosystem services’ values and the quality index, we finally determined the new county-level compensation standard of cultivated land protection in the Hangzhou Bay area. The results show that the value of cultivated land ecosystem services present obvious regional disparities, meaning that there exist significant differences in the sustainable use capacity of cultivated land and the necessity of establishing grading compensation standards in the region. Finally, we analyze the rationality and innovation of the new compensation standard model as well as its role in the protection of cultivated land and look forward to promoting the sustainable use of cultivated land through these new incentives.

Evaluation of Sentinel-1, SMAP and SMOS surface soil moisture products for distributed eco-hydrological modelling in Mediterranean forest basins

Reliable distributed hydrological modeling, especially in semi-arid areas, must consider the inclusion of surface soil moisture (SSM) spatial information during the calibration process. This variable plays a key role in the evapotranspiration processes that determine the hydrological cycle. The coarse resolution of the SSM estimates by satellite remote sensing has restricted the application of this approach to only large basins, focusing most of the studies in the consideration of simply the temporal dynamics of this variable. The growing efforts in providing higher spatial resolution through disaggregating methodologies or new sensor estimates facilitates the application of this spatial approach to small basins. This paper explores the applicability of the currently available satellite surface soil moisture estimates for distributed eco-hydrological modelling in Mediterranean forest basins. On one hand, this study contributes to fill the existing research gap on the use of remote sensing SSM spatial patterns within the distributed hydrological modelling framework in small basins. On the other hand, it serves as an indirect validation method for the spatial performance of satellite SSM products. To achieve this goal, we implemented the eco-hydrological model TETIS in three case studies named: Hozgarganta (southern Spain), Ceira (western Portugal) and Carraixet (eastern Spain). The SSM estimates selected for comparison were Sentinel-1 SSM provided by the Copernicus Global Land Services (CGLS), SMAP SSM disaggregated using Sentinel-1 (SPL2SMAP_S) provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), SMOS SSM provided by the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC), and SMOS and SMAP SSM disaggregated using the DISPATCH algorithm provided by Lobelia Earth. The methodology employed involved a multi-objective and multi-variable calibration in terms of remote sensing SSM spatial patterns and in-situ streamflow, using the Spatial Efficiency Metric (SPAEF) and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (NSE) respectively. Before model calibration a sensitivity analysis of the most influent variables was performed. The temporal and spatial comparison of the reference SSM products revealed inconsistencies amongst products. The disaggregating methodology determined the spatial agreement to a greater degree than the sensor itself (i.e. SMAP, SMOS). In spite of the differences amongst products, the multi-objective calibration approach proposed increased the robustness of the hydrological modelling.

Legal Problems of Land Services Online

The problem of online land services by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN) has several legal problems related to the nature of land registration to ensure legal certainty as its main substance. The problem to be discussed is regarding the online land service policy implemented by the National Land Agency with various obstacles and legal problems that arise against the policy. The research method used is normative legal research. The results showed that in terms of online land services, for the first time registration activities, especially in physical land measurement services, it could not be carried out online so that the substance of online land service policies could not be fully implemented. The lack of public knowledge about technology makes it difficult to access land services online, which becomes a separate obstacle in implementing online land service policies

Assessment of Factors Affecting the Amount of Immovable Property Tax in Latvia

The research aim is to analyse the peculiarities for application of immovable property tax in Latvia and to assess the main factors affecting the amount of immovable property tax and contradicting the basic principles for imposing taxes. It is essential to review the methods how the State Land Service determines cadastral values for real estate, since the cadastral value is the base for calculation of immovable property tax. The revision is required as the establishment of a fair tax system is impossible without adequate and comparable cadastral values. In the future, land shall be valued pursuant to lease and not to expropriation transactions in Latvia, while the cadastral valuation of buildings might be done consistent with the method of expenses by determining construction expenses of buildings. The issue on mass inspection of physical condition of buildings and data updating shall be solved in Latvia. In addition, an issue on possibilities to apply the most fair procedure for tax calculation shall be solved on the governmental level, i.e. to calculate taxes consistent with procedure for the use of immovable property registered in the Land Register as well as to cancel the limitation for increase of immovable property tax stated by the municipality and to regulate the tax burden through tax rates.

Improved representation of agricultural land use and crop management for large-scale hydrological impact simulation in Africa using SWAT+

Abstract. To date, most regional and global hydrological models either ignore the representation of cropland or consider crop cultivation in a simplistic way or in abstract terms without any management practices. Yet, the water balance of cultivated areas is strongly influenced by applied management practices (e.g. planting, irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting). The SWAT+ (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model represents agricultural land by default in a generic way, where the start of the cropping season is driven by accumulated heat units. However, this approach does not work for tropical and subtropical regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, where crop growth dynamics are mainly controlled by rainfall rather than temperature. In this study, we present an approach on how to incorporate crop phenology using decision tables and global datasets of rainfed and irrigated croplands with the associated cropping calendar and fertilizer applications in a regional SWAT+ model for northeastern Africa. We evaluate the influence of the crop phenology representation on simulations of leaf area index (LAI) and evapotranspiration (ET) using LAI remote sensing data from Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) and WaPOR (Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed derived data) ET data, respectively. Results show that a representation of crop phenology using global datasets leads to improved temporal patterns of LAI and ET simulations, especially for regions with a single cropping cycle. However, for regions with multiple cropping seasons, global phenology datasets need to be complemented with local data or remote sensing data to capture additional cropping seasons. In addition, the improvement of the cropping season also helps to improve soil erosion estimates, as the timing of crop cover controls erosion rates in the model. With more realistic growing seasons, soil erosion is largely reduced for most agricultural hydrologic response units (HRUs), which can be considered as a move towards substantial improvements over previous estimates. We conclude that regional and global hydrological models can benefit from improved representations of crop phenology and the associated management practices. Future work regarding the incorporation of multiple cropping seasons in global phenology data is needed to better represent cropping cycles in areas where they occur using regional to global hydrological models.

Longterm Urban Management strategies to the Growth of Nigerian Urban Cities

Urban Management concept is very important in urban planning and development of every city. However, the scope is more complex and wide. Each scope of activity not only competes with each other, but also suffers from internal contradictions; environment, urban land services, infrastructure and economic development. Therefore this paper tries to unlock the concept ‘Why’ and ‘How’ the theory and practice assign priority to the problems of urban management growth. This was done through exploring literature on meaning, the definition of terms and understanding the concept, scope, process, urban service indicators and benchmark of selected urban services, the role of stakeholders and the requirement of good urban management. Taking the view that the typical fundamental purposes of managing urban settlements are to increase urban productivity and improve living conditions, particularly for the poor, in sustainable ways, and that management is the continuous exercise of responsibility to achieve these goals

Hillslope erosion improvement targets: Towards sustainable land management across New South Wales, Australia

Hillslope erosion, including sheet and rill erosion, is the dominant form of erosion in Australia and many parts of the world. Hillslope erosion improvement (HEI) targets are necessary for the evaluation of natural resource condition and sustainable land use and land management practices. The tolerable soil loss concept has been widely applied to agricultural lands for setting soil erosion targets. It is a static target that is difficult to apply to diverse land uses and soil conditions. In this study, we developed a new approach for setting HEI resource condition targets by considering seasonal erosion levels over a large climate gradient and range of land management practices across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A 20-year fractional vegetation cover and rainfall erosivity time-series have been used to estimate hillslope erosion rates and assign monthly and annual HEI targets across NSW. To assist with land management action target, monthly vegetation cover levels have been set to meet the HEI targets on a pixel-by-pixel (100 m) basis. We further assessed the HEI targets against land and soil capability classes and their spatial and temporal variation across local land service regions. The findings can help identify the locations and periods of time with hillslope erosion exceeding a desirable threshold level and indicate management actions that might be required to improve the soil condition over areas of concern. The processes are fully automated in a geographic information system (GIS) environment, thus providing a useful tool to determine HEI targets for sustainable soil and land management at any location and period. The methods are globally portable as the input datasets are widely available.

Sertifikasi Atas Tanah Pusaka Tinggi (Studi Nagari Ulakan, Kecamatan Ulakan Tapakis, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, Provinsi Sumatera Barat)

A plot of land has an important meaning and role in human life. Indonesian government has legal authority in land as it is specified in Law No. 5/1960 on Basic Regulation of Agrarian Affairs. Land Certification is used to create legal certainty in land by organizing land registration and providing certificate as evidence. There many plots of land which have not been registered such as tanah ulayat (village land), especially in Sumatera Barat Province where the majority of its people is Minangkabaunese. The reserch problems are how about the process registering tanah pusako tinggi (ancestral land) by the adat (traditional) community, how about its legal consequences, and how about its obstacles. The research used juridical normative method. Primarv data were gathered by conducting interview and secondary data were obtained from library research such as from books, journals, and electronic media. Certification of tanah pusako tinggi has the same procedure as the other land certification which is referred to the Directive of the Head of the National Land Agency No. 1/2010 on the Standard of Land Service and Regulation. However, there are some things which distinguish them from land registration in general. One of them is the right which is attached to the land is communal right. The certification causes the recognition of land rights and anything related to the control, handing out, expiration, and land acquisition as well as legal certainty on the ancestral land. Some obstacles found in the process of certification are varied, viewed from the government's few point, the internal and external factors and the people. The government has also attempted to handle the obstacles in registering tanah pusako tinggi.