Lake Project Research Articles

THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION IN THE URBAN FRINGE: A TEN‐YEAR COMPARISON1

ABSTRACT This paper examines the social impact of reservoir construction on a rural community group located in the urban fringe of a major metropolitan area in central Ohio. The study data were collected at three intervals over a ten‐year period (1970, 1974, 1980). Evaluation of resident opinions in the affected community revealed significant attitude differences over time for four of the five variables measured. The findings revealed that the study group desired more social stability but had accommodated the changes experienced to date. Responses to the attitude scales showed that the people in the study group were well integrated and were closely identified with each other at all three test periods. Attitudes toward the lake project were significantly more positive over time, and in 1980 the collective community group held a basically neutral attitude about the lake. The development agency was also perceived more positively over time.

Frost sensitivity of core materials: Case histories

Waterloo Lake, White Lake, and Charlot River Power Projects are situated some 60 km west of Uranium City, Saskatchewan, on the north shore of Lake Athabasca.Waterloo Lake Dam is a simple zoned earth–rockfill structure with a wide central impervious core of silt. Since the first winter, frost penetration of the silt core has caused gradual deterioration of the dam. Pronounced longitudinal cracking and silt outflows have been evident along almost the entire length of the crest.Based on the experience gained from Waterloo Lake Dam and other northern projects the designs of the White Lake Dam and the Charlot River Dam incorporated safeguards against frost heave cracking of the core.This paper presents details of both in situ and laboratory test programs and the subsequent construction of the White Lake and Charlot River Dams. Keywords: bentonite, core material, frost, northern dam construction, plastic membrane.

Disney's Independence Lake Project: A Case Study of California's Environmental Review Process

Disney's Independence Lake Project: A Case Study of California's Environmental Review Process

LOCAL ATTITUDES TOWARD ALTERNATIVE USES OF A RESERVOIR PROJECT1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of attitudes toward alternative uses which could have been made of public resources employed to construct a multipurpose reservoir. A sample of 303 adult residents of a rural community impacted by lake construction was asked to evaluate several alternative development options which could have been implemented in lieu of the lake project. The alternative options evaluated were: rural industrialization, keeping land in agriculture and forests, improving public services, building a state or national park, drilling water wells for urban water supply, aid to small business, helping poor people, building several smaller impoundments, and private recreation development. The findings revealed the local people preferred the lake project to every option except keeping the land in agriculture and forest. Even this option was not strongly supported when compared with the lake project. Socio‐demographic, attitude, and cost assessment factors were investigated using a “vested interest” perspective for hypotheses development. These findings demonstrated that costs and benefits were relatively good predictors of attitudes toward alternative development options and were supportive of the theoretical perspective advanced in this paper.

Geology of Gulf Canada's Pelican Oil Sands Pilot Project, Alberta, Canada: ABSTRACT

Gulf Canada Resources Inc. is operating an experimental oil sands pilot project (Pelican Lake Project) in the Wabasca deposit in northeastern Alberta intended to recover bitumen by steam stimulation followed by combustion. The geology of the pilot site is actively being studied through an extensive logging and coring program aimed at defining the detailed vertical and lateral variability of the Wabiskaw A sand reservoir, particularly with a view to defining such parameters as porosity, permeability, oil saturation, and isopach, net pay, and structure. The Wabiskaw A sand at the pilot site is a thin (averaging about 5 m), glauconitic, coarsening-upward sheet sand interpreted as part of an offshore (shelf) bar system. The major part of the sand body at the pilot site consists of a northeast-southwest-trending bar. This grades into an interbar facies at the southeast corner where the sand thickness and net pay decrease and the clay content of the reservoir increases. Structures due to burrowing (predominantly Asterosoma) are common throughout the Wabiskaw A, giving the sand a dirty appearance. However, bioturbation did not completely homogenize the sand and mud, and much of the clay fraction remains as pods. Thus, the effective porosity and permeability of most of the reservoir remain high (average 28% and 800 md, respectively). These characteristics, combined with a relatively low-viscosity oil in place, make the Wabiskaw A sand an attractive target for an enhanced-recovery tar sands pilot project. End_of_Article - Last_Page 629------------

A Preliminary Numerical Simulation Study of In-situ Combustion In a Cold Lake Oil Sands Reservoir

Introduction The thermal models of the Computer Modelling Group were used in a preliminary study of the behaviour of in-situ combustion fallowing steam stimulation in a Cold Lake oil sand reservoir. The study was performed in order to enhance operations of the BP/Partners Marguerite Lake Phase A Project. Chemical reaction parameters for the simulations were obtained by matching laboratory combustion tube experiments. History matching of field steam stimulation data was not performed in this study but rather temperature and fluid saturation distributions following steam stimulation were estimated using analytical techniques. One- and two-dimensional, cross-sectional simulations were carried out to study the effects of the amount of initial reservoir preheating and the vertical reservoir permeability distribution on ignition and maintenance of combustion. Both dry and wet forward combustion runs were performed. It was found that the size of the cold zone between wells following steam stimulation has a significant effect on the performance of combustion drive, as does the existence of a high-permeability zone in the reservoir. Expected oil production" rates, air-oil ratios. etc., are presented for this process. Introduction BP Exploration Canada Limited is currently operating a pilot project in the Cold Lake oil sands to investigate the recovery of bitumen using a sequential steam-stimulation and in-situ combustion drive process. The Marguerite Lake Project, Phase A, is located as shown in Figure 1. The project is funded by BP Exploration Canada Limited and its partners: the Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority (AOSTRA), Hudson"s Bay Oil and Gas Company Limited and Pan Canadian Petroleum Limited. In-situ combustion experiments began at the Phase A site in November 1979 following sixteen months of steam stimulation operations. (In this project, it was necessary to fracture the formation in order to obtain adequate injectivity.) A number of one- and two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to investigate ignition and maintenance of combustion in the reservoir following steam stimulation. It was also desired to obtain estimates of air injectivities, combustion temperatures, production rates, oil recoveries and heat breakthrough times at the producing wells. Steam stimulation data from the Phase A project have not been history matched and many of the required input parameters for the model have been estimated rather than measured. For these reasons, the results of the study should be considered as qualitative only. Model Input Data Appendix A contains a listing of some of the physical property data input to the model. Much of the data were obtained from an earlier study conducted by Finbow and Koop (Ref. 1), Laboratory combustion tube data were history matched using CMG"s one-dimensional in-situ combustion tube simulator COMB, described in Reference 2. One dry and one wet forward combustion tube experiment were matched. Figure 2 shows an example of temperature profile matching at a time close to the end of the wet combustion tube run. The history-matching parameters employed for the combustion tube experiment simulations were the kinetic parameters of cracking and high-temperature burning reactions and the phase equilibrium constants.

Modeling Reservoir System With Pumped Storage

The Richard B. Russell Dam and Lake Project is presently under construction and is being placed in tandem between Hartwell and Clark Hill, two existing multipurpose hydropower plants on the Savannah River. System operational simulations were performed in support of a feasibility study for the installation of pump turbines at Russell, using a version of the Corps of Engineers HEC-5C computer program modified for system power and pumped storage. Information developed from the simulations include system hydropower production, pumping energy requirements, daily reservoir pool fluctuations, and reservoir elevation statistics. This information was useful in judging the effects of the addition of pumped storage on system hydropower production and reservoir recreation useability, as well as in ascertaining efficient system operational methods.

Report on improvements in drilling and blasting practices IOC's Carol lake project

Report on improvements in drilling and blasting practices IOC's Carol lake project

A Study of the Reuse of Reused Water

ABSTRACTLubbock is located in the center of the semiarid High Plains of Texas. Due to a shortage of adequate water‐based recreational facilities in the region, the City Planning Department developed a scheme for converting an eight‐mile intracity canyon into a linear park containing a series of small recreational lakes. Funds amounting to over 11 million dollars were committed to the project by a local bond issue and various governmental organizations.The proposed lake makeup water is unique. Never before has a serious attempt been made to develop recreational lakes utilizing urban runoff and twice‐used reclaimed municipal waste water as the sole source of supply. The majority of the makeup water will be obtained from wells on a farm which has received the major portion of Lubbock's secondary treated sewage since 1938 and used it for irrigation purposes.In order to ascertain the suitability of utilizing this reclaimed sewage effluent for recreational purposes, the Texas Tech University Water Resources Center with the aid of an OWRT grant constructed a model system designed to simulate the lake project. Research performed to date includes algal growth potential studies, water quality analyses, bacteriological assays, viral assays, and fish life studies.

Tidal Energy Integration Using Pumped Storage

This paper shows how the value of tidal energy is enhanced when it is integrated into an electrical system using a pumped-storage scheme. An optimum operations policy for the combined tidal and pumped-storage schemes has been determined by a dynamic programming method. This objective has been demonstrated for a tidal energy scheme in the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, and a pumped-storage scheme on the St. John River, Maine — known as the Dickey-Lincoln School Lakes Project. It was assumed that the energy produced by both stations would be sold in a joint Maritime Provinces/New England electricity supply system. The paper concludes that optimally integrating the tidal energy in the way described leads to an increase in the value of the tidal energy to the system of 9% in an average water year.

Delaware River Basin Water Resources Management

The Comprehensive Plan (CP) for multipurpose development and management of water resources in the Delaware River Basin, under the first Federal-Interstate compact, is explained. The CP is a codification of administrative laws adopted by the Delaware River Basin Commission, and serves as a general guide for planning, devlopment, and operation of water-related projects and facilities, both public and private, for water supply, water quality control, flood control, hydroelectric power generation, and recreation. The CP serves also as a regulatory document to prohibit developments that do not conform to the adopted plan. The CP grows in scope almost monthly as the Commission adds new projects, policies, criteria, and standards. The CP, together with the basic statutory law, the Delaware River Basin Compact, provide the legal basis for regulatory control of water resources in the four-state, 13,000 sq-mile region. The CP includes the controversial Tocks Island Lake project, a multipurpose impoundment sited on a 37-mile reach of the Delaware River just downstream of the New York—New Jersey State boundary, which has been halted by opposition from environmental groups.

Systems analysis in the Marion Lake IBP Project.

Modelling work in the Marion Lake Project has led to a number of simulation models that trace the fate of primary production through consumer components of the lake ecosystem. Two of these models illustrate extremes in realism and generality: a simple compartment-flow system, and a detailed population model that represents density and individual growth of 24 major animal species. Both models are adequate to describe normal seasonal changes in the variables that they represent, but the simple model may give better predictions about response of the system to disturbance. Modelling efforts would have been much more successful if they had been initiated at the start of the project rather than after much field data had already been collected.

Salt Lake projects step nearer with electric power decision

Salt Lake projects step nearer with electric power decision

The Moses Lake Project — A Pilot Study in Physical Education for the Sub-Fit Child

The Moses Lake Project — <i>A Pilot Study in Physical Education for the Sub-Fit Child</i>

Results of Gas Injection in the Cedar Lake Field

Abstract The various factors considered in recommending the initiation of a gas injection project in the southern portion of the Cedar Lake Field are discussed. Performance history under gas injection operations is reviewed and these data are analyzed, utilizing both the material balance method and the fractional flow and frontal advance expressions. Results of the analysis of the performance data indicate that the injected gas has contacted and affected at least 60 per cent of the reservoir and a substantial increase in ultimate recovery can reasonably be expected. By holding the reservoir pressure appreciably above the bubble point, the well productive capacities have been maintained substantially above the level predicted for primary operations. The analysis of the Cedar Lake project suggests that in certain limestone reservoirs, at least, the probable success of gas injection cannot be predicted simply from observation of permeability distribution throughout the pay section, as indicated by core analysis data, on either one or a number of wells. Further, the performance of this particular project fails to indicate any basis for classifying carbonate reservoirs in general as being inherently unsuited to a dispersed type gas injection program, thus indicating that each reservoir should be considered on its own merits, regardless of the composition of the reservoir rock. Introduction Early in the life of the Cedar Lake Field, an extensive data gathering program was initiated to provide an accurate record of reservoir performance characteristics. From the study of these data it was apparent that there was a critical need for supplementing the natural reservoir energy in order to maintain well productivities and obtain the maximum ultimate oil recovery. Accordingly, detailed engineering studies were made of the various methods of secondary recovery which might be applicable. As a result of these investigations, the decision was made to initiate a gas injection program of sufficient intensity to maintain reservoir pressure at approximately 600 psia, or some 274 lb above the bubble point pressure of 326 psia.