Background: Inappropriate land policies remain a major constraint on economic and social development in many developing countries. Objectives: This study examines public perceptions and the collateral impacts of Restricted Land Lease Policies (RLLP) on land possession (LPOS), housing affordability (HAF), and socioeconomic status (SEST) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was employed, involving 384 respondents selected through a multistage sampling technique. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships among variables. Findings: Results reveal that RLLP significantly enhances perceptions of land possession (β = 0.311, p < 0.001) but has a negative effect on housing affordability (β = -0.142, p = 0.003). Housing affordability emerged as the strongest direct predictor of socioeconomic status (β = 0.45, p < 0.001), with institutional support (IST) exerting a significant moderating effect. Interestingly, institutional support itself negatively influences socioeconomic status (β = -0.49, p < 0.001). Moreover, the interaction terms HAF×IST and LPOS×IST show significant negative moderation effects on SEST (β = -0.276 and β = -0.165, respectively). The model explains 44.7% of the variance in socioeconomic status, indicating strong predictive power, and 29.5% of the variance in estate satisfaction, suggesting a moderately good model fit. Discriminant validity was confirmed using the Fornell-Larcker criterion and cross-loadings, supporting the distinctiveness of all latent constructs. Measurement indicators such as RLLP6 (λ = 0.981) and RLLP5 (λ = 0.962) demonstrate strong factor loadings. The relatively high mean score for RLLP (M = 4.90) reflects general public approval of the policy framework despite its drawbacks. Novelty: This is the first study in Ethiopia to employ SEM to assess the impacts of Restricted Land Lease Policies, highlighting the critical need for integrative and transparent land policy reforms that promote equitable enforcement, enhance housing affordability, and strengthen the role of institutions in improving urban satisfaction. Keywords: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Public perception, Land Lease Policies, Land possession

The increasing in production costs and fluctuating selling prices of water spinach on the market have made farmers in the Duri Bamboo Farmers Group feel that their income has decreased. The decreasing income from water spinach farming has caused farmers to switch to planting taro and teak trees and even sell their land to housing developers. The aim of this research is to determine the characteristics, income and income efficiency of water spinach farming in the Bambu Duri farming group. This research uses quantitative descriptive analysis methods. The characteristics and income of farming are explained quantitatively descriptively and analysis of the efficiency of farming income uses R/C ratio analysis. Respondents were determined using the census method, namely 30 people. This study shows that most of the water spinach farmers are in their productive age. The education level of farmers is still relatively low with more than 10 years of experience. The number of dependents of farmers' families ranges from 1-3 people. The area of ​​water spinach farmers' land in the Bambu Duri Farmers Group is ​​less than 0.5 hectares and land ownership status is dominated by self-owned and leased land. Water spinach farming in the Duri Bamboo Farming Group produces income from cash costs of IDR 8.867.847//ha and income value from total costs of IDR 5.025.432/ha. The R/C ratio value of cash costs is 1.9 and the R/C ratio value of total costs is 1.4. This shows that the water spinach farming business in the Duri Bamboo Farming Group is efficient.

This paper investigates the legal framework governing landholding ceilings in Tanzania, with the aim of assessing its adequacy in promoting equitable land distribution, tenure security, and sustainable land use. It adopts doctrinal and comparative legal research methods, examining the Land Act (Revised Edition 2023), the Village Land Act (Revised Edition 2023), the National Land Policy (2023), and related legislation. Comparative perspectives from Kenya, Uganda, India, and South Africa are incorporated to situate Tanzania’s experience within broader regional and global land governance trends. The findings reveal that while Tanzania’s legal framework recognises the importance of preventing excessive land accumulation, it lacks explicit statutory limits defining maximum landholdings. The existing provisions rely on administrative discretion rather than fixed ceilings, which weakens enforcement and accountability. Moreover, the persistence of a dual land tenure system, where customary and statutory tenure coexist without full harmonisation, continues to hinder equitable land access, particularly for rural and vulnerable populations. The study also finds that the Tanzania Investment Act allows large-scale land allocations and leases, often to foreign investors, without clear ceiling guidelines or adequate safeguards for affected communities. Results from comparative analysis indicate that countries such as India and Kenya have introduced enforceable ceiling laws that enhance redistribution and land equity through stronger institutional mechanisms. The study concludes that Tanzania must undertake comprehensive legal and policy reforms, including defining enforceable landholding ceilings, harmonising statutory and customary systems, strengthening enforcement institutions, digitising land records, and promoting community participation. These measures would enhance social equity, transparency, and sustainability in land governance, thereby supporting inclusive socio-economic development.

Artificial intelligence in the assessment of land lease feasibility for the sugar-energy sector in the Alta Paulista region, Brazil

This study examines how eco-friendly farming practices affect the technical efficiency of grafted tomato production in Moulvibazar District, Bangladesh. Primary data was collected from 210 tomato producers using the multistage sampling technique. The collected data was analyzed to estimate technical efficiency and its determinants by employing stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Results found that tomato farmers were about 71% efficient, which implies that tomato production could be increased by nearly 29% if resources and technology were used optimally. The study discovered that while higher input costs lowered productivity, using more land, labor, and tractors helped enhance tomato output. Education, household size, access to training, access to extension services, and experience with grafting improved efficiency, whereas leasing land and earning income from non-farming activities caused a lowering of efficiency. Eco-friendly practices like mixed cropping, using vermicompost, yellow sticky traps, pheromone traps, and mulching films significantly improved efficiency, making farmers 2% to 98% more efficient than those who didn’t adopt these methods. These practices helped better manage inputs, control pests, and maintain healthy soil, boosting both productivity and environmental sustainability. Therefore, promoting eco-friendly tomato production practices through national programs, better extension services, improved credit access, and secure land rights can promote sustainable farming adoption and raise tomato production efficiency.

Transformations in Uruguay’s agricultural sector at the beginning of the 21st century have been described as the most significant and radical in the country’s recent history. These changes and their implications for the individuals involved have been analyzed from various perspectives. One of the key changes identified as a driver of transformation is land leasing, which has become the preferred method of control in new agribusiness models. However, the impact of this land control strategy on family farming has been largely overlooked. This article seeks to address this gap by focusing on family farmers who lease part of their land, linking this process to the ongoing debate about differentiation and the decomposition of family farming. The study aims to deepen our understanding of the implications of this partial renunciation through a quantitative analysis of the 2000 and 2011 agricultural censuses. The paper describes the characteristics of the population engaged in this form of farming, explores the relationship between their differentiation processes and their involvement in production, and examines how these factors have evolved over the period. The findings reveal how land leasing practices are intertwined with family characteristics and the broader capitalist expansion during the studied period.

The Malayan Crisis (1930–1940), an extension of the global Great Depression, exerted a severe shock that devastated the foundations of the sugar industry in the Dutch East Indies. This research aims to provide an in-depth and detailed analysis of how this crisis impacted the structural changes in the sugar industry's production and the resulting consequences for the socio-economic welfare of the community in the Jepara Residency. The methodology employed is the Historical Method (encompassing heuristic, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography) combined with the Historical Economic Analysis approach, which effectively links the global phenomenon to its measurable local effects. Key findings of the research indicate a structural contraction within the sugar industry, quantitatively evidenced by a decrease in the number of operational factories from 11 to 8, alongside a significant reduction in the total area under sugarcane cultivation. This contraction had profound socio-economic implications, marked by extreme wage cuts for laborers, increased unemployment due to workforce reductions, the return of leased land to farmers, and most strikingly, the re-emergence of the barter payment system. This phenomenon of barter signals a devolution of the local monetary economy and a deep-seated purchasing power crisis. It is concluded that the Malayan Crisis effectively exposed the vulnerability of the colonial economic system, which was heavily reliant on a single export commodity, thereby compelling local communities to activate subsistence-based resilience strategies.

The article examines mechanisms for reorganizing leased agricultural land in Ukraine and Germany to foster sustainable agricultural structures. Both countries face distinct challenges: Ukraine confronts the dual challenge of war-related land rehabilitation and farm structural modernization, while Germany aims to integrate ecological considerations into voluntary lease reorganization. The study analyzes the legal and practical frameworks governing agricultural leases, identifies unresolved challenges, and develops approaches for implementing sovereign land consolidation tools. By addressing issues such as land use fragmentation and “patchwork” of leased parcels within the same field, this research proposes solutions for achieving long-term stability in agricultural structures through land lease reorganization. It also explores integrating ecological practices into lease agreements to balance economic productivity with environmental sustainability. The findings emphasize the need for tailored legal, institutional, and procedural frameworks to ensure agricultural land use’s long-term viability and resilience in both countries.

This study explores the impact of shelterbelt forest plantations on agricultural productivity in Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to investigate how forest belts and land use patterns affect crop yields and agricultural land use in Ukraine, and to compare these patterns with factors contributing to forest cover loss in EU countries in order to develop practical management recommendations. Using geoinformation modeling and correlation analysis, we examined the relationship between shelterbelt coverage and agricultural indicators, including land leasing, crop yields and the planted area under annual and biennial crops. The total area of agricultural land protected by these plantations amounted to 51.66 thousand hectares, generating an additional 206.64 thousand centners of grain annually. Given the average price of 12.23 euros per centner for cereals and legumes, the total economic effect was estimated at approximately 2.53 million euros per year. The study also presents theoretical and methodological approaches for mathematically modeling economic indicators of forestry land use, drawing on successful practices from the European Union regarding sustainable development under significant anthropogenic, economic, and climatic pressures. The results highlight that shelterbelt plantations, once established, are among the most cost-effective agronomic practices, offering long-term environmental and economic benefits for sustainable agricultural development.

Most of smallholders in Zimbabwe under the leasehold tenure system are beneficiaries of the Fast-Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) of 2000. It is generally argued that the leasehold tenure system has unprecedented impact on agricultural production as farmers fail to secure bank loans using leased land as collateral security. This article is premised on a study whose main objective was to determine the impact of leasehold land tenure system on productivity sby mallholder maize farmers. The study was carried out in Ward 1 of Chikomba District in Mashonaland East Province. Descriptive research design and primary data gathered from the randomly selected 87 farmers out of the 673 farmers, using a structured questionnaire, were used for this study. The data gathered was comprehensively analysed using both correlation analysis and regression analysis to achieve the study objectives. The results revealed that the leasehold tenure system limits farmers‟ access to credit, meaning, therefore, that the leasehold tenure has a negative impact on input investment, maize production and profitability by the smallholder farmers in Chikomba District. The study concludes that the leasehold tenure system has a negative impact on input investment, production of smallholder maize farmers as it discouraged farmers‟ access to credit, a key factor that determines farmers‟ input investment and production. The study recommends the Government of Zimbabwe to change the tenure system on smallholder farmers to a more favourable system to improve smallholder farmer input investment, productivity and profitability.

This study focuses on the legal analysis of land lease agreements for restaurant businesses between the Sikka District Government and restaurant entrepreneurs in Alok Timur Subdistrict, driven by the increasing demand for strategic land in line with economic growth. The objective of this research is to understand the lease agreement procedures in place and to identify the obstacles encountered in their implementation. The methodology employed is empirical legal research with a case study approach, involving interviews and observations of the relevant parties. The findings indicate that the lease agreement procedures at Maumere Market comply with the requirements set forth in the Civil Code; however, significant obstacles exist, such as delays in rent payments by tenants and unilateral increases in rental fees by landlords without adequate notice. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of transparency and communication between landlords and tenants to avoid conflicts, and it provides recommendations for market managers to conduct socialization regarding leasing kata procedures and to consider tenants' conditions in setting rental fees, in order to create a more conducive and sustainable business environment.

This study aims to examine and analyze the factors causing disputes between landlords and tenants in the implementation of lease agreements, as well as to examine the forms of resolution in the case of land lease on Jl. Jendral Atalib RT 12, Pematang Sulur Village, Telanaipura District, Jambi City. The method used is empirical juridical, which is a method that examines the application of law in community practice. The results of the study show that the legal relationship between Mr. Mohammad Miftah as the landowner and Mr. Yanto Slamet as the tenant is outlined in a written agreement. The dispute arose due to late rent payments caused by the tenant's business constraints, as well as a breach of contract in the form of changes and additions to the building without the owner's permission. The dispute was resolved through family deliberation to reach an amicable agreement without going to court, which was considered more effective because it maintained good relations and prevented further conflict.

This study discusses the practice of land leasing using the ijarah contract implemented by farmers in Mundurejo Village, Umbulsari District, Jember Regency. An interesting phenomenon in this research is that farmers lease vacant land to plant orange trees, which requires a relatively long period since orange trees take 2 to 3 years to begin producing fruit. The purpose of this study is to understand how the land leasing system is applied in Mundurejo Village and to examine its compliance with Islamic legal perspectives. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through direct observation, interviews with parties involved in the leasing activities, and documentation of the leasing agreements used. The results show that the practice of land leasing in Mundurejo Village aligns with the principles of the ijarah contract in Islam. Farmers and landowners carry out written agreements that clearly state the object of the lease, the duration, the amount of ujrah (rental price), and terms related to land management. From the perspective of Islamic law, this practice is considered valid as it fulfills the pillars and conditions of ijarah and is based on fairness and mutual consent between the parties.

The study was conducted to economic assessment and profitability analysis of wheat cultivation across various farm sizes in the Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. Using data collected from sample farmers through random sampling, the average total cost of cultivation (Cost C3) was estimated at ₹43,541.69/ha. Small and marginal farms incurred higher costs due to land leasing, while large farms achieved lower production costs and higher profitability. Operational cost (Cost A1) accounted for 63.28% of total cost, mainly from fertilizers, manure, and seeds. The cost of production ranged from ₹987.12/qtl on small farms to ₹847.62/qtl on large farms. Large farms also realized the highest yield (36 qtl/ha), gross income (₹80,960/ha), and benefit-cost ratio (1:1.88). The results highlight that larger farm benefit from economies of scale, better input management, and improved profitability in wheat cultivation.

The core intent of the study is to: (i) compare the profitability of the land leasing market scheme participating and non-participating smallholder oil palm farmers in oil palm producing belt of Nigeria; and (ii) assess the effect of land leasing market scheme on their productivity. Multistage sample method was employed to select 240 smallholder oil palm farmers (120 land leasing market scheme participating smallholder oil palm farmers, and 120 land leasing market scheme non-participating smallholder oil palm farmers). From the result, the net profit margin ratio for the land leasing participating farmers was 46.41%, non-participating farmers was 42.27%. The study further shows that age,2, farm size, and knowledge of land leasing market scheme had negative value and the relationship was significant with land leasing market scheme participating status. The expected oil palm productivity from land leasing participating smallholder oil palm farmers was 2,946.4 kg/hectare compared with 2,042.0 kg/hectare from non-participating farmers. The study recommends that smallholder oil palm farmers should be sensitized by all stakeholders to participate in land leasing market scheme to increase their productivity.

Africa’s renewable energy transition promises to be a game-changer—not just for the continent but for the global fight against climate change. With vast solar, wind, and hydropower potential, Africa could drive its own development while supplying clean energy worldwide. Yet beneath this green vision lies a troubling paradox: while foreign investors and multinational corporations reap massive profits, local communities often see little benefit beyond temporary labor and land leases. This paper examines who truly profits from Africa’s renewable energy boom, revealing a landscape where neocolonial economic patterns persist under the moral guise of sustainability. Through an analysis of financial flows, ownership structures, and policy frameworks across key projects—from Egypt’s Benban Solar Park to South Africa’s Cookhouse Wind Farm—we expose how the current model systematically disadvantages African stakeholders. Foreign entities capture up to 80% of economic value, while local job creation remains minimal and technology transfer disappointingly rare. Yet there is hope. Case studies from Namibia and Bangladesh show that enforceable local content policies, community ownership models, and South-South partnerships can shift this dynamic, ensuring renewable energy becomes a tool for empowerment rather than extraction. This paper not only diagnoses the problem but offers a bold roadmap for reform—prioritizing energy sovereignty, equitable value distribution, and industrial transformation. For policymakers, investors, and activists alike, the stakes could not be higher: will Africa’s green transition repeat old injustices, or will it finally break the cycle of resource exploitation? The answer will shape not just the continent’s energy future but the very meaning of climate justice in the 21st century.

This article is based on the findings of a study that was carried out around Lake Kashiba in Mpongwe district of Zambia. In this article it is argued that there is a plethora of cultural heritage elements in Zambia. More than three quarters of these constitute the main tourist attraction and are ubiquitously located in rural parts of the country. This presents great potential for such communities to participate in local economic activities through tourism. The article used qualitative data obtained through field interviews with 79 participants and 2 focus group discussions. From the study findings, six themes namely: plethora of heritage elements; sustainability of heritage for tourism; employment opportunities; business opportunities; leasing and selling of land; and barriers to tourism economic benefits emerged. Findings reveal that while there is great potential for cultural heritage based tourism to contribute to economic growth of rural areas hardly any economic benefits are realised by the local communities. This, to a large extent, could be attributed the lack of local community participation in tourism. The lack of local community participation and the resulting absence of economic benefits from tourism could be attributed to six main barriers namely: unfavourable government policies; inadequate employment opportunities; inadequate business opportunities; poor state of infrastructure; uncodified land tenure; and restrictive local myths. For economic benefits of cultural heritage tourism in rural areas to be realised, there is a need for supportive government policies and political will that would facilitate the participation of the local communities in the related activities. Such policies should prioritize the creation of awareness about the economic value of cultural heritage tourism among the concerned rural communities and building local capacity for their effective participation.

The Mosuo people, an ethnic group living in the border areas of Yunnan and Sichuan in China, are often regarded as a living fossil of matrilineal society. Unlike patriarchal family structures, the Mosuo maintain a unique matrilineal system in which women occupy a central position within the household. Their distinctive economic model and social customs reflect this cultural feature. This study examines the economic organization of Mosuo matrilineal families from three perspectives: economic activities, family structure, and social customs. In terms of economic practices, the research focuses on three primary livelihoodsboating on the lake, land leasing, and operating family guesthouses. Regarding family structure, attention is given to the role of the mother as the core figure responsible for household affairs and financial management, as well as the role of maternal uncles in the education and upbringing of children. The findings show that Mosuo matrilineal families have developed unique economic patterns, familial arrangements, and traditional customs. In the realm of social customs, the Mosuo peoples festivals and rituals, clothing culture, views on life and death, and the distinctive walking marriage (tisese) system are all closely intertwined with their matrilineal family structure. This study concludes that the Mosuo matrilineal family demonstrates both the continuity of traditional culture and a remarkable adaptability to the conditions of modern society, providing a valuable example for exploring diverse forms of family organization and cultural inheritance.

Trust and land Lease: The role of informal institutions in land market in rural China

Towards sustainable development: How industrial land leasing affects urban green innovation?