Land Degradation In Semi-arid Regions Research Articles

Enhancing Soil Conditions and Maize Yield Efficiency through Rational Conservation Tillage in Aeolian Semi-Arid Regions: A TOPSIS Analysis

Conservation tillage technology possesses substantial potential to enhance agricultural production efficiency and tackle issues such as wind erosion and land degradation in semi-arid regions. The integration of no-tillage and straw mulching technologies in the conventional aeolian semi-arid agricultural zones of western Liaoning, China, has led to notable improvements in crop yield and soil quality. However, a comprehensive assessment of the mechanisms and kinetics involved in soil nutrient variations is yet to be conducted. During a two-year study period, we assessed four tillage systems in the aeolian semi-arid regions of Northern China: no-tillage with full straw mulching (NTFS), no-tillage with half straw mulching (NTHS), no-tillage without straw mulching (NT), and conventional tillage (CT). The investigation focused on examining nutrient conditions, enhancing photosynthetic activity, and increasing maize yield while improving water use efficiency (WUE). Our findings emphasize the beneficial impact of combining no-tillage and straw mulching on enhancing soil water retention, resulting in a notable rise in soil moisture levels during the crucial growth phases of maize. This approach also positively influenced soil nutrient levels, particularly in the 0–20 cm layer, fostering an environment conducive to maize cultivation. In terms of ecological benefits, no-tillage with straw mulching curtailed soil sediment transport and wind erosion, notably at 30–40 cm heights, aiding in the ecological protection of the region. The yield and WUE were substantially higher under NTFS and NTHS than under CT, with NTHS demonstrating the most significant gains in yield (14.5% to 16.6%) and WUE (18.3% to 21.7%) throughout the study period. A TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) analysis confirmed NTHS as the optimal treatment, achieving the highest scores for soil water, nutrient availability, wind erosion control, maize photosynthesis, yield, and WUE, thus emerging as the most effective conservation tillage strategy for sustainable agriculture in aeolian semi-arid regions.

Estimating water erosion in the EL-Mador Valley Basin, South-West Matrouh City, Egypt, using revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model through GIS

Water erosion is among the largest and most crucial problems with soil loss and that is through land degradation in semi-arid regions and the North African areas are especially vulnerable to it. In addition, the EL-Mador Valley Basin is exposed to soil degradation due to climate and topographic properties as well as a human activity. In this scope, the aim of this study is to perform an evaluation of soil degradation hazards in the El-Mador Valley Basin by employing the equation RUSLE and the data of RS within a frame GIS. Furthermore, various raster layers have been designed to RUSLE parameters, such (R), (K), (LS), (C), and (P), and these inputs were merged into a GIS-based framework for measuring the degree of soil degradation. The results demonstrate the ranged values from 0 to > 2500 ton ha–1 year–1, with a geographical average of 54.80 ton ha–1 year–1. In addition, a soil erosion hazard map was created which was divided into five hazard categories: Low (56.56%), Moderate (13.88%), High (8.09%), Severe (8.82%), and Extreme (12.65%). Moreover, these results will be important to create mitigation strategies for regions where the soil loss is high, severe, and extreme, and also to assisting the local administration in setting priorities and basis for decision-makers to create suitable actions to decrease soil erosion hazards.

A New Method to Predict Gully Head Erosion in the Loess Plateau of China Based on SBAS-InSAR

Gully head erosion causes serious land degradation in semiarid regions. The existing studies on gully head erosion are mainly based on measuring the gully volume in small-scale catchments, which is a labor-intensive and time-consuming approach. Therefore, it is necessary to explore an accurate method quantitatively over large areas and long periods. The objective of this study was to develop a model to assess gully head erosion in the Loess Plateau of China using a method based on the SBAS-InSAR technique. The gully heads were extracted from the digital elevation model and validated by field investigation and aerial images. The surface deformation was estimated with SBAS-InSAR and 22 descending ALOS PALSAR datasets from 2007 to 2011. A gully head erosion model was developed; this model can incorporate terrain factors and soil types, as well as provides erosion rate predictions consistent with the SBAS-InSAR measurements (R2 = 0.889). The results show that gully head erosion significantly depends on the slope angle above the gully head, slope length, topographic wetness index, and catchment area. The relationship between these factors and the gully head erosion rate is a power function, and the average rate of gully head erosion is 7.5 m3/m2/year, indicating the high erosional vulnerability of the area. The accuracy of the model can be further improved by considering other factors, such as the stream power factor, curvature, and slope aspect. This study indicates that the erosion rate of gully heads is almost unaffected by soil type in the research area. An advantage of this model is that the gully head area and surface deformation can be easily extracted and measured from satellite images, which is effective for assessing gully head erosion at a large scale in combination with SBAS-InSAR results and terrain attributes.

Drought Variability and Land Degradation in Semiarid Regions: Assessment Using Remote Sensing Data and Drought Indices (1982–2011)

We analyzed potential land degradation processes in semiarid regions worldwide using long time series of remote sensing images and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the period 1981 to 2011. The objectives of the study were to identify semiarid regions showing a marked decrease in potential vegetation activity, indicative of the occurrence of land degradation processes, and to assess the possible influence of the observed drought trends quantified using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). We found that the NDVI values recorded during the period of maximum vegetation activity (NDVImax) predominantly showed a positive evolution in the majority of the semiarid regions assessed, but NDVImax was highly correlated with drought variability, and the trends of drought events influenced trends in NDVImax at the global scale. The semiarid regions that showed most increase in NDVImax (the Sahel, northern Australia, South Africa) were characterized by a clear positive trend in the SPEI values, indicative of conditions of greater humidity and lesser drought conditions. While changes in drought severity may be an important driver of NDVI trends and land degradation processes in semiarid regions worldwide, drought did not apparently explain some of the observed changes in NDVImax. This reflects the complexity of vegetation activity processes in the world’s semiarid regions, and the difficulty of defining a universal response to drought in these regions, where a number of factors (natural and anthropogenic) may also affect on land degradation.

Relações solo-vegetação em áreas sob processo de desertificação no município de Jataúba, PE

A degradação das terras na região semi-árida resulta de processos naturais, que podem ser induzidos ou catalisados pelo homem por meio do uso inadequado dos recursos naturais, produzindo a deterioração da cobertura vegetal, do solo e dos recursos hídricos. Visando relacionar os processos de degradação da vegetação e dos solos na zona do agreste de Pernambuco, foram caracterizados os solos e o recobrimento vegetal em doze parcelas representativas de ambientes conservados, moderadamente degradados e degradados, no município de Jataúba. Para caracterizar a vegetação, os indivíduos foram classificados em três estratos verticais ou classes de altura: 3- indivíduos com altura superior a 3,0 m (lenhosas altas), amostrados em toda a área da parcela (200 m²); 2- indivíduos com altura variando de 0,51 a 3,0 m, amostrados em subárea de 100 m² (lenhosas baixas); 1- indivíduos com altura igual ou inferior a 0,5 m, amostrados em 18 miniparcelas de 25 x 50 cm (estrato da regeneração). Os solos de cada parcela foram caracterizados morfologicamente e as amostras coletadas por horizonte para realização das análises físicas, químicas e mineralógicas. A vegetação no segundo estrato vertical apresentou significativa diminuição da densidade absoluta de acordo com a intensidade de degradação dos solos. As espécies com maiores densidades relativas foram: Neoglaziovia variegata (caroá) e Cordia leucocephala (moleque duro), no ambiente conservado; Bromelia laciniosa (macambira), Aspidosperma pyryfolium (pereiro) e Caesalpinia pyramidalis (catingueira), no ambiente moderadamente degradado, e C. pyramidalis e Sida galheirensis (malva branca), no ambiente degradado. As características dos Planossolos mais bem relacionadas com a vegetação preservada foram: os maiores conteúdos de cascalho nos horizontes superficiais, a maior espessura dos horizontes A + E e os teores mais elevados de CO. A ocorrência de encrostamento superficial e erosão e os elevados teores de Na trocável foram observados mais intensamente nos ambientes degradados, sendo mais severos onde a vegetação se encontrava mais esparsa.

Rainwater-Harvesting Agriculture and Water-Use Efficiency in Semi-Arid Regions in Gansu Province, China

In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, the efficient use of water becomes increasingly important because water is a crucial limiting factor for increased food and fibre production to supply an ever growing number of people. Rainwater harvesting agriculture (RHA) is a system that has the potential to deal with the water constraints that farmers in China's semi-arid regions face. RHA can supply limited irrigation at the key stages of crop development by using rainwater stored in containers such as tanks or cellars. A number of tests of RHA in selected experimental sites confirm its potential for significantly increasing agricultural productivity. In test plots, average yields of maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) increased by over 50%. This paper reviews the development and performance of RHA, based on studies of the usefulness of rainwater for agriculture, theory and practice of RHA, improvement of crop yields and water-use efficiency (WUE) and its potential role in alleviating or eliminating poverty and land degradation in semi-arid regions of Gansu province. One concept, namely harvested rainwater-use efficiency (HWUE) is put forward, and the relationship between WUE and HWUE is analysed using schematic relationships between grain yield and evapotranspiration (ET). The value of HWUE is greater than that of WUE when the compensatory harvested rainwater is supplied at critical stages for water requirements in rainfed croplands. This is the basis of RHA theory. RHA has identified a new technical system that is characterized by the combination of terracing, plastic-film cover, varieties, fertilization, water storage in cellars or tanks and micro-irrigation for increasing dryland-farming productivity. It is suggested that RHA has great potential for enhancing water availability, reducing water loss, producing more with the same amount of annual rainfall and increasing agricultural productivity in north-west China. There is no doubt that the implementation of RHA techniques will expand, and can help local farmers to solve the problem of water shortage and to achieve self-sufficiency in grain.

Rehabilitation of degraded lands by means of fallowing in a semi-arid area of northern Nigeria

Land degradation in semi-arid regions of Nigeria is a very serious problem and therefore rehabilitation of degraded lands is essential. This article reports the results of an investigation which was carried out to assess the extent to which fallowing rehabilitates degraded lands in a semi-arid area in northern Nigeria. An inferential approach was used which involved side-by-side comparison of plots located within an area of uniform climatic, geologic and geomorphic characteristics, but which have been under fallow for different periods of time (2, 5, 10 or 15 years). Using a systematic sampling procedure, topsoil and subsoil samples were collected from each of the fallow plots and also from a plot under a plant community of well over 80 years of age which was chosen to serve as the control (fairly natural vegetation). The extent to which the land of each fallow plot had been rehabilitated could be assessed by comparison with the condition of the control plot. The samples were analysed for texture, bulk density, water-stable aggregates greater than 0.50 mm, moisture content, organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable bases. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to test for significant differences amongst the fallow plots, while Student's t-test was used to compare the mean values of the soil properties of the control with the same properties under each of the fallow plots. The results obtained varied considerably, but in general it was observed that there were decreases in the coarsening of soil texture and bulk density, but increases in other soil properties with increases in the length of the fallow period. However, the changes were generally found to be more significant under the older fallows (10 and 15 years) than under the newer fallows (2 and 5 years). The causes of these trends and their implication for sustainable land development in the area are discussed. It is concluded that for land rehabilitation to be effective in this area, either fallow times must be quite long, or ways of improving the soil's recuperative capacities under short-term fallow should be sought.