Lake Geriyo Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF MACROINVERTEBRATES OF LAKE GERIYO, YOLA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Macro-invertebrates composition of Lake Geriyo, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria were investigated from January to December, 2019. Macro-invertebrates samples were collected from three different sites using Van Veen Grab method. Three phyla of macro-invertebrates were encountered in the Lake. They were Arthropoda represented by nineteen genera such as Ameletus, Callibaetic, Baetis (Ephemeroptera); Diura, Ostrocera and Leuctra (Plecoptera); Hydrobius, Agabetes and Stelelmis (Coeloptera); Macrostermum, Hydroptica and Setodes (Trichoptera); Chaobrus, Simulium, Chelifera, Odontomesa and Chironomus (Diptera); Ischnura(Odonata)Hesperocorixa (Plecoptera); Annelida represented by four genera such as Biomphalaria , Volvata, Bulinus and Helisoma; Mollusca represented by six genera such as Eclipidrilus, Stylodrilus, Isochaetidefreyi L, imnodrilus, Potomothrix and Tubifex. A total of 993 macroinvertebrates were recovered. Twenty-nine taxa were recorded. The higher number of taxa (28) were recorded at site II and III. The abundance of individuals was highest at site III. Arthropoda have the highest percentage composition (68.49%) by number followed by Annelids (20.04%), while Mullusca was the least (11.48%) by number. Variations in distribution of these organisms could be as a result of differences in local environmental conditions. All the macrobenthic invertebrates represented were pollution-tolerant and clean water species.

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Distribution in Sediments of Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Distribution in Sediments of Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Morphological Differences and Trophic Niche Breadth of Sarotherodon galilaeus and Oreochromis niloticus from the Freshwater Lake Geriyo, North-Eastern Nigeria

Abstract The relationship between morphological traits and feeding ecology of the only two tilapiine cichlids (Sarotherodon galilaeus and Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Geriyo, northeastern Nigeria, was examined. Stomach contents of 504 individuals were examined and analyzed to relate morphological differences of each species to its dietary preferences. Eleven ecological relevant morphological variables, including total length, standard length, head length, body depth, eye diameter, pectoral spine length, pelvic spine length, dorsal fin ray count, dorsal spine count and anal fin ray count, were also measured and subjected to Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) to relate morphological differences of each species to its dietary preferences. The PCoA (using Euclidean distance) revealed a large morphological distance between species indicating adaptation for different spatial and vertical distributions within the lake. Furthermore, the correlation of these morphological differences with particular diet categories suggests a potential for specialized trophic tendencies, however, the high occurrence of two major food types (macrophytes and plankton) in stomach contents of both species indicate generalist trophic tendencies. While a high trophic overlap index (0.98) was recorded for both species, the trophic niche breadth was higher for S. galilaeus (4.18±0.32), compared to O. niloticus (3.33±0.24). Despite the large morphological differences of both tilapias, the high trophic overlaps indicate limited food options within Lake Geriyo. In addition, the successful coexistence of the tilapias in the face of limited food resources indicates suitable partitioning of food resources in the lake.

Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Fish and Water from Lake Geriyo in Yola North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

Pesticides usage in agricultural fields to control pests is extremely toxic to non-target organisms like fish and affects fish health through deterioration of metabolism, and sometimes leading to death. The present study was carried out to determine the level of organochlorine (OC) pesticide residues in, water and fish (Catfish and Tilapia) from Lake Geriyo, in Adamawa State, Nigeria, in order to find out the extent of pesticide contamination and accumulation in the lake. Soxhlet extraction process was used for the extraction of fish using a mixture of hexane and acetone, while water sample was extracted using dichloromethane liquid- liquid extraction method. The extracts were cleaned-up and analyzed using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The result shows that organochlorine pesticides residues such as endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor were detected in the water and the fish samples of the study area. Dieldrin was the predominant residue in all the fish samples analysed, at the concentration range of 0.36mg/kg to 0.57mg/kg and 0. 051mg/kg to 0.047mg/kg in Tilapia and catfish respectively, while Lindane was of higher concentration in water samples, (0.33mg/L) in point p1 upstream and 0.27mg/L in point p2 downstream. The lowest levels of OC pesticides were related to Endrin, Aldrin and Heptachlor in which Endrin and Heptachor were not found in water samples. The result of the investigation shows that matured fish contain higher concentration of the OC pesticide residues than the immature fish. Dieldrin and Lindane were found to be the predominant pesticide residues in all the analysed water and fish samples. Therefore the result indicates that Lake Gariyo is contaminated by pesticide from the nearby vegetable gardens which affects the water quality and non target organisms like fishes thereof. Keywords: Organochlorine, Pesticides, Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Fish and Water DOI : 10.7176/CMR/11-2-03

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Some Tissues of Fish in Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu) was determined in the liver, gills, and flesh from benthic and pelagic fish species collected from Lake Geriyo covering two seasons. The levels of the heavy metals varied significantly among fish species and organs. Flesh possessed the lowest concentration of all the metals. Liver was the target organ for Zn, Cu, and Pb accumulations. Cd however exhibited higher concentration in the gills. Fish species showed interspecific variation of metals. These differences were discussed for the contribution of potential factors that affected metals uptake like age, geographical distribution, and species-specific factors. The concentration of metals in fish flesh was accepted by the international legislation limits for Cu, Zn, and Cd; however, Pb transcend in Clarias and Tilapia during wet season and Heterotis in both seasons, hence unsafe for human consumption and a threat to public health. These levels might be due to anthropogenic inputs as there is no industrial activity around the lake.

Assessment of Smoked Fish Quality Using Two Smoking Kilns and Hybrid Solar Dryer on Some Commercial Fish Species in Yola, Nigeria

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fish processors on the nutritional quality of some commercial fish species (Clarias gariepinus, Synodontis budgetti, and Oreochromis niloticus) which obtained from Lake Geriyo, Yola, Nigeria. One kilogram of each of the fish species was processed using Futy Smoking Kiln (FSK), Improved Hanger Smoking Kiln (IMHSK) and Hybrid Solar Drier (HSD). Each of the three fish species were randomly assigned to the three (3) processors in a completely randomized design replicated thrice containing one (1) kilogram of each of the fish species and processed. The time and weights were recorded. Processed Fish samples were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition, using standard laboratory procedure. Data were also collected on organoleptic taste, and cost benefit using the different processors. Data obtained were subjected to the analysis of variance. Decrease in moisture content was observed during processing using the different processors and constant weight was obtained within 10-20 hours. The proximate composition of the differently processed fish species were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the different processors. The IMHSK recorded the highest crude protein of (65.42%) for Synodontis budgetti and 62.76% for Oreochromis niloticus respectively, The IMHSK indicated significantly (p<0.05) higher calcium level of 3.53 mg/kg for Clarias gariepinus and 4.77 mg/kg for Synodontis budgetti. The different processors used significantly (p<0.05) affected the level of acceptability of the processed fish. Fish processed using the improved hanger smoking kiln recorded the highest level of acceptability followed by those processed with Futy smoking kiln. On economic ground, the use of IMHSK was found to be cost effective. The different processors used were observed to influence the nutritional quality of fish however; the use of IMHSK indicated the most beneficial effects on the nutritive value of fish and is therefore recommended for processing fish.

DNA Barcoding of Tilapia Species (Pisces: Cichlidae) from North-Eastern Nigeria

The Tilapiine complexes are made up of diverse species, hence the need for proper identification. Samples of tilapia species belonging to the family of Cichlidae obtained from Upper Benue River and Lake Geriyo landing sites were used for this study. Fish species were morphologically identified in situ by visual inspection with the aid of field guide for taxonomic studies. DNA was extracted from fresh fish tissue and the barcode gene region cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (co1) was amplified using the FishF1 and FishR1 primer pair. Amplified products were visualized on 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, purified and sequenced using Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems 3130 XL). Four species (Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Sarotherodon galilaeus boulengeri and Coptodon zillii) belonging to three genera (Oreochromis, Sarotherodon and Coptodon) were identified in the study area. From our sampling survey, Oreochromis niloticus was the most dominant species in both areas, followed by Coptodon zillii. Sarotherodon spp. was not present in Upper Benue River but present in Lake Geriyo (an ox-bow lake of Upper Benue River). A new sub-species of Sarotherodon galilaeus known as Sarotherodon galilaeus boulengeri was identified in this study from the sequencing result. This species has never been reported in any literature to be present in Nigeria, which further confirmed the efficacy of DNA barcoding in the identification of cryptic species. The phylogenetic relationship and genetic distance between generic groups obtained in this study was in concordance with the hypothesis of Trewavas that the mouth brooders Orechromis niloticus and Sarotherodon galilaeus are more closely related to each other than the substrate brooders (Tilapia zillii).

Some Ichyofauna Status of Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State

The abundant and diversity of freshwater fishes of Lake Geriyo, was studied from June to November 2015. A total of eighteen freshwater fish species belonging to fourteen families were recorded. The fish abundance increases along the months with the highest abundant and lowest recorded in November and June, respectively while the diversity remains the same throughout the sampling period. Oreochromis niloticus was the most abundant species with 25.61% of the total fish sampled while Gymnarchus niloticus was the least abundant with 1.22%. The family Cichlidae was the most abundant (45.33%) which comprises of Oreochromis niloticus, Coptodon zilli and Sarotherodon galilaeus; and Gymnarchida (1.22%) been the least abundant family. The family Cichlidae is the most diversed group with three species followed by the family Mochokidae and Mormyridae with two species each. Fish diversity was assessed by calculating some biodiversity index such as Shannon-weiner index (H), Simpson’s Dominance Index (D) and Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D).

Irrigation Water Productivity of Rice under Various Irrigation Schedules and Tillage Practices in Northern Guinea Savanna Region of Nigeria

The effect irrigation method and tillage on yield and irrigation water productivity of rice was conducted in split plot experiment with three replications during the dry seasons 2012 and 2013 in field conditions at the Lake Geriyo Irrigation scheme farms in Yola, Nigeria. 3 irrigation management: 3, 6 and 9 day interval with 3 tillage practices: zero, shallow and deep soil tillage were studied. Results showed that there were significant differences in paddy yield, harvest index and irrigation water productivity. 6 days interval irrigation management was placed to one group with 3 days irrigation interval on paddy yield and harvest index; higher water productivity of 3.58 and 3.51 kg ha-1 mm-1were recorded with 6 days irrigation interval in both seasons respectively. Therefore it can be recommended that 6 day interval irrigation which had better irrigation water productivity and saved up 29% irrigation water be adopted for rice cultivation under clay loam soils of guinea savanna zone of Nigeria.

Determinatiion of Organochlorine Pesticides Residue in Fish, Water and Sediment in Lake Geriyo Adamawa State Nigeria

Determinatiion of Organochlorine Pesticides Residue in Fish, Water and Sediment in Lake Geriyo Adamawa State Nigeria

Study of fish exploitation pattern of lake Gerio, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

An investigation was carried out on Lake Geriyo in the month of April to know the pattern of fish exploitation. The fish species sampled were mainly by using canoes as they were landed at the landing site of the lake. A total of fourteen (14) species of thirteen (13) families were discovered during the period. The total numbers of species were 1140 species and the corresponding total weights were 198 kg. The number of each species was determined by counting and the species were grouped into families. The weight of different species was also determined using the weighing balance. The number of fishermen during the period was 79 and the total numbers of canoes were 54. In the course of the study, it was discovered that the nets used by the fishermen were mostly unregulated mesh sized less than 2 inches. Most of the fish caught were undersized ranging from 0.06kg to 0.78kg. This is an evidence of overfishing. Therefore a proper management measure has to be put in place at the lake by the authority concerned. The total weight and total number of fish species encountered shows that there is fish stock depletion of the lake. The exploitation pattern at the lake Geriyo is seasonal.

Effects of Organic Materials on Phosphorus Forms under Submerged Condition in the Soils of Lake Geriyo Irrigation Project, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Experiment was conducted at the landscape unit of Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, to study the effects of organic materials on phosphorus forms under submerged condition in the soils of Geriyo Irrigation project. Soils were incubated with cowdung and poultry droppings at 5, 10 and 15 tons/ha for a period of 90 days. Soil samples were collected at 30, 60 and 90 after submergence and processed for analyses. Results showed that the soils were slightly acidic, low in total nitrogen, available phosphorus, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), and percent base saturation (PBS). Characterized organic materials showed higher N, P, and K contents in poultry droppings while cowdung had higher moisture and organic carbon contents. Irrespective of the type of organic materials, total P, organic P, available P and other forms of P increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of organic materials in both trials. In the first trial, total P and organic P increased at 60 days of submergence and declined afterwards while available P progressively increased up to 90 days of submergence, saloid P and aluminum bound P progressively decreased up to 90 days of submergence while iron and calcium bound P were highest at 60 days of submergence. In the second trial, total P and organic P progressively decreased with time while available P decreased at 60 days of submergence, saloid, aluminum and iron bound P were highest at 60 days of submergence. This implies that the use of poultry droppings in the soils of Geriyo irrigation project may ensure the supply of phosphorus to sustain rice production despite the seasonal flooding in the area with high risk of iron toxicity/ antagonism.

Heavy Metal Concentration Levels in Soil at Lake Geriyo Irrigation Site, Yola, Adamawa State, North Eastern Nigeria

The study assessed the physicochemical parameters and mean concentration levels of heavy metals in soil at two selected wastewater receiving sites and control site of Lake Geriyo irrigation project in order to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution due to wastewater irrigation using standard methods. The pH values at the River Benue, Shinko and control site soils were slightly acidic to neutral with mean value of 6.85, 5.75 and 7.0 respectively. Mean electrical conductivity values were 1.08µs/cm, 1.54µs/cm and 1.95µs/cm and organic matter levels are 0.75%, 2.11% and 3.5%. The textural classification of the soils revealed that the soils are predominantly sandy in nature with 56.4%, 55.6% and 50.4% sand, 20%, 16.0% and19% are clay, while 24.0%, 28.4% and 30.0% are silt. The mean concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni) recorded in River Benue site soil are 86.89mg/kg, 74.38mg/kg,12.76mg/kg, 15.08mg/kg, 9.83mg/kg, 11.0mg/kg, 7.17mg/kg and 18.73mg/kg. Shinko site recorded concentration levels of 292.7mg/kg, 309.2mg/kg, 130.9mg/kg, 253.8mg/kg, 199.2mg/kg, 158.7mg/kg and 74.43mg/kg respectively, while the control site soil had concentration levels of Fe 58.48mg/kg, Zn 39.44mg/kg, Mn 7.13mg/kg, Cu 9.40mg/kg, Cd 7.62mg/kg, Cr 9.82mg/kg, Pb 6.28mg/kg and Ni 17.62mg/kg. The result showed that the concentrations of heavy metals at River Benue and Shinko site soils are more polluted than the control site soil with Shinko site soil exhibiting high levels of heavy metals concentration. Comparative analysis of this study and International threshold values of heavy metals concentration levels in soil revealed that most of the parameters at Shinko site soil are elevated above the EU, USA and UK Standards. Future study is hereby recommended to focus on the impact of heavy metal concentration on irrigated vegetables as some may find their way into the food chain and cause public health hazards to consumers.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Freshwater Clarias anguillaris and Parachanna africana from Lake Geriyo in Yola, Nigeria

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Freshwater Clarias anguillaris and Parachanna africana from Lake Geriyo in Yola, Nigeria

Human behaviour, water usage and schistosomiasis transmission in a small settlement near Yola, Nigeria.

A study of the social, environmental and parasitological factors involved in the transmission of schistosomiasis among 1834 residents of a small settlement within an agricultural establishment near Yola, Nigeria, was carried out between June 1991 and May 1992. Water-contact rates and the prevalences of urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal schistosomiasis (40.0% of all contacts, 98% and 79%, respectively) were highest among children of 5-12 years, who were also the major contributors to the contamination of the Lake Geriyo environment with faeces and urine. The frequency and duration of water contact followed a seasonal pattern and seemed to be influenced by physiological and social needs such as defecation, urination and avoidance of harsh weather conditions. The interplay between a need for water contact, sanitation, freshwater snails and a supportive environment ensures a recycling of parasites within the studied community. This, in turn, helps to maintain a parasite bank from which infection is probably spread to other areas of the state. The present study is part of a series, on the dynamics of schistosomiasis transmission, which began with a study of the ecology of the freshwater snails in the same area.