Labor Statistics Research Articles

U.S. Primary Care Provider Needs: An Analysis of Workforce Projections and Policy Implications.

The primary care (PC) physician workforce has consistently been projected as requiring additional numbers to meet the needs of the U.S. The Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) has reported the PC nurse practitioner (NP) workforce to be 90,000 NPs more than required to meet the PC needs of the U.S. With both clinician types contributing to the PC workforce in the country, it is difficult to understand such an oversupply of NPs with continued deficit in PC physicians. The purpose of this study was to investigate results and methods used for HRSAs current PC workforce projections and compare those with the same used for Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) projections. Methods included a review of technical documents, dashboards, and published reports. Interviews with subject matter experts were also completed. Projections were found to differ significantly, as did data and assumptions. Two of the three projections modeled physicians as the sole provider of PC. An integrated model gives the most comprehensive and accurate picture of PC workforce needs. The utilization of NPs as PC providers has been demonstrated to be safe and effective, with the potential to alleviate predicted shortages, improve patient care outcomes, reduce cost, and address PC inequities. Implications include improving workforce data, creating projections that mirror clinical integration in PC, adjusting workforce preparation funding, incentivizing interprofessional collaboration in research, addressing barriers to practice among non-physician providers, and leveraging growth in the NP workforce.

The Rising Costs of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease in the United States.

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is rising in the United States because of an increase in high-risk drinking, but population-level ALD cost is unknown. Our aim was to project the direct and indirect costs associated with ALD in the US population through 2040. We used a previously validated microsimulation model of alcohol consumption and ALD with model parameters estimated from publicly available data sources, including the National Epidemiologic Survey Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and published studies informing the impact of alcohol consumption on ALD severity in the United States resident population. The simulated scenario included current and projected ALD-associated costs. From 2022 to 2040, the ALD is projected to cost $880 billion, $355 billion in direct healthcare-related costs, and $525 billion in lost labor and economic consumption. The annual cost of ALD is projected to increase from $31 billion in 2022 to $66 billion (118% increase) in 2040. Although the female population makes up 29% of these costs in 2022, by 2040 on a per annum basis, female costs would be 43% of the total annual expenditure. Increased consumption of alcohol in the US population, especially in females, will cause a steep rise in the economic burden of ALD in the United States. These findings highlight the need for planners and policymakers to plan for the increased impact of liver disease in the United States.

Occupational Injuries and Illnesses among Paramedicine Clinicians: Analyses of US Department of Labor Data (2010 - 2020).

Paramedicine clinicians (PCs) in the United States (US) respond to 40 million calls for assistance every year. Their fatality rates are high and their rates of nonfatal injuries are higher than other emergency services personnel, and much higher than the average rate for all US workers. The objectives of this paper are to: describe current occupational injuries among PCs; determine changes in risks over time; and calculate differences in risks compared to other occupational groups. This retrospective open cohort study of nonfatal injuries among PCs used 2010 through 2020 data from the US Department of Labor (DOL), Bureau of Labor Statistics; some data were unavailable for some years. The rates and relative risks (RRs) of injuries were calculated and compared against those of registered nurses (RNs), fire fighters (FFs), and all US workers. The annual average number of injuries was: 4,234 over-exertion and bodily reaction (eg, motion-related injuries); 3,935 sprains, strains, and tears; 2,000 back injuries; 580 transportation-related injuries; and over 400 violence-related injuries. In this cohort, women had an injury rate that was 50% higher than for men. In 2020, the overall rate of injuries among PCs was more than four-times higher, and the rate of back injuries more than seven-times higher than the national average for all US workers. The rate of violence-related injury was approximately six-times higher for PCs compared to all US workers, seven-times higher than the rate for FFs, and 60% higher than for RNs. The clinicians had a rate of transportation injuries that was 3.6-times higher than the national average for all workers and 2.3-times higher than for FFs. Their overall rate of cases varied between 290 per 10,000 workers in 2018 and 546 per 10,000 workers in 2022. Paramedicine clinicians are a critical component of the health, disaster, emergency services, and public health infrastructures, but they have risks that are different than other professionals.This analysis provides greater insight into the injuries and risks for these clinicians. The findings reveal the critical need for support for Emergency Medical Services (EMS)-specific research to develop evidence-based risk-reduction interventions. These risk-reduction efforts will require an enhanced data system that accurately and reliably tracks and identifies injuries and illnesses among PCs.

The changing employment of physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician associates/assistants.

Information on the employment of patient-care clinicians is needed for policy planning and human resource management. The 2021 Bureau of Labor Statistics employment data were probed for occupational settings of 698,700 physicians and surgeons, 246,690 nurse practitioners (NPs), and 139,100 physician associates/assistants (PAs). These three health care professionals accounted for approximately 1.1 million medical and surgical clinicians serving a US population of 331.5 million. Clinician demographics differ-in 2021, the median age of physicians was 45 years; NPs, 43 years; and PAs, 39 years. The largest employment location is "office of a physician" (physician, 53%; NP, 47%; PA, 51%), followed by hospitals (physician, 25%; NP, 25%; PA, 23%), and outpatient centers (physician, 4%; NP, 9%; PA, 10%). The 10-year job outlook predicts physician growth at 3%, NPs at 46%, and PAs at 28%. NP and PA employment is growing more than physicians because of constrained physician postgraduate education funding. Other factors influencing employment changes include medical practice mergers, the rising value of team-based care, the cost of new medical schools, and task shifting.

State-level homelessness and drug overdose mortality: Evidence from US panel data

BackgroundAlthough homelessness is a well-documented risk factor for drug overdose at the individual level, less is known about state-level homelessness and overdose mortality in the United States (US). MethodsThis study used 2007–2020 panel data for all US states and the District of Columbia, from the following sources: US Department of Housing and Urban Development (homelessness data); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (drug overdose death counts, population estimates, and opioid prescribing rates); Bureau of Labor Statistics (unemployment rates); and the National Forensic Laboratory Information System (drug seizure data). Two-way (state and year) fixed effects models regressed log-transformed drug overdose mortality rates on homelessness prevalence, in nested models adding demographic composition and unemployment measures, as well as drug supply measures. Models were weighted by state population size, and standard errors (SEs) were clustered at the state level. ResultsHomelessness prevalence was significantly and positively associated with rates of drug overdose mortality after adjusting for nationwide trends, time-invariant differences between states, demographic composition, and unemployment rates (b[SE]=0.98[0.36], p=0.009). The positive association between homelessness prevalence and overdose mortality was attenuated at higher levels of fentanyl availability (fentanyl involvement in drug seizures; interaction term b[SE]=−0.02[0.01], p=0.001). ConclusionThe positive association between state-level homelessness and drug overdose mortality suggests that policies and programs to prevent and reduce homelessness represent fundamental elements of a comprehensive response to the US overdose crisis.

Race and Sex Disparities in Lower Extremity Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Database Study.

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is successful in improving health-related quality of life. However, outcomes vary in the literature due to modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Modifiable factors consist of body mass index (BMI), nutrition, and tobacco use. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status. Prior literature has focused on racial disparities in terms of the utilization of lower extremity arthroplasty. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of race and sex on the in-hospital complication rate, length of stay, and charges associated with primary TJA. This retrospective cohort utilized complex survey data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 2016 and 2019. The use of the International Classification of Disease-10 Procedure Codes (ICD-10 PCS) for right hip, left hip, right knee, and left knee TJA yielded a preliminary total of 2,660,280 patients. The exclusion criteria were bilateral arthroplasty and concomitant unilateral hip and knee arthritis. Major complications were defined as acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, pulmonary embolism, adult respiratory distress syndrome, stroke, shock, and septicemia. Odds ratio (OR) and beta coefficients were adjusted for age, sex, primary payer, hospital region, hospital teaching status, and year. Total charges were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index data reported by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. A total of 2,589,510 patients met our inclusion criteria; 87.6%, 5.9%, 4.8%, 1.4%, and 0.3% of people were 'White', 'Black', 'Hispanic', 'Asian, or Pacific Islander', and 'Native American', as defined by the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) Variable 'RACE'. Black individuals experienced a significantly greater major complication rate compared to White individuals (0.87% vs. 0.74%, OR 1.25, p-value = 0.0004). Black and Hispanic individuals experienced a significantly greater minor complication rate compared to White individuals (6.39% vs. 4.12%, odds ratio (OR) 1.61, p-value < 0.0001; 4.68% vs. 4.12%, OR 1.17, p-value < 0.0001). Black, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, and Native American individuals stayed, on average, 0.33, 0.19, 0.19, and 0.25 days longer than White individuals (2.78, 2.54, 2.55, 2.56 vs. 2.37 days, p<0.0001). None of these statistically significant differences exceeded the established minimal clinically important difference of two days. Black, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander patients were charged $5,751, $18,656, and $12,119 more than White patients ($72,122, $85,027, $78,490, and $59,297 vs. $66,371, p ≤ 0.0165). Native American patients were charged $7,074 less than White patients ($59,297 vs. $66,371, p < 0.0001). Black and Hispanic TJA patients may have higher complication rates than White TJA patients. The differences in length of stay between race groups may not affect outcomes. Hispanic patients received significantly more charges than White patients, and Native American patients received significantly fewer charges than White patients after controlling for non-modifiable risk factors. Addressing the charge disparities may reduce the total national cost burden associated with TJA. The present study highlights the need for further studies on healthcare outcomes related to race and sex.

Coping With the Cost of Caring, Part 2: Individualized Strategies to Help PE and Health Teachers Persist

A collective priority of teachers is to facilitate students in thriving academically, personally, and socially. However, the challenges associated with compassion fatigue (i.e., the mental, physical, and emotional exhaustion that comes with working with and caring for individuals who are impacted by distress and trauma) combined with personal and occupational stressors are quickly pushing teachers outside of the profession (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2022). Until present educational systems are reformed in a way that provides relief to teachers, the second part of this series offers teachers guided opportunities to explore, personalize, and practice practical self-care strategies related to managing compassion fatigue and promoting overall well-being within the educational setting. Considering the personal, sociopolitical, and cultural limitations of practicing capitalistic self-care, the following guided activities include (a) self-awareness exercises that examine possible patterns of personal and contextual emotional distress; (b) the identification and promotion of protective factors that mitigate occupational stress including collegial social support and strengthening self-efficacy through defining and celebrating personal measures of success; (c) self-regulation strategies that relieve the stress response and enhance emotional resilience including deep breathing, and mindful self-compassion; and (d) planning for implementation inside the school setting. Teachers will reflect on techniques and strategies that best support their occupational well-being. Finally, implications in support of protecting teachers against compassion fatigue are discussed, including proactive recommendations for pre-service and early-career teachers. Additional resources that may assist teachers in seeking support for emotional well-being are included.

Effects of the minimum wage on the nonprofit sector

Abstract The nonprofit sector’s ability to absorb increases in labor costs differs from the private sector in a number of ways. We analyse how nonprofits are affected by changes in the minimum wage utilizing data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Internal Revenue Service, linked to state minimum wages. We examine changes in reported employment and volunteering, as well as other financial statements such as revenues and expenses. The results from both datasets show a negative impact on employment for states with large statutory minimum wage increases. We observe some evidence for a reduction in the number of nonprofit establishments, fundraising expenses, and revenues from contributions.

Estimation of Numbers of Testing Personnel and Test Volume in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 Certificate of Accreditation and Certificate of Compliance Laboratories in the United States.

Two major categories of laboratories performing nonwaived testing under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) are the Certificate of Accreditation (CoA) and Certificate of Compliance (CoC) laboratories. Accreditation organizations collect more detailed laboratory personnel information than the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Quality Improvement and Evaluation System (QIES). To estimate total numbers of testing personnel and testing volumes in CoA and CoC laboratories, by laboratory type and state. We developed a statistical inference method by using the respective correlations between testing personnel counts and test volume by laboratory type. QIES reported 33 033 active CoA and CoC laboratories in July 2021. We estimated testing personnel to be 328 000 (95% CI, 309 000-348 000), which is supported by the count of 318 780 reported by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. There were twice as many testing personnel in hospital laboratories as in independent laboratories (158 778 versus 74 904, P < .001). Independent laboratories had the highest test volume per person, which was twice as high as physician office laboratories (62 228 versus 30 102, P < .001). Hospital and independent laboratories comprised 34% of all CoA and CoC laboratories but performed the largest portion of testing (81%). Physician office laboratories, accounting for 44% of all CoA and CoC laboratories, performed a comparatively low proportion of total tests (9%). Numbers of testing personnel vary considerably by laboratory type and across states. These data can provide valuable insight when assessing laboratory workforce training needs and planning for public health emergencies.

The changing employment of physicians, NPs, and PAs

ABSTRACT Information on the employment of patient-care clinicians is needed for policy planning and human resource management. The 2021 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) employment data were probed for occupational settings of 698,700 physicians and surgeons, 246,690 NPs, and 139,100 physician associates/assistants (PAs). These three healthcare professionals accounted for about 1.1 million medical and surgical clinicians serving a US population of 331.5 million. Clinician demographics differ—in 2021, the median age of physicians was 45 years; NPs, 43 years; and PAs, 39 years. The largest employment location is “office of a physician” (physician, 53%; NP, 47%; PA, 51%), followed by hospitals (physician, 25%; NP, 25%; PA, 23%), and outpatient centers (physician, 4%; NP, 9%; PA, 10%). The 10-year job outlook predicts physician growth at 3%, NPs at 46%, and PAs at 28%. NP and PA employment is growing more than that of physicians because of constrained physician postgraduate education funding. Other factors influencing employment changes include medical practice mergers, the rising value of team-based care, the cost of new medical schools, and task shifting.

Глобальні соціальні ризики у сфері праці: брак гідної зайнятості в Україні

The article is devoted to the study of decent employment in Ukraine in the context of global social risks in the field of labor. Based on the generalization of approaches to understanding global risks, the concepts of decent work, and sustainable human development, the lack of decent employment is considered one of the manifestations of the crisis in the field of employment, which is characterized by wage stagnation, the growth of unemployment and underemployment, geographical or sectoral mismatches between the demand and supply of labor force etc. The purpose of this article is to study decent employment in Ukraine in the context of global social risks in the field of labor, to identify the main problems that cause a lack of decent employment, the solution of which is necessary to ensure sustainable human development and post-war recovery of the country, to realize the prospects of European integration. The scientific novelty of the study is the substantiation of the methodological approach to the study of decent employment in the context of global social risks in the field of labor based on the analysis of such components as inadequate employment, forced underemployment for economic reasons, and informal employment. To achieve the defined goal, the following research methods are applied: comparative and statistical analysis of data, graphical method of presenting results — for quantitative assessment and research of decent employment; methods of system approach, logical analysis, induction and deduction, generalization and analogy — when substantiating and developing a methodological approach to the study of decent employment in Ukraine in the context of global social risks in the field of labor. On the basis of national data on labor statistics from statistical observations of enterprises, as well as a sample survey of the workforce, the dynamics of inadequate employment, forced underemployment for economic reasons, and informal employment were analyzed, in particular at sectoral and regional levels. It has been established that the main problems that cause a lack of decent employment in Ukraine are: an increase in inadequate employment with low wages in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, as well as in the field of providing services, information, and telecommunications; high level of forced underemployment in industry and increased loss of working time despite overcoming the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; lack of choice at the lower level of entering the informal labor market for rural women, young people, and people of retirement age.

Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Employment Quality of College Graduates: A Case Study of China

The employment quality of college graduates in China is a topic of widespread concern. This paper uses authoritative data sources, including the China Labor Statistics Yearbook, China Statistical Yearbook, and data from provincial statistical bureaus, to examine the employment quality of college graduates in different regions of China. Specifically, the paper explores three aspects: salary level, job intensity, and job stability. The research results indicate that undergraduate graduates experience lower job intensity than college counterparts. However, while North, East, and South China show high salary levels and job stability, issues such as high work intensity, high cost of living, and small living space exist. Therefore, this paper offers policy development recommendations to promote job market reform and improve employment quality. These recommendations aim to address the challenges faced by college graduates in various regions of China and to promote the stability of the country’s social and economic development. By examining the employment quality of college graduates in different regions of China, this paper provides valuable insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners.

Well-being as a tool to improve productivity in existing office space: Case study in Alexandria, Egypt

Background: The green building industry has significantly impacted the construction market, providing various sustainable solutions for the community. However, conventional green building standards have yet to adequately address occupant health and well-being, leading to challenges with performance. This has caused many businesses to take note of the latest report from the Bureau of Labour Statistics, which indicated that productivity in the US has dropped by the sharpest level since the 1940s [1]. Addressing these issues, organisations like International WELL Building Institute (IWBI) developed WELL Building Rating System (WELL), prioritising occupant health and well-being as critical components for improving performance and avoiding potential vulnerabilities brought about by sickness or pandemics. For this reason, this study will explore how to improve employee productivity within office buildings by bettering their overall health and well-being. Methods: The methodology is designed to collect data from traditional office design, new trended successful office designs, and the WELL Building Rating System to understand healthy building design. Additionally, using DesignBuilder computer software simulates natural daylight, ventilation, and thermal heat gain in the case study to compare implementation results to the base case result. Results: Showing thermal comfort, ventilation, and natural daylight significantly influence employees’ productivity. Implementing conducted design features from WELL achieved an average of 20.2%-35.6% decrease in thermal gain throughout the year, a 20% increase in airflow, an average 2.4%-6.5% decrease in Air temperature, enhanced temperature distribution by 7%, and direct sunlight minimum reduction by 9% in Winter and maximum 21.9% in Spring. Conclusion: Our research analysed that new design features in famous office buildings positively impact employee productivity. We particularly examined the features outlined by WELL Building Rating System to identify the most influential factors affecting occupant productivity. The results of this study informed recommendations for enhancing productivity in existing office buildings in Alexandria, Egypt.

The Keynesian Stimulus Model: Stimulating Economic Activities with Direct Transfers

Governments use direct transfers as a fiscal measure to stimulate economic activities during shocks. As COVID-19 continues to ravage economies globally, governments worldwide have responded with fiscal and monetary policies to manage the pandemic’s economic impact. In addition, the U.S. government has intervened with direct transfers to provide liquidity to prevent a prolonged shock. However, opinions are divided on the efficacy of the Keynesian stimulus policy. This study used a mixed-method research design to analyze the classical Keynesian model and compares it with the monetarist model to provide insight into the stimulus policy outcomes of the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act of 2020 and subsequent policies used to manage the COVID-19 shock. Time-series data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and the Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed) of the percentage changes in GDP, disposable personal income (DPI), and personal consumption expenditure (PCE), as well as unemployment rates (UR), interest rates (INT), and inflation rates (IFL), were collected and analyzed. The study used multiple regression (MR) to empirically examine the variables' relationships to ascertain both models’ short-term efficacy. The results suggest that DPI, PCE, and UR significantly predicted the percentage change in GDP in the Keynesian model, whereas, UR, INT, and IFL did not substantially predict the change in GDP in the monetarist model.

A New Approach to Understanding the Impact of Automobile Ownership on Transportation Equity

Transportation affordability, the ability of a household to comfortably bear necessary transportation expenses, is a pressing challenge to the development of sustainable and equitable places. Transportation planners have historically identified transit user groups as choice riders, those with access to other modes or the ability to purchase access, and captive riders, transit-dependent populations who must use transit regardless of service quality. However, this characterization is incomplete, disregarding built-environment pressures that compel a much larger population of households to own and use vehicles regardless of their ability to afford the very high price of vehicle ownership. We propose a new theoretical construct, illuminated using the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey Public Use Microdata—the transportation choice/captivity matrix—which examines transportation user groups via vehicle ownership and income variables.

Increases in adolescent firearm injuries were associated with school closures during COVID-19

Background: Mitigation measures, including school closures, were enacted to protect the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the negative effects of mitigation measures are not fully known. Adolescents are uniquely vulnerable to policy changes since many depend on schools for physical, mental, and/or nutritional support. This study explores the statistical relationships between school closures and adolescent firearm injuries (AFI) during the pandemic. Methods: Data were drawn from a collaborative registry of 4 trauma centers in Atlanta, GA (2 adult and 2 pediatric). Firearm injuries affecting adolescents aged 11–21 years from 1/1/2016 to 6/30/2021 were evaluated. Local economic and COVID data were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Georgia Department of Health. Linear models of AFI were created based on COVID cases, school closure, unemployment, and wage changes. Results: There were 1,330 AFI at Atlanta trauma centers during the study period, 1,130 of whom resided in the 10 metro counties. A significant spike in injuries was observed during Spring 2020. A season-adjusted time series of AFI was found to be non- stationary (p = 0.60). After adjustment for unemployment, seasonal variation, wage changes, county baseline injury rate, and county-level COVID incidence, each additional day of unplanned school closure in Atlanta was associated with 0.69 (95% CI 0.34- 1.04, p < 0.001) additional AFIs across the city. Conclusion: AFI increased during the COVID pandemic. This rise in violence is statistically attributable in part to school closures after adjustment for COVID cases, unemployment, and seasonal variation. These findings reinforce the need to consider the direct implications on public health and adolescent safety when implementing public policy.

A budget impact analysis of cost to implement a whole child health focused, family-based intervention in primary care for children with elevated BMI

BackgroundAlthough the cost of implementing evidence-based interventions (EBIs) is a key determinant of adoption, lack of cost information is widespread. We previously evaluated the cost of preparing to implement Family Check-Up 4 Health (FCU4Health), an individually tailored, evidence-based parenting program that takes a whole child approach, with effects on both behavioral health and health behavior outcomes, in primary care settings. This study estimates the cost of implementation, including preparation.MethodsWe assessed the cost of FCU4Health across the preparation and implementation phases spanning 32 months and 1 week (October 1, 2016–June 13, 2019) in a type 2 hybrid effectiveness-implementation study. This family-level randomized controlled trial took place in Arizona with n = 113 predominantly low-income, Latino families with children ages > 5.5 to < 13 years. Using electronic cost capture and time-based activity-driven methods, budget impact analysis from the perspective of a future FCU4Health adopting entity—namely, ambulatory pediatric care clinicians—was used to estimate the cost of implementation. Labor costs were based on 2021 Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics, NIH-directed salary cap levels or known salaries, plus fringe benefits at a standard rate of 30%. Non-labor costs were based on actual amounts spent from receipts and invoices.ResultsThe cost of FCU4Health implementation to 113 families was $268,886 ($2380 per family). Actual per family cost varied widely, as individual tailoring resulted in families receiving a range of 1–15 sessions. The estimated cost of replicating implementation for future sites ranged from $37,636-$72,372 ($333–$641 per family). Using our previously reported preparation costs (i.e., $174,489; $1544 per family), with estimated replication costs of $18,524–$21,836 ($164–$193 per family), the total cost of delivering FCU4Health was $443,375 ($3924 per family), with total estimated replication costs of $56,160–$94,208 ($497-$834 per family).ConclusionsThis study provides a baseline for costs associated with implementation of an individually tailored parenting program. Results provide critical information for decision makers and a model for future economic analysis and can be used to inform optimization thresholds for implementation and, when necessary, benchmarks for program adaptation to promote scale-up.Trial registrationThis trial was prospectively registered on January 6, 2017, at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03013309).

Firm migrations in the United States: magnitude and trends

Population statistical programs such as the American Community Survey and Current Population Survey provide statistics on internal migration and geographic mobility within the United States. Although these statistics are a useful proxy for internal shifts in economic activity, they leave unanswered questions on business migrations: What types of businesses move? Where are they going? And where did they come from? This article is an initial attempt to fill these data gaps by using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics longitudinal Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program. We measure the magnitude of business migration across regions and highlight the characteristics of those businesses. We will show how business migration has trended over time, in what specific industries and regions migrant businesses are concentrated, and how their employment and wages compare with the rest of the economy.

The US Council of Economic Advisers on Changing Female Labor Force Participation

Population and Development ReviewEarly View DOCUMENTS The US Council of Economic Advisers on Changing Female Labor Force Participation First published: 13 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12562Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Abraham, K., and M. Kearney. 2020. “Examining the Decline in the U.S. Employment-to-Population Ratio: A Review of the Evidence.” Journal of Economic Literature 58(3): 585– 643. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20191480 Baker, M., J. Gruber, and K. Milligan. 2008. “Universal Child Care, Maternal Labor Supply, and Family Well-Being.” Journal of Political Economy 116(4): 709– 745. https://doi.org/10.1086/591908 Black, S., D. Schanzenbach, and A. Breitwieser. 2017. “ The Recent Decline in Women's Labor Force Participation.” Hamilton Project. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/es_10192017_decline_womens_labor_force_participation_blackschanzenbach.pdf. Blau, F., and L. Kahn. 2013. “Female Labor Supply: Why Is the United States Falling Behind?” American Economic Review 103(3): 251– 256. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.251 BLS (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2019. “ Number and Percent of Eldercare Providers Who Were Parents of Household Children Under Age 18 by Sex and Selected Characteristics, Averages for the Combined Years 2017–2018.” https://www.bls.gov/news.release/elcare.t09.htm. BLS (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2022. “ Employee Benefits in the United States.” https://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2022/home.him. Council of Economic Advisers. 2015. Economic Report of the President. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2015-ERP.pdf. Gelbach, J. 2002. “Public Schooling for Young Children and Maternal Labor Supply.” American Economic Review 92(1): 307– 322. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828.02760015748 Goldin, C. 2006. “The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family.” AEA Papers and Proceedings, 1– 21, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/the_quiet_revolution_that_transformed_womens_employment_education_and_family.pdf. Haeck, C., P. Lefebvre, and P. Merrigan. 2015. “Canadian Evidence on Ten Years of Universal Preschool Policies: The Good and the Bad.” Labour Economics, 36: 137– 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.05.002 Maiello, M. 2017. “ Diagnosing William Baumol's Cost Disease.” Chicago Booth Review. https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/diagnosing-william-baumolscost-disease. Morrissey, T. 2017. “Child Care and Parent Labor Force Participation: A Review of the Research Literature.” Review of Economics of the Household 15(1): 1– 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-016-9331-3. National Partnership for Women and Families. 2022. “ State Paid Family and Medical Leave Insurance Laws.” https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/resources/economic-justice/paid-leave/state-paid-family-leave-laws.pdf. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2019. “ Public Spending on Childcare and Early Education.” OECD Family Database. https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF3_1_Public_spending_on_childcare_and_early_education.pdf. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2022. “ LFS by Sex and Age: Indicators.” https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?r=967539#. Shen, K. 2021. “ Who Benefits from Public Financing of Home Care for Low-Income Seniors?” Working paper, Harvard University. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kshen/files/caregivers.pdf. Siminski, P., and R. Yetsenga. 2022. “Specialization, Comparative Advantage, and the Sexual Division of Labor.” Journal of Labor Economics 40(4): https://doi.org/10.1086/718430. Ziliak, J. 2014. “ Supporting Low-Income Workers through Refundable Child-Care Credits.” Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/research/supporting-low-income-workers-through-refundable-child-care-credits/. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Trends in Medicare utilization and reimbursement for hematology/oncology procedures.

e13641 Background: Medicare Part B pays for physician services such as office visits and procedures based on the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule which is re-evaluated annually to maintain budget neutrality. Moreover, national cancer-attributed medical care costs in 2015 were $183 billion and projected to increase 34% to $246 billion by 2030 (Green et al: J Clin Oncol, PMID: 31804856). The aim of this study is to evaluate trends in Medicare reimbursement for procedures in hematology/oncology between 2012-2022. Methods: The data analyzed were extracted from the Physician Fee Schedule Look-Up Tool. CPT Codes were obtained from the Medicare Coverage Database. The following CPT codes were extracted: antineoplastic chemotherapy administration (96405, 96406, 96401, 96409, 96411, 96413, 96415, 96416, 96417, 96420, 96422, 96423, 96425, 96440, 96446, 96450, 96542), antineoplastic hormone therapy administration (96402), non-chemotherapy infusion (96360, 96361, 96365, 96366, 96367, 96368, 96369, 96370, 96371, 96372, 96373, 96374, 96375, 96376 ), bone marrow sampling (38220, 38221, 38222), bone marrow harvest (38230, 38232) and bone marrow transplant (38240, 38241, 38242). Consumer Price Index (CPI) obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics was used to adjust reimbursement rates for cumulative inflation to 2022 U.S. dollars. The T-test was used to compare the mean prices for each procedure. This research contains publicly available data and as such is exempt from the IRB according to the Institutional Review Board at LSU Health Sciences Center in New Orleans, Louisiana. Results: The procedure with the highest reimbursement rate in 2012 was bone marrow harvest and the procedure with the lowest reimbursement rate in the same year was antineoplastic hormone therapy administration. The procedure with the highest reimbursement rate in 2022 was bone marrow harvest. The procedure with the lowest reimbursement rate in 2022 was antineoplastic hormone therapy. All procedure reimbursement fell significantly (p value of &lt;0.001) over the timer period studied. Conclusions: Between 2012 and 2022 the reimbursement rates for common hematology oncology services fell significantly when adjusted for inflation due to reforms in Medicare part B. [Table: see text]