Street Lamps Research Articles

Campus smart street lamps using internet of things technology

Campus smart street lamps using internet of things technology

Картографирование антропогенных нарушений на территории природного заказника «Воробьевы горы» (г. Москва)

Specially protected natural areas in urban area are significant elements of green infrastructure, since they not only serve as a buffer zone or biodiversity conservation hotspot but also provide a large number of ecosystem services (mainly regulating, supporting, and cultural). At the same time, natural geosystems of protected areas in urbanized territories experience a complex negative anthropogenic impact: chemical and physical pollution, reduction of unsealed territories, violation of the landscape aesthetic, etc. “Vorobyovy Gory” nature reserve in Moscow on the picturesque slopes of the Moscow River valley has a unique biodiversity for a large city (more than 35 species of herbaceous plants and the same number of bird species living in the specially protected natural area are listed in the Red Book of Moscow), as well as a rich historical and cultural heritage. However, nowadays the nature reserve is under great anthropogenic pressure associated, among other things (such as air pollution, surface runoff, etc.), with changes in the land-use structure (construction of a new sports complex, installation of additional lighting poles, laying of new roads), installation of artificial landscape lighting systems, etc. All this leads to adverse changes in “Vorobyovy Gory” nature reserve ecosystems, which can lead to the loss of its conservation functions. The analysis of land-use dynamics on intensively transformed areas of the nature reserve was presented, endangered species of plants and animals were identified in this work. Maps of anthropogenic objects and detected ecosystem disturbances in the “Vorobyovy Gory” nature reserve (including the area affected by landscape lighting) were made.

A Novel Architecture for the Smart Pedestrian Crossing in Cities Using IoT‐Based Approach

Pedestrian crossings have also been highlighted as one of the most dangerous locations in the transportation field. Because people and vehicles share the road, a crosswalk improves the road’s efficiency in a densely populated region. However, as the population grows, more accidents and serious injuries occur, and as a result, nationalities are attempting to reduce these incidents through marketing and legal fines. Various architectures and developmental models have been proposed by authors focusing on the safeguarding of pedestrians crossing the intersections and vehicles passing by. Few proposed machine learning and deep learning‐based solutions to the pedestrian lanes; others provided an Internet of Things‐ (IoT‐) based solution to the situation. Various challenges are left unresolved, such as evidence recording, image capturing, and recognition in case of an emergency. In the proposed scenario, an IoT‐based technology is utilized to assist the vehicles passing by to act over the signals depicted as a red light focusing on a real‐time architecture. The proposed system will be mounted along the roadside at the traffic light pole. The system comprises various refined quality components, such as a gesture control module, High Definition camera module, etc. Based on the decision drawn from the gesture module, a specific signal will be displayed with the help of a traffic light to assist the vehicles passing by to safeguard the people crossing the proposed smart pedestrian crossing.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ КОНСТРУКТИВНИХ ТА ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИХ ВИМОГ ДО ПІДЙОМНИКА ДЛЯ ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ ОПОР ВУЛИЧНОГО ОСВІТЛЕННЯ

The article is an overview, and the presented information is of an overview nature and is dedicated to the justification of the choice of component parts of the selected structure of mechanized lifts for servicing street lighting poles. The purpose is to consider the shortcomings of the chosen analogue and to justify the components of the chosen design of the wheel lift, namely each individual part of it, which should ensure operation on street lighting poles with poles of different cross-sections. The main structural and operational requirements for the component parts of the selected lift structure were determined, namely: the lift components must be reliable, quickly reconfigurable in the field and without the use of special tools; the fastening of the wheels to the frame must be reliable and durable enough to withstand a heavy load; wheels must withstand large tangential loads, have good grip on the surface supports; brakes must meet certain requirements; the manipulator must be so reliable that it is possible to lift not only tools and equipment, but also a person, be compact and have enough controlled degrees of movement to easily fold down to the smallest possible dimensions; weight and size characteristics should allow its transportation in cargo or cargo-passenger vehicles of category "B" and above, as well as on trailers (semi-trailers) to them. Deficiencies of the existing design are identified and changes to the design details are proposed. Special attention is paid to brakes. Among the existing brakes are: disc brakes, drum brakes, foot brakes, regenerative brakes and electronic brakes. Disk ones were chosen. Types of brakes are arranged in order of efficiency types of electric scooter brakes. Therefore, taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of each type of b rake, disc brakes were chosen. The wheels themselves must be selected according to the following parameters: they must withstand a large tangential load, tires and the pressure in them must be selected so that there is good engagement with the support, a diameter of 11 inches.

가로등 현수기 광고디자인 유형의 시지각 요소에 대한 연구

Busan, which is going all out to host and bid MEGA events, conferences, and exhibitions to grow into a global MICE city, should use street lamp banners as an advertising medium to express the identity of MICE city Busan. Currently, advertisements for street lamp banners in Busan only provide information on the overview of each cultural event. The identity of the MICE city of Busan should be captured in the street lamp banner ad to find a way for the city and humans to communicate emotionally. In this study, 137 street lamp banner ads were selected as samples, classified into a total of 9 types by place and type, and then the sample was analyzed by color, size, and position. Among the M.I.C.E types, the proportion of 'Convention' (22.6%) types was the highest, but 67.8% of street lamp banner ads were not included in the M.I.C.E type. The background and title color of street lamp banner advertisements were highly colored, and advertisements title accounting for half of page were found to be 8%. 12% of cases were installed in difficult to see, such as overlapping traffic signs, and 13% of advertisements were exposed considering the direction of drivers and pedestrians.

Experimental investigation of surface pressures, velocities, and dynamic structural analysis of tornadic winds on a luminary pole

Several engineering and media reports have demonstrated that luminary and lighting poles are susceptible to tornadic wind actions. This paper provides the first dynamic structural analysis of a 1:50 geometrically scaled model of a generic luminary pole of a circular cross-section tested under transient wind loads caused by translating tornado-like vortices (TLVs). The physical experiments were performed in the WindEEE Dome tornado simulator at Western University (Canada). The tornadic wind actions on the pole are also compared against the reference atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind gust with the mean recurrent period of 50 years. Three different positions of the luminary pole in respect to the TLV path were considered: (1) TLV center passing over the pole; (2) TLV core radius passing over the pole; and (3) an intermediate case in which the pole was positioned between the TLV center and the core radius. In all cases two circular cylinders of different diameters were used to simulate two different cross-sections of an actual luminary pole. Our study demonstrates that luminary poles are more susceptible to tornadic wind actions compared to ABL winds. The tip displacements of the pole were larger in the TLVs and the direction and magnitude of the displacements were dependent on the relative positions of the TLVs and the luminary pole. The highest wind forces were observed in the regions characterized by strong tangential wind speeds. The entire luminary pole was subjected to negative pressure coefficients during the TLV passage. However, our structural analysis showed that the pole always stayed in the elastic region of deformation and there was no permanent bending or collapse of the structure.

Improving Lighting Efficiency for Traffic Road Networks: A Reputation Mechanism Based Approach

An urban smart lighting architecture allowing municipalities to manage and control public street lighting lamps is here considered. The system is capable to autonomously modulate the street lamps’ brightness in specific areas or segments of the urban roads of interest to reduce the energy consumption at the minimum allowed by regulations. To this end, a hybrid traffic model is proposed in this article to estimate in each segment of the roads the number of vehicles on which basis the lamps’ brightness minimization is accomplished. The traffic model represents a digital twin of the smart architecture that acts by orchestrating local dimmers, traffic lights, video cameras, and acoustic sensors. A bank of robust switching observers is used to estimate and classify the traffic in all segments. One agent at a time is selected from the bank and put in order. The agent selection is based on a distributed reputation mechanism recently developed for a class of networked systems. As one of its main merits, this methodology is capable to reveal those sensors that have the highest informative contents (Quality of Service) on the basis of their reputation (trust) shared among the agents. Finally, the proposed approach has been evaluated by considering a highly structured road network and, as one of its main results, the simulations show energy savings up to 70% with respect to the traditional street lamps management.

Analyzing the Effects of Urban Photopollution on Photosynthetic Efficiency of Certain Trees through Chlorophyll Fluorescence OJIP Transient

Trees in urban areas provide important ecosystem services and are an essential element of urban green space. The constant increase in artificial light from anthropogenic activities around the world creates photopollution that affects the phenology and physiology of plants. Here we conducted a field study to investigate the anthropogenic impacts on six urban trees (Saraca asoca, Terminalia catappa, Bauhinia variegata, Holoptelea integrifolia, Ficus benjamina and Thevetia peruviana) using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. OJIP curve, maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (ΦPo), quantum yield of electron transport (ΦEo), probability that an absorbed photon will be dissipated (ΦDo), photosynthetic performance index (PIcsm) and reaction center photochemistry were assessed. According to the results, various parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence showed significant and important effects on different tree species. T. peruviana and F. benjamina were found to be tolerant to street lighting, while on the other hand, S. asoca, T. catappa, B. variegata and H. integrifolia were found to be sensitive to artificial light induced by street lamps. This study clearly indicates that chlorophyll fluorescence analysis is a potent method for screening the tolerance of tree species to photopollution induced by artificial lights.

Investigation of Seismic Responses of Single- and Bi-Directional Traffic Light Poles

Investigation of Seismic Responses of Single- and Bi-Directional Traffic Light Poles

Implementasi Plts 50 Wp Untuk Penerangan Jalan Di Kelurahan Manggar Kota Balikpapan

Street lamp lighting (SLL) is a complementary element of the street that serves to illuminate the environment around the street, so that road users will feel safe and comfortable. Based on the PkM team survey, RT 100 Manggar Village does not yet have a SLL. Therefore, the PkM team has designed 1 unit of Solar Power Plant (PLTS) with a capacity of 50 wp in the RT with 5 point DC lamp loads on the main road and 1 point placed in a resident's house, as well as placing the panel boxes. The main components of PLTS 50 wp include 50 wp solar panels, 35 ampere controllers, 35 Ah VRLA batteries, fiber cables, 3 watt DC lights, and fittings. The results of the battery endurance test after the solar panel is charged for 5 hours (when the sun is hot), the PLTS is able to turn on 6 light points (3 watts) for 46 hours. This proves that the PLTS is very efficient and suitable to be implemented as a source of PJU electrical energy in Manggar Village, Balikpapan City

SCADA System: Control and Automation of Lighting System of Urban and Inter-Urban Roads

Denetim kontrolü ve veri toplama (SCADA) sistemleri, petrol ve su dağıtım otomasyonu, enerji otomasyonu ve su arıtma sistemi otomasyonu gibi çeşitli alanlarında kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, şehir içi ve şehirlerarası yolların aydınlatma sisteminin izlenmesi ve kontrolü için Visual Studio C#.NET ortamında geliştirilen bir SCADA sistemi yazılımı tasarlanmıştır. Tasarlanan SCADA yazılımında, şehir içi ve şehirlerarası yolların aydınlatma sistemindeki tüm olayların izlenmesi ve kontrolü, animasyonlar ve renkli grafikler ile ifade edilerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu olaylar, sahada bulunan ışık şiddetini ölçen, arızaları tespit eden algılayıcılar ile aydınlatma direkleri ekipmanlarının nasıl çalıştığını ve bağlantı yapılarını içermektedir. Ayrıca tasarlanan SCADA yazılımı şehir içi ve şehirlerarası yolların aydınlatma sisteminin günlük verilerini, alarm yönetimini, güvenlik yönetimini, veri arşivini ve raporlama işlemlerini de kapsamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Irak-Kerkük şehrinde yapılan uygulama ile tasarlanan SCADA sistemi yazılımının şehir içi ve şehirlerarası yolların aydınlatma sistemi kontrolünde eş zamanlı, hatasız ve verimli bir şekilde çalıştığı kanıtlanmıştır.

EFFICIENT SPARSE STREET FURNITURE EXTRACTION FROM MOBILE LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS

Abstract. Current mobile systems are capable of efficiently acquiring dense urban point clouds. Still, operational use of such data is hampered by the lack of efficient object extraction methodology. Notably methodology is lacking for automatically extracting objects that do not belong to the road furniture like street signs and light poles but do belong to the street furniture. As an example, object we consider public garbage bins, that are installed and should be maintained in public areas in every city. However, information about types, locations, and condition of these public garbage bins are rarely updated and only obtained through manual measurements. Therefore, an efficient way of collecting information on such public objects is of interest not only for urban management but also when developing digital twins of a city. This study proposes a new method to automatically extract public garbage bins from large urban mobile laser scanning (MLS) point clouds. The proposed method consists of three main steps: (1) cell-, (2) sub-cell-, and (3) surface-based filtering, in which both spatial information of the point clouds and contextual knowledge of the public garbage bins are incorporated to efficiently remove irrelevant 3D points at an early phase and identify and classify different types of public garbage bins. Contextual knowledge includes shape and dimensions, and the relationship between the public garbage bins and the ground surface. A MLS dataset of the city centre of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, consisting of 2.84 billion points organised in 166 tiles of 50 × 75m, and covering an area of about 750 × 750m was used to test the proposed method. Results show that the method can automatically extract ~90 public garbage bins with an overall detection rate of 89.1%. Moreover, the executing time for the entire dataset was only about 163.6 minutes, which is equivalent to 3.46 seconds per one million points. Although the method was tested here one public garbage bins, it can be easily tuned for the detection of other street furniture objects, like benches, post boxes or bollards.

Deconstruction of Urban Public Space Art Design Using Intelligent Sensor and Information Fusion

The main purpose of smart city is to improve the quality of life, improve the efficiency of life, and save the energy resources of life, which is in line with the current global concept of low-carbon environmental protection, energy saving and emission reduction, and ecological sustainable development. Under the process of smart city, the development of urban public space is also committed to meeting the material and spiritual needs of residents’ lives. For the system hardware design, the street lamp node, and the concentrator node hardware design, the sensing node is composed of multiple sensors. Its main components are temperature sensor, infrared sensor, sound sensor, and light intensity sensor, which, respectively, realize the collection of temperature, infrared, sound, and light intensity information. The street light sensing system uses multisensor information fusion technology to detect the situation of people and vehicles in real time, so that people and vehicles can turn on the street lights and turn off the street lights of unmanned vehicles. Adjust the street light switch according to the intelligent analysis of the lighting demand scene in order to enhance the accuracy of the system to identify the lighting demand scene. This enables the system to provide safe lighting conditions for urban traffic while saving the power consumption of urban lighting. The sensor system of the street light randomly selects the detection results of temperature and humidity within a certain period of time. The error rate of the final test result is 1/2 of that of the traditional test, and the accuracy is far lower than that of the traditional measurement method. Regarding the lighting system of street lamps and public art in urban public spaces, it is worthy of extensive promotion to control street lamp lighting through sensor information fusion technology and reduce energy consumption.

Driver's visual luminance model considering the reflection characteristics of a tunnel’s inner wall: Theory and practice I

A driver's visual luminance value under one-time stopping sight distance is the basic value for highway tunnel lighting design and quality evaluation. Currently, the driver's visual luminance value is obtained using the pavement reflection coefficient method with or without considering the diffuse reflection coefficient of the sidewall. This does not fully consider the influence of the reflection characteristics of the tunnel’s sidewall and pavement materials, potentially resulting in a large discrepancy between the measured and theoretically calculated values of driver’s visual luminance, which significantly affects the lighting design and quality evaluation of highway tunnels. Therefore, this study first establishes a driver's visual luminance theoretical model considering the reflection characteristics of the tunnel sidewall and pavement and uses the five-parameter model to fit the measured eigenvalues of the tunnel sidewall and pavement reflection to obtain a bidirectional reflectance distribution function. Theoretical calculation and actual measurement verification are performed using a 1:10 tunnel simulation model. Finally, the theoretically calculated value of visual luminance and the calculated values of the JTG and IESNA specifications are compared with the measured data of the tunnel simulation model. The results show that the mean error between the theoretically calculated value of visual luminance and the measured data remains at 6.0%, which is significantly lower than the corresponding errors in the JTG and IESNA specifications. After calculation, when a high diffuse reflection coating is applied to the sidewall of the tunnel, the driver's visual luminance can be increased by 16.8% on average.

How light pollution can affect spring development of urban trees and shrubs

While artificial light at night (ALAN) is gaining more attention in view of its proven negative effect on animals, including humans, it remains a little-known matter when it comes to plants. Street lamps emit light that can be perceived by plants, and therefore disturb their natural photoperiod. In the present work we examine two different light treatments considered as low intensity (L-LP) and medium intensity (M-LP) light pollution (1 μmol·m−2·s−1 and 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 during the night, respectively) both comparable to different street lamps parameters (based on own field measurements). We have studied the influence of those LP treatments on the spring phenology and physiology of 4 tree species and 4 shrub species. The experiment involved species commonly used in European urban areas: Tilia tomentosa, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Acer campestre, Cornus alba, Lonicera pileata, Kerria japonica and Spiraea ×cinerea. All the investigated species were influenced by ALAN and developed buds faster than the control group. However, the changes were visible at different stages of bud development depending on species. The light pollution treatments resulted in a reduction of soluble sugars, measured in apical twigs of T. tomentosa, S. ×cinerea, K. japonica and A. campestre. In contrast, the soluble sugar content increased in branches of light-polluted L. pileata and C. alba when compared to the control group. These results prove, that light pollution affects the spring phenology and physiology of deciduous species. Long-term consequences of such reactions require more detailed studies.

Effect of Supporting Base System on the Flexural Behavior and Toughness of the Lighting GFRP Poles

Due to the high risk of common traffic electric poles, the use of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) material in electric poles has become essential due to its excellent advantages such as high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and electrical insulation, which keeps people safe. To reduce the accidental effect of street lighting poles on humans, the generated energy during the collision must be absorbed. Experimental and numerical investigations were carried out to identify the efficiency of tapered GFRP electric poles with handle doors using steel sleeve bases until the occurrence of failure. Six full-scale cantilever bending tests were performed to investigate the strength and ductility of the GFRP pole. Moreover, finite element (FE) models were developed using Abaqus software and verified against tests to provide alternative tools instead of lab experiments. An extensive parametric study was carried out to predict the effect of the GFRP pole wall thickness, base plate geometric (length, diameter, and wall thickness), electric cable hole diameter, material properties, and base sleeve geometric (length and wall thickness) on the toughness of the GFRP pole. Based on the results of the load–displacement (P–Δ) curves, the flexibility of the GFRP poles was directly proportional to their length and the local buckling failure often occurred at the handle door. Strengthening the zone of the handle door using a steel ring was investigated to prevent the local buckling failure at this part. However, the wall thickness of the GFRP pole, base sleeve height, base plate dimensions, and base plate material properties were the most effective parameters to enhance accidental energy absorption through large deformation kinematics. The base sleeve thickness had a slight direct effect on the ductility and toughness of the GFRP pole.

Modeling IoT Smart Home Network

The purpose of the article is to present the process of modeling the IoT smart home (SH) network, which combines both user needs and efficiency requirements. The use of Alibaba cloud platform, which reduces complexity and development time, reduces costs, was justified in the project of building the IoT SH network. The structure of this platform is given, its main components are considered and an algorithm for its configuration is given. MQTT is used as an access protocol in the IoT SH network to achieve fast and reliable data transmission. Open source code, reliability, simplicity and other characteristics justify the choice of this data transfer protocol. Modeling of the network IoT SH is based on the knowledge gained in the process of practical implementation. First, the online problems of the system are tested, after the system is able to work after modification and debugging of programs, a street lamp is used as an example to create an instance of an IoT SH network on a cloud platform. The process of creating an example of an IoT SH network is described in detail in steps, in which data from a street lamp is transmitted to a cloud platform, processed there, and then displayed on a mobile device. A mobile phone was used to implement two-way interaction, simulate the sensor of the IoT SH network and display the results. The algorithms for configuring the platform, modeling the sensor and creating an object model of the device of the IoT SH network are given. For some modern control systems, this system is compatible and suitable for a larger number of cases, which contributes to the development of intelligent control in the IoT network.

IoT BASED AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL AND FAULT DETECTION

The IoT (Internet of Things) is a booming technology that mainly concentrates on the interconnection of devices or components to one another and the people. As the time being, many of these connections are changing as Device to Device from Human to Device. Finding the faulty street light automatically is become a vital milestone by using this technology. The primary goal of the paper is to provide control and identification of the damaged street light automatically. Street light fault detector system informs to the concerned area electricity board substation when the street light is not functioning. Because of no proper street light, most of the thefts and accidents are happening. To avoid that sensors can be included in the light pole which sends the signal to the substation if the light is not functioning properly. Sensor sends the information like Area, Street, and Pole ID Number to the electricity substation. Lineman can easily identify the location from the substation and necessary measures can be taken immediately. Sensors added to identify whether the problem is with the solar light panel/ bulb or any difficulty in electricity distribution system. This approach helps for the lineman to work and fix it.

Discussion on the Technology of Reactive Power Compensation of Municipal Street Lamps

Discussion on the Technology of Reactive Power Compensation of Municipal Street Lamps

Required jacking force for deviation rectification of inclined structures supported with rigid piles

Light poles or transmission towers may become tilted over the design life, which needs rectifying considering safety and continued use. The jacking pushing method is an efficient way to rectify deviations of these inclined structures supported with rigid piles, but there is a lack of relevant engineering standards and research in this aspect. In this study, a numerical method using FLAC3Dis proposed to estimate the required jacking force at the pile top to plumb inclined piles in cohesive soils. Good agreements between the results obtained from the present numerical models and those taken from published experimental and numerical results suggest the reliability of the conclusion. Besides, elaborate parameter analyses including pile geometry, soil properties, and properties of the soil-pile interface are conducted to investigate their influences on the required jacking force. The results can contribute to a safer and more cost-efficient design for rectifying deviations of rigid inclined piles, especially in terms of the required jacking force.