Land Institutions Research Articles

A corpus-based genre analysis of letters of regularization: The case of land institutions in Ghana

Genre studies have tended to focus on academic contexts, with little attention to professional settings. Against this backdrop, this study set out to conduct a corpus-based genre analysis of letters of regularization written to land institutions in Ghana. The study adopted a textual analysis, informed by the ESP approach to genres, and supplemented it with a corpus-based analysis to examine 40 letters of regularization. The analyses revealed that the most frequent move in the letters of regularization was the ‘Purpose of the letter’. Although the ‘Reason for the application’ move was not obligatory, it took much textual space in the letters. As regards lexicogrammatical features, politeness was embedded and expressed in ‘if clauses’ to mitigate direct impositions on the reader. Additionally, gratitude was mainly construed as a quality and as a process in the letters. Based on these findings, the study offers implications for further research and practice.

Analysis of the existing rural land legislations in regulating interests on land in the Amhara region, Ethiopia

For decades, the absence of land policies has contributed to land degradation in developing countries. The Amhara region of Ethiopia has formulated legislation and registered land. This study examined the impacts of legislation on regulating land rights and restrictions. The study highlights that the legislation has provided landholders with opportunities to secure land rights. However, the study revealed that the existing legislation has gaps in regulating restrictions and responsibilities and lacks land policy; as a result, weak land governance has ensued in the region. To mitigate these problems, the government should formulate a land policy, spatial framework and strengthen land institutions.

Methodological Aspects of Studying the Activities of Land Institutions in East Kazakhstan (1920-1932)

Despite significant theoretical developments in the field of land relations in Kazakhstan, studies of methodological aspects of their establishment and development in the first decade of Soviet power remain incomplete. The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of development of the methodology aimed at investigating the concept of land management in 1920-1932 in East Kazakhstan, to reveal the features of the socio-philosophical meaning of the concept in the region. The methodological base includes the method the analysis of research on the land policy of the region in 1920-1932, systematisation and synthesis of principles and methods of studying the problem, and methods of induction, deduction, historical-logical and comparative, and the method of the study of the entire complex of measures related to the process of land management in the territory of East Kazakhstan in the first decade of Soviet power. Displayed the current level of study of the problem, and determines the ways of its further understanding and development in the interests of creating a complete picture of the history of land relations in East Kazakhstan. The analysis of natural historical realities of 1920-1932, can be considered and used in the modern historical context.

Adapted institutional analysis and development framework for understanding customary land institutions in sub-Saharan Africa – A case study from Nigeria

Customary land institutions (CLIs) are social institutions that define local land governance in communities. Strengthening community rights continues to be an essential land policy goal, and several studies have focused on ways to improve local land governance through CLIs. Relatively limited attention, however, has been paid to understanding these institutions in themselves. The present study addresses this gap and develops an analytical framework built on the well-known institutional analysis and development framework to support the understanding of CLIs in the context of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The framework was developed through a hermeneutic review of literature on CLIs in SSA. Accordingly, we mapped and classified the literature based on the concepts in the institutional analysis and development framework. The developed framework facilitates a detailed analysis of the contextual factors and customary land practices of CLIs, enabling a determination of their adequate and inadequate aspects. The framework was applied to understand the CLI in Ile-Ife through content analysis of primary and secondary data on the CLI. The case study application suggests that the framework can enable the understanding of CLI and the identification of the potentials and weaknesses within the institution. Notwithstanding, further exploration of the proposed framework should be carried out in other SSA contexts to validate its functionality.

역사학자 박시형의 민족과 과학

Park Si-hyeong, who studied historiography at Keijō Imperial University, participated in the Chintan Society to develop scientific modern positivist historiography and at the same time published a number of enlightening articles about the culture and traditions of Korea in popular magazines. Si-hyeong’s historical studies during the colonial period can be evaluated as pursuing the science and the nation. Immediately after liberation, Park Si-hyeong was active as a Marxist historian in the atmosphere of left-right collaboration.BR After going to North Korea in August 1946, he led the establishment of North Korean historiography by serving as a teacher at Kim Il-sung University and as director of the Institute of History at the Academy of Sciences. History of Joseon Land Institutions, published in 1960 and 1961, was the result of scientific Marxist historiography that compiled his research since his graduation thesis at Keijō Imperial University, based on the theory of feudal state ownership.BR Park Si-hyeong turned to ancient history research in the 1960s. “For the Study of Balhae History”, published in 1962, is a monumental thesis that placed Balhae in Korean history, and is evaluated as laying the groundwork for future research on Balhae history in the academia of North and South Korea. In addition, Si-hyeong’s interpretation of the tombstone of King Gwanggaeto succeeded to Jeong In-bo’s interpretation. It can be seen that the focus of historiography has shifted from science to nation. Since the 1980s, as the Cold War order has been shaken, East Asian historical exchanges have been in full swing. Si-hyeong visited Japan and China and took on the role of advocating nationalist history common to two Koreas. Even in the South Korean media in the 1980s and 1990s, Park Si-hyeong was introduced as a nationalist historian.

Legal Construction for The Establishment of Land Banks in Land Procurement for Fair Public Interest

The purpose of this study is to examine and describe the urgency of establishing a land bank and the implications of the authority of a land bank in realizing land acquisition for the public interest that is equitable in Indonesia. The method used in this research is normative legal research and the approaches used are the legislative approach, the historical approach, the comparative approach and the conceptual approach. The results of this research indicated that land is driven by Indonesia's urgency to the problem of very large land needs, which will later be used as a forum for investment activities. The implication of the Land Bank's Authority in the Job Creation Act and the government regulation of land banks raises several problems, namely, firstly, overlapping authorities with other land institutions. Second, the strengthening of Land Management Rights related to the authority of the land bank is intended to provide facilities and/or licensing services more aimed at increasing investment than as much as possible for the prosperity of the people, this has a very broad impact including 1) Causing an increase in the number of Agrarian Conflicts; 2) Bringing back the principle of Domein Verklaring; 3) Weakening of the existence of customary law communities and their ulayat lands; and 4) the overlapping authority of the land agency

Institutional hybrids through meso-level bricolage: The governance of formal property in urban Tanzania

Drawing on a case-study from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, we explore who governs formal property in African cities, how they make formal property legitimate and functional, and the consequences of these processes. Through the analytic lenses of institutional hybridity and ‘meso-level’ bricolage, we study the implementation of the Residential Licence programme, which offered a relatively affordable interim property right to the urban poor. We illustrate that formal property is constructed and managed by a hybrid governance of actors within and at the interface of the state – municipalities and community leaders. Some eighteen years after the programme began, the mtaa chairperson – an unpaid political figure and community representative, typically associated with informal land institutions – is still central to the governance of formal property. Both municipalities and mtaa chairpersons engage in practices of bricolage, which transform the RL into a hybrid institution, anchored to both existing and newly proposed sources of authority and knowledge on property relations. On one side, these practices lend legitimacy and functionality to the ‘new’ property right system. On the other, they open up grey areas for discretion and power relations. Therefore, we argue that this hybrid governance be supported by the state through adequate resources and political support. By offering a rare analysis of institutional bricolage within and at the interface of the state, our findings are important to advance current understandings on land reform implementation, land governance and land institutions in African cities.

The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson: Searching for Sustainability by Robert Jensen

Reviewed by: The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson: Searching for Sustainability by Robert Jensen Robert Lee Cavazos The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson: Searching for Sustainability. By Robert Jensen. Foreword by David W. Orr. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2021. vii + 140 pp. Illustrations, notes. $29.95 cloth. Robert Jensen is a professor emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin who, in The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson, chronicles the work of Wes Jackson, the founder of The Land Institute in Salina, Kansas. Every year, Jackson holds an annual conference known as the Prairie Festival, in which researchers, environmentalists, and graduate students come together at the Big Barn to confront ecological and social issues in order to build a more sustainable future. [End Page 63] Conversations at the conference are centered around soil. Jackson believes that soil is vital for the survival of humankind, and that humans' intervention in agriculture has stripped carbon from soils, making agriculture unsustainable. Jackson challenges us to change how we see and think about things. The book attempts to understand how we humans took our position of dominance, which Jackson sees as detrimental to our future. We humans believe we have the right to change a system we benefit from despite the harm the system does to nature. The Green Revolution changed everything: it increased agricultural yields. Modern agriculture kills: the use of pesticides and herbicides that contaminate the water supply and kill the land is why Jackson sees it as not being sustainable. The following three chapters represent the centerpiece of Jensen's portrayal of Jackson's perspective on how humans began to outsmart themselves and move away from sustainability. We must learn to take nature seriously. No matter how far technology advances, we will forever be part of nature. Agriculture was always a part of nature until humans intervened in it. In the chapter "Taking Nature Seriously," Jackson sees nature as the supreme farmer. The natural agricultural process allows resources to be used freely and recycled organically so nothing is wasted. Our current agricultural system cannot reproduce this process. Our trust in machinery blinds us to reality; it and our technologies allow us to produce toxic chemicals without having to worry about the consequences, delaying the inevitable. Our current system is not sustainable, but machinery is not the answer. Technology does not solve our problems, as explained in the chapter "Too Many, Too Much." Humans consume renewable resources beyond the rate of replacement. The ability to use modern technology as a solution gets us into trouble. Humans assume they can play God in agricultural matters. With all the advances of civilization, we became greedy, which led to long-lasting devastation. In the chapter "Knowledge," we have become overconfident in our knowledge, to be blinded by our own beliefs even though acting on those beliefs will result in catastrophic damage. This is why we will truly never understand everything. The importance of a good future is to return to the basics of living life naturally, bringing communities together. This is where Jackson believes a more sustainable world awaits us—one that replaces the modern agricultural and industrial world of intensive carbon emission. Unfortunately, we see ourselves as bigger than nature; "we believe ourselves to be separable from the ecosystems on which our lives depend" (108). This is what makes Jackson's vision so important, as his book shows how humanity must return to nature if it is to have a fighting chance. Dramatic changes are needed because unstable ecosystems are not sustainable. Jackson makes you think about not only how to live a more sustainable life but more importantly how to appreciate nature. Robert Lee Cavazos Division of Sociology Tarleton State University Copyright © 2023 Center for Great Plains Studies

Nutritional quality of Onobrychis viciifolia (Scop.) seeds: A potentially novel perennial pulse crop for human use

AbstractOnobrychis viciifolia (hereafter sainfoin) is an autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28), allogamous insect‐pollinated perennial legume originating from the Caucasus that has historically been cultivated as a forage. As a perennial legume, sainfoin has the potential to improve the sustainability of agriculture and food systems in multiple ways. Sainfoin can provide continuous living cover and biological nitrogen fixation to enhance soil fertility and health. It can also provide ecosystem services as a resource for pollinators and wildlife in addition to nitrogen fixation. Building on this history of valuable uses, The Land Institute is developing sainfoin as a pulse crop for human use. With the goal of supporting human diets with a sustainable, perennial protein source and nutrient‐dense crop, this innovation requires a thorough understanding of the chemical composition of sainfoin seeds to ensure safety and potential nutritional quality. Using seeds from commercial sainfoin varieties developed for forage production, grown by commercial sainfoin seed growers in the western United States, this study evaluates seed composition as part of an ongoing investigation into sainfoin's potential as a novel pulse. We found crude protein content (38.78%) comparable with soybean and lupine, fat content (6.96%) comparable with lupine and chickpea, and starch (7.1%) and dietary fiber content (48.96%) comparable with lupine. Phytic acid content was higher than pulses (1790.89 mg). Ash (3.81%), iron (64.14 ppm), and zinc contents (61.63 ppm) were in the higher end of the range for pulses. This study indicates that sainfoin could become a novel, nutrient‐dense crop for human nutrition. Future studies are required to further characterize seed composition and safety and demonstrate how common legume processing techniques may influence nutritional quality.

Impact of Land Tenure Security Perception on Tree Planting Investment in Vietnam

With over 14 million hectares allocated, Vietnam’s forest and forestland allocation has been one of the largest natural resource decentralization programs in the developing world over the last three decades. Given this remarkable achievement, critics are concerned about the low rates of household tree planting investment and question the roles and effects of land institutions on investment. Using nested logit and ordered probit models, this study examined the effects of household perceptions of forestland tenure security on tree investment and the causal effects among 239 households in 11 communes in the Central Highlands. The findings suggested that, given the land titling in hand, household perceptions of potential land expropriation in the next five years did not thwart investments in both short-term acacia and long-term cashew horizons. The number of laborers, cost of plantations, off-farm and agricultural incomes, migrant status, soil condition, plot location, government subsidies, and a positive market outlook all played a significant role in this investment. Interestingly, we found that short-term tree planting had the reverse impact on decreasing land users’ perceptions of land tenure security, possibly because each tree rotation shortens the 50-year land use period recorded in the Land Use Right Certificate. However, market prospects and government subsidies may significantly counteract the negative perception of LTS and encourage households to plant trees. The policy implication is that, in addition to strengthening LTS to ensure households’ current and future land use rights, tree investment-incentivized policies should be implemented.

Synthesis of legal aspects as methodological foundations of land and natural use based on the current land norms of the constitution of Ukraine

It has been proven that the Basic Law of Ukraine, unlike other states, unequivocally recognizes the Ukrainian people (all citizens of Ukraine) as the sole and absolute owner of the land and its natural resources as natural objects of property rights — the main national wealth, which de jure is under a special state protection. The purpose of the article is to generalize the main empirical results of the analysis and synthesis of normative and legal aspects regarding the methodological principles of the use of land and its natural resources as natural objects of property rights of the Ukrainian people for the application of scientifically based methods and methods of nature use rights in practice, including in the agricultural sphere. It is predicted that the full implementation of the outlined constitutional land rights of citizens as nationwide, as well as the practical implementation of appropriate measures at all levels as the main mechanisms of their (rights) protection and implementation, will allow in the short term to ensure the comfortable life of all law-abiding citizens of Ukraine. In this regard, the priority introduction of the so-called land and agrarian reforms into the constitutional field of Ukraine is required, as well as the taking of all natural objects of the property rights of the Ukrainian people on a nationwide non-departmental balance in the newly created National Land Institution of Ukraine. It was found that the development of legislative acts and regulatory documents for the practical application of specific mechanisms, methods and methods of nature management, including in the agricultural sector, requires the preparation of relevant methodological materials by separate state order.

He Peasants' Cognition and The Level of Informal Constraints and The Rural Land Institutional Change in China —Analysis and simulation based on dynamic evolutionary game model

The peasants' cognition and informal constraints are important factors that affect the rural land institutional change in China. By constructing a dynamic evolutionary game model and conducting simulation analysis, this paper finds that the individual cognition of peasants affects the strategic choice of them, and then affects the direction of the rural land institutional change in China, which is the endogenous power of institutional change; Informal constraints are hierarchical and affect the speed of institutional change. The higher the level of informal constraints, the faster the speed of institutional change. Based on the above conclusions, this paper proposes to adhere to the road of gradual reform, carry out multi-party research activities, and improve peasants' cognition; Clarify the main status of f peasants in the reform and create an organizational form with them as the main core; Give rights to the rural grass-roots democratic autonomy, and form broad binding informal constraints.

The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson: Searching for Sustainability. By Robert Jensen

How will we live well in a future shaped by climate change? This question animates Robert Jensen’s The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson: Searching for Sustainability. As a primer for understanding Jackson’s life, career, and philosophies, this immensely readable book introduces Jackson’s humble yet visionary ideas and practices to a new generation of scholars and engaged citizens. This work will inspire interdisciplinary scholars, environmental educators, secondary school teachers, community leaders, elected officials, farmers, and anyone invested in thinking about how to live well in a future increasingly marked by environmental and sociopolitical precarity. The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson deserves a place on your bookshelf. Wes Jackson, the founder and long-time leader of the Land Institute in Salina, Kansas, is a free-thinker. Jackson approaches problems with a unique blend of intellectual training and practical know-how. From thinking about modern humans as a “species out of context” to encouraging a shift from an industrial to a “creaturely” worldview, Jackson’s approach to living well centers on alternatives to corporate-capitalist, industrial culture (pp. 31, 106–118). With little faith in large-scale economic or technological fixes to the environmental crisis, Jackson urges us to “celebrate the discoveries that make possible low-energy living in stable, decent human communities” (pp. 81, 86).

Notes on Contributors

Duncan Brown is Professor of English in the Centre for Multilingualism and Diversities Research at the University of the Western Cape. He has published widely in the field of South African literary and cultural studies. His recent books include Wilder Lives: Humans and Our Environments (2019), and Finding My Way: Reflections on South African Literature (2020). He is Principal Investigator on the Andrew W. Mellon funded project on “Rethinking South African Literature(s)” (2019-2024), and Co-ordinator on the South African section of the University of Oslo funded project on “Global Trout: Investigating Environmental Change through More-than-Human World Systems” (2019-2024). Michael Chapman is a researcher-in-residence at the Durban University of Technology in South Africa. His creative nonfictional work Green in Black-and-White Times appeared in 2016. On Literary Attachment in South Africa: Tough Love (2022) seeks to embody in a single language of response two categories that are usually thought to be apart, criticism (conceptual) and art (creative). Andries du Toit is the director of the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies at the University of the Western Cape, where he has spent most of the last thirteen years answering emails and navigating the university's labyrinthine procurement and HR system. In his spare time he does research, focusing on the politics of landlessness, poverty, and inequality in South Africa.

Unknown Fragment of the Inspection Books of Derevskaya Pyatina by Grigory Plescheev of 1573

The article attributes a fragment of land description of Shegrinsky pogost of Novgorod Derevskaya Pyatina, stored in F. 1209 RGADA among unidentified sheets of unknown origin (Inventory 1. Part 3. File 268). It has been established that the two investigated sheets belong to the collection of inspection books of Derevskaya Pyatina by Grigory Plescheev of 1573 and belong to one of the most destroyed parts of this collection: until now, only one sheet was known about Shegrinsky pogost. Observations were made on when the examined fragment could have been removed from the collection and under what circumstances it was rediscovered, why it was put among the documents of the archive of estate land and fiefdom property institutions, while the convolute origins from the archive of the financial office, and why it has not been attributed until now.

How to Manage Residual Impacts of Infrastructure Projects in Developing Countries

Infrastructure projects in developing countries are crucial to improve the interconnectivity and equality of national economic development. However, infrastructure projects may lead to social impacts. For example, land acquisition may cause involuntary resettlement that may impact the livelihoods of Project-Affected People (PAP).The land is a critical resource for infrastructure development and the government has established regulations to stipulate land acquisition mechanisms and mitigate the social impacts. However, in practice, social impacts on PAP are usually insufficiently mitigated. Based on applicable regulation, the cost for land acquisition must be calculated with fair compensation, considering both physical and economic losses. It is common that residual impacts remain as some aspects are not fully counted such as: post-land acquisition life management and sustainability of life for squatters without legal ownership assets and are usually left behind. On the other hand, investors have concern with this risk as it can affect investment value and project sustainability. Here, we propose thoughts of improvements for a better practice of land acquisition mechanism and Institutional arrangement with a case study in Indonesia. The proposed improvement is expected to achieve a win-win solution for Project Proponent and PAP by minimizing the economic losses and increasing the benefits shared between land users and the affected communities. This paper also highlights the importance of Stakeholders 'engagement on effective management of the residual impact of land for infrastructure development in Indonesia. In this case, Stakeholders include Regulators, Project Proponent, Financiers, Local Government, NGOs, and other relevant stakeholders).

Review of Wind Resistant Design for Tiled Roofs and Publication of New CFD Guidebook for Urban Wind Environment: Japan Country Report 2021

This paper introduces recent activities related to the structural and environmental engineering in Japan. Part 1 in this paper illustrates outline of recent research and standardization related to ensuring wind resistant performance of tiled roofs. We introduce the results of damage survey on tiled roofs caused by Typhoon Faxai in 2019, which was conducted by National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management and Building Research Institute in collaboration with clay roof tile industry organization. Then, the outline of the wind load calculation method stipulated in the Building Standards Law and the amended Notification for roof tiles is illustrated. In addition, “Guideline for Standard Structural Design/Construction for Tiled Roof” was revised in July 2021 as a supplement to the law. The outline of monotonous pull-up test and the standard specifications, both of which are newly added to the revised version of the Guideline, are also introduced. These activities are aimed to reduce structural vulnerability of tiled roofs, based on the lessons learned from the damage caused by the typhoon. In Part 2, we introduce activities to promote the appropriate use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in wind environment prediction. A working group within the Architectural Institute of Japan compiled a new CFD guidebook and guidelines for urban wind environment prediction, mainly aiming to include the application of large-eddy simulation to pedestrian-level wind problems or dispersion problems relating to concentration and temperature in cities. Reflecting the latest domestic and international research trends and the WG’s validation works, achievements of their activities were published as “Guidebook for CFD Predictions of Urban Wind Environment” (2020, in Japanese), papers in international journals, and an extended experimental database for verification and validation of analysis codes.

Research on the Law of China’s Rural Land Institutional Changes: An Analytical Framework of Economic Efficiency and Distributive Equity

Institutions affect economic development and social stability, and the characteristics of institutional change are a complex and widely discussed topic. This paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework to describe the relationship between institutional change, resource conditions, and overall social welfare, so as to explore the preconditions for the formation of institutions with greater equity and higher economic efficiency. On the basis of this analytical framework, we conduct a case study on China’s rural land institutional changes over the past 70 years to explore the law of institutional changes. We found that when resources are scarce, economic efficiency and distributive equity usually pose difficulty to being improved and present a substitution relationship, while only when resources are sufficient could they realise these goals. The findings indicate that for regions with meagre resources, the advantageous sectors need to be identified and prioritised at the beginning of the development so as to recognise the appropriate initial resource accumulation. A certain accumulation of resources is the prerequisite for creating institutions that could improve economic efficiency and offer equitable distribution.

What Informs the Choice of Free Seeds and Seedlings taken by Farmers while Adopting Agroforestry in Makueni County?

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to evaluate what informs the choice of free seeds and seedlings taken by farmers while adopting agroforestry in Makueni County.
 Methodology: This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study randomly selected 150 beneficiaries appearing in the list of 30,643 beneficiaries provided by Makueni County Long Rains Food Security Assessment Report (2013). This study used primary data which was collected through use of a questionnaire. After data had been collected through questionnaires, it was prepared in readiness for analysis by editing, handling blank responses, coding, categorizing and keying into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software for analysis.
 Findings: The study findings indicated that agroforestry is beneficial to farmers in several ways. They can access tree products such as fuel wood, herbs, fodder and vegetables among others within their farms rather than traveling to forests, making it cheaper and less time consuming. The time saved can be invested in productive activities and subsequently improve incomes and livelihoods. It is therefore important to underscore that agroforestry practices and scaling
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that the farmers were happy about the government initiative of distributing seeds. Free seed encourages planting of trees and woodlots by individual land users, institutions and community groups. Agroforestry can help in maintaining a viable system of green and open spaces for a functioning eco-system and work towards the achievement and maintenance of a tree cover of at least 10% of the land area of Kenya
 Recommendations: The study recommends for rigorous mobilization and sensitization of the community on need for active involvement in agroforestry. Agroforestry scaling can take advantage of the landscape restoration programs in Makueni County.

Temporary Waqf as a Study of Fiqh Muamalah (Juridical Thoughts and Possibility of Its Implementation)

Abstract: Based on data from the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI), Indonesia has a waqf potential of IDR 180 trillion per year. However, waqf in Indonesia has not been fully managed effectively, in many cases there are abandoned waqf objects that are not maintained. To reduce the abandonment of waqf assets, the discourse of waqf fiqh has developed with the discussion of temporary waqf. The question that arises is what is the opinion of the fiqh scholars about temporary waqf, especially the scholars of the four madzhabs; Shafi'i, Hanbali, Hanafi and Maliki? Then how is the possibility of implementing the temporary waqf? This research is a combination of normative and empirical, using a qualitative approach, by researching the law on temporary waqf, supported by empirical data. Primary data is obtained from field research, in the form of interviews with the Head of the Waqf and Land Institute of the Nahdlatul Ulama Regional Board of Yogyakarta Special Region. Secondary data is obtained from fiqh books, articles and regulations in Indonesia regarding temporary waqf. Shafi'iyah and Hanabilah scholars such as As-Shirāzi and Ibn Qudamah rejected the practice of temporary waqf. On the other hand, the Hanafiyah and Malikiyah allow temporary waqf. Nahdlatul Ulama officially recognises four schools of fiqh: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali, so there is a possibility that temporary waqf can be implemented by Nahdlatul Ulama because Hanafiyah and Malikiyah permit temporary waqf.