The aim of this study is to briefly present Hungarian company and labor law reflections, or the lack thereof, in relation to global trends and European Union regulations affecting the operation of companies. After a sketchy theoretical introduction analyzing the essence of companies, we will describe the essence of CSR and the approaches to corporate operation that have developed from it, touching on Hungarian aspects. Then, we connect the discussed phenomena on the one hand with two essential legal institutions of Hungarian company law: the obligation to provide information to ensure transparency and the appropriate flow of information, and the special obligation of executive officers (duty of care and loyalty); on the other hand, we present how these rules are positioned in the dogmatics and practice of Hungarian labour law, and how the concepts can be integrated into labour law thinking. Since the emergence of the idea of CSR, labour legislation and enforcement have come a long way, from initial recognition to everyday practice. It will be analysed how the practical application of CSR rules within the framework of the Labour Code is shaping Hungarian labour law practice. Finally we evaluate the current state of Hungarian company and labor law in relation to the analyzed legal problems.

General Background: Employment relationships in Indonesian labor law are determined by cumulative elements of work, wages, and orders as the basis for legal protection. Specific Background: Supreme Court Decision Number 656 K/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2024 raises debate on the interpretation of these elements in the context of informal workers with flexible work patterns. Knowledge Gap: There is tension between a formalistic normative approach and the need for substantive legal protection for informal workers in modern labor dynamics. Aims: This study aims to analyze how the Supreme Court interprets the elements of work, wages, and orders and to examine its implications for labor law protection. Results: The Court interprets the elements strictly based on statutory provisions, concluding that wages are not fixed due to a ritase system, the element of orders is absent due to lack of subordination and work regulation, and work is not continuous or structurally integrated, leading to the classification of the relationship as a partnership rather than an employment relationship. Novelty: The study highlights a recent judicial decision within the evolving context of flexible work arrangements and informal labor classification. Implications: Although normatively consistent with labor regulations, the interpretation reflects a formalistic approach that potentially limits substantive legal protection for informal workers, indicating the need for more progressive legal interpretation oriented toward worker protection principles. Highlights• Strict cumulative interpretation determines legal classification as partnership• Flexible work patterns exclude recognition of normative wage structure• Formal legal reasoning constrains protection scope for non-formal labor KeywordsEmployment Relationship; Informal Workers; Legal Protection; Supreme Court Decision; Labour Law

Agricultural workers are at a disproportionate risk of work-related injuries and illnesses. We examined how labor laws are associated with agricultural workers' work environments. We conducted a cross-sectional study of Hispanic/Latine participants in the National Agricultural Workers Survey to assess the association between a Labor Law Equity Index (LLEI), which summarizes agricultural worker inclusion or exclusion in workers' compensation, minimum wage, and overtime pay laws across US states, and workplace conditions. Higher LLEI scores were associated with an increased odds of employer provision of water (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05 to 1.33), toilet (aOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.34 to 1.67), hand-washing station (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.56), and pesticide training (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.29). Our results highlight policy-related opportunities to improve workplace water access, sanitation, and training implementation to better support agricultural worker health.

Labor law and workplace injuries

Healthcare leaders face sustained uncertainty: workforce volatility, financial pressure, and accelerating technology change. In 2024-2025, Ardent Health advanced an AI-enabled virtual care model from pilot to production across multiple markets. The model integrates virtual nursing, virtual attending physicians and providers, virtual sitting, and hospital-to-home remote patient monitoring (RPM) into routine care, with artificial intelligence (AI), providing earlier risk detection and workflow relief. Specifically, AI systems (1) analyze video streams to detect fall risks and unsafe behaviors, prompting earlier alerts to staff; (2) continuously evaluate vital sign trends from wearable sensors to identify clinical deterioration sooner; and (3) support ambient documentation with speech recognition and natural language processing (NLP) that improves note quality and coding accuracy.At Ardent's East Texas location, five months of virtual nursing contributed to reductions in contract labor, a decrease in voluntary RN turnover, and improvements in salaries, wages, and benefits (SWB) per patient day despite an increase in volume. Meanwhile, virtual attending physicians and providers increased virtual patient consultations resulting in patient retention and, generated bed-day capacity; AI-assisted vitals monitoring correlated with lower mortality and shorter length of stay; and the RPM program improved discharge continuity and avoided readmissions.This article presents a case study and playbook to help leaders manage risk, scale safely, and measure value. Readiness includes updating consent form language; data-use and retention policies; training staff to obtain patient consent; establishing algorithm oversight with internal data, analytics, and data science capabilities; and investing in network, data center, and hardware upgrades. We close with lessons learned and an organizational performance tracking accountability structure.

BackgroundViolence against women migrant workers is an alarming public health problem. This study aims to investigate the experiences and impact of violence on women migrant workers in Thailand, including their help-seeking patterns, knowledge, future plans for seeking help, ways of help received, and the factors associated with violence.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 494 women migrant workers across seven key provinces in Thailand – Bangkok, Chiang Rai, Chonburi, Samut Prakan, Rayong, Samut Sakhon, and Tak. Data was collected by well-trained enumerators using the validated standardized structured questionnaire. We analysed multiple logistic regressions to investigate the factors associated with experiences of violence and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a 95% CI were presented.ResultsThe study identified the lifetime prevalence of violence to be 54.45%, 42.47% for intimate partner violence (IPV), and 46.15% for non-intimate partner violence (N-IPV). Women experienced psychological, physical, and occupational impacts from violence. A significant proportion of women sought informal support from friends (59.1%) and family (52.6%), while formal support was most commonly sought from employers (15.3%) and the police (6.6%). Factors associated with IPV and/or N-IPV among women migrant workers included area of residence, duration of stay, monthly income, perceived safety, Thai language proficiency, and job or income loss during the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionThe findings highlight widespread violence against migrant women workers in Thailand, urging the need for tailored support services. Key strategies include strengthening workplace-based protections, multilingual reporting mechanisms, peer networks, culturally relevant education, and individual- and community-level interventions within labour, health, and social protection systems. Collaborative efforts among policymakers and stakeholders are vital for the prevention of and response to violence and for ensuring the safety of women migrant workers.

This article examines the survival strategies employed by the widows of railway workers in Argentina during the early twentieth century. Rather than portraying these women as passive recipients of assistance from trade unions or railway companies, this study highlights their active agency in securing financial support. Through petitions, legal claims, and persistent negotiations, widows sought compensation, pensions, or employment opportunities to sustain their households after the loss of their husbands, many of whom had died in work-related accidents. While railway companies often resisted granting compensation, widows strategically navigated bureaucratic and legal structures, sometimes leveraging union support or mobilizing collective solidarity. Their actions challenge conventional narratives of working-class women’s dependence, revealing instead a landscape of struggle, resilience, and negotiation. Ultimately, this study contributes to broader discussions on gender, labour, and social protection in industrializing Latin America. It sheds new light on how widows intervened and participated in the construction of union senses and practices of solidarity advocating for their rights in a male-dominated sphere.

Climate change has intensified global heat exposure, particularly through more frequent and severe heatwaves. These conditions pose substantial risks to cardiovascular health. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately affected because of elevated baseline cardiovascular disease (CVD) burdens and limited adaptive capacity. The aim of this study was to synthesize epidemiological evidence linking extreme heat and heatwaves to CVD morbidity and mortality in LMICs, explore biological mechanisms underlying heat-induced cardiac stress, and examines social and environmental factors contributing to population vulnerability. Evidence from studies consistently demonstrates that extreme heat increases CVD events, with effect often emerging within 0–3 days following exposure. Proposed mechanisms include thermoregulatory strain, dehydration-related hemoconcentration, endothelial dysfunction, heightened sympathetic activation, and exacerbation of pre-existing CVD. Older adults, individuals with comorbidities, outdoor workers, and households with poor housing conditions are disproportionately affected. Despite established risks, most LMICs lack a structured heat-health protection system, clinical protocols for managing vulnerable cardiovascular patients during heatwaves, and labor protections for heat-exposed workers. Strengthening climate-resilient health systems and developing targeted preventive strategies are essential to mitigate rising cardiovascular risks associated with extreme heat in LMICs.

The aim of this study is to develop a practice-oriented, risk-based model for ensuring safety during road repair and maintenance in the Republic of Tajikistan. The methodology is based on identifying hazards within the roadworks "work zone," assessing risks using a probability-severity matrix, and selecting management measures hierarchically: engineering solutions, organizational measures, training, and personal protective equipment. The results include a standard risk assessment table and a set of critical management barriers aimed at reducing the risk of vehicle collisions with personnel, injuries from road construction equipment, thermal injuries when working with hot bitumen materials, and accidents when working at heights/in pits. It is demonstrated that integrating the requirements of the Republic of Tajikistan's legislation on road traffic and road activities with occupational safety management (based on labor legislation and CIS interstate agreements) ensures a sustainable reduction in industrial risk

Emotional labour has long been associated with personal and organizational outcomes such as burnout. However, theoretically dichotomising regulation into surface and deep acting may constrain the ecological validity of research as iterative and person-centered approaches to emotion regulation are not considered. Furthermore, recent research suggests self-compassion and experience may predict emotional labour regulation in psychologists, but specific mechanisms accounting for this relationship are unknown. We addressed these concerns by examining how self-compassion and career experience predict latent profiles of emotional labour regulation strategies in psychologists and subsequent burnout. We performed latent profile analysis, multinomial logistic regression, and a one-way between-groups ANOVA on data from 232 international psychologists across two time points. We found a similar but not identical pattern of latent profiles when compared to previous studies in different occupations. Self-compassion and career experience significantly predicted subsequent profile membership and profiles characterized by less surface acting and more authentic and genuine emotional displays had statistically significantly lower levels of emotional exhaustion. Our findings suggest that self-compassion promotes adaptive emotional labour regulation strategies in psychologists, that experienced clinicians express emotion more authentically, and that regulation that involves authentic and genuine expression is linked with lower emotional exhaustion.

The article examines the fundamental role of the knowledge economy as a strategic institution for ensuring Ukraine's economic security amidst global transformations and wartime challenges. Traditional factors of production are progressively losing their dominant significance, giving way to intellectual capital and innovative competencies. Under these conditions, a profound scientific need arises to redefine the category of "economic security" through the lens of knowledge reproduction and protection, which dictates the choice of the research topic. The Objective of the article is to provide a theoretical and methodological substantiation of the institutional role of the knowledge economy within the state's economic security system and to develop strategic approaches to the regionalization of educational and scientific processes to minimize threats to human potential. The study is based on institutional and systemic approaches. Methods of logical generalization (to clarify the categorical apparatus), matrix modeling (to illustrate systemic transformations at the regional level), and comparative analysis (to study exogenous and endogenous threats) were applied. The author proves that the economic security of the knowledge sphere is characterized by the system's ability to respond adequately to destabilizing factors, ensuring the continuous adaptation of economic mechanisms to changing environments. Exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal) threats are identified, with technological dependence and interregional "brain drain" highlighted as the most critical. Particular attention is paid to the concept of regionalization. It is substantiated that shifting the management center of reproductive processes to the regional level allows for the creation of flexible adaptive systems where the intellectual potential of higher education becomes a baseline resource for territorial development. A model of systemic transformations is proposed, based on changing the state's role from rigid administration to "soft" regulation through standardization and certification. The article addresses the imperfections of the market mechanism for labor regulation, manifested in low resource mobility and information asymmetry. The author argues that the necessity for state forecasting of the workforce stems from the limited substitutability of specific intellectual qualifications. The study concludes that the economic security of regions directly depends on the development of postgraduate education and scientific training systems capable of reproducing new professional elites. It is concluded that investments in the knowledge economy not only ensure technological advancement but also contribute to social stability by narrowing income gaps and increasing population mobility. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the proposed models to develop regional economic security strategies and programs for the post-war recovery of Ukraine's intellectual capital.

This article critically examines the legal frameworks governing the social protection of traineeships in the European Union, with a focus on their ambiguous status between training and employment. While traineeships have become a widespread and a growing feature of labour market entry for young people, they often fall outside the scope of labour law and social security protections, particularly when not undertaken under a formal employment contract. Drawing on EU legal instruments and national case studies from Germany, France, Finland and Spain, the article explores the extent to which traineeships are treated as non-productive yet socially useful activities deserving of protection. It argues that, despite their educational framing, many traineeships involve economically valuable work and should be reclassified accordingly. The analysis reveals that most of the analysed regulatory approaches reinforce a productivist logic, granting protection primarily when traineeships resemble standard employment. This also reinforces the use of traineeships as precarious forms of work, impacting upon the ability of young persons to access decent work.

The exigent and interpretive nature of palliative care social work (PCSW) emphasises the need for a palliative care social workers (PCSWers) practice protocol, also known as standards of practice for palliative care social workers (PCSWers). However, till date, there are no agreed-upon standards of practice for PCSWs in India. In this backdrop, the purposes of this paper are (a) to review the widely available PCSW standards of practice, (b) to juxtapose the commonalities and the distinct features of the same and (c) to put forth suggestions that could be imbibed in the Indian context. This paper is based on a thematic review of select prominent social work standards of practice in PC in the American, Australian, and British contexts. Among other findings, the common standards of practice spelt out by the three protocols are ethics and values, knowledge, professionalism and setting specific skills. While the American and Australian templates mention about being culturally aware and responsive, the British template mentions context and organisations. Each of the documents mentions a range of skills required for effective practice, such as assessment, intervention planning, communication and interpersonal skills and documentation skills. Based on the findings, suggestions for a standard of practice of PCSW in the Indian context are put forth. To sum up, the paper provides a thematic analysis of three international standards of practice for PCSW. The findings provide insights for the development of a similar standard in India.

As nurse practitioner (NP) education adopts competency-based education, programs lack workplace-based, behaviorally anchored tools to track longitudinal competency progression and assess practice readiness. The purpose was to develop and validate the Nurse Practitioner Clinical Competency Progression Rubric (NP-Clin-CPR), a rubric aligning Dreyfus novice-to-expert stages with entrustable professional activity entrustment levels to monitor competency progression across core NP clinical activities. The NP-Clin-CPR defines 5 Dreyfus-aligned levels across autonomy, knowledge, standard of work, and contextual understanding; encounter complexity is recorded separately. Behavioral descriptors were drafted using structured large language model prompts informed by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing and National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculty indicators and refined to consensus. Eight NP experts rated relevance and clarity on a 4-point scale; item-level content validity indices (I-CVI) ≥ 0.78 and scale-level CVI/Ave ≥ 0.90 were targeted. After 2 rounds, all 40 descriptors met I-CVI and scale-level CVI/Ave thresholds for relevance and clarity. The NP-Clin-CPR is a valid, behaviorally anchored, complexity-stratified rubric integrating Dreyfus and entrustable professional activity frameworks.

Startup India is an initiative that started in 2016 and the focus is to improve innovation and entrepreneurship through policy point incentive and ease of regulations.The difference between the promise of the policy and the reality is very huge even though the organization has been in a position to identify more than 2 lakh startups as of the beginning of 2026. The paper shall focus on the insight and application of the Startup India benefits and the massive legal and compliance issue of the Indian startups in 2026. As per primary data derived on the basis of representative sample of tech-based start-ups inthe early-stage, the level of awareness about the DPIIT recognition and benefits are moderately high, but intellectual property, labour laws, GST and the DPDP Act 2023 compliance burden is high.It is time and cost intensive that is disproportionately true to both early and Tier 2/3 start-ups.The proposed study is based on one digital portal, sector-specific toolkit, and subsidized assistance as the means of eradicating the policy-practice gap and benefits the Indian ecosystem of startups.

Abstract This article examines the transnational transfer and adaptation of the concept ‘work-related crime’ (WRC) in the Nordic context, focusing on its movement from Norway to Sweden. Drawing on interviews and document analysis, and employing the policy mobilities literature as a theoretical lens, it discusses how the WRC concept was introduced in Sweden at a time of policy-related uncertainty. The article shows that the newly assembled Swedish WRC policy is characterized by discursive flexibility, allowing it to encompass an array of issues and appeal to a political majority. This flexibility, it is argued, allows for mobility, enabling the issue of labour exploitation to become embedded in existing policy areas—in this case, in the intersections between migration, crime and labour policy.

The article concerns the application of Lean Management tools in a household appliances manufacturing company in order to reduce resource waste and improve process efficiency. The starting point is the need to increase competitiveness by eliminating activities that do not add value and implementing solutions that support sustainable development. The analysis presented in the paper consists of several stages, the most important of which are: the process of identifying inefficient areas of work, determining the key sources of losses, and the stage of implementing improvements and their evaluation. A review of the literature revealed a lack of detailed empirical analyses describing the actual implementation of Lean in Polish companies in this sector. The study used a case study method, including an analysis of the production processes of household appliances and their components, measurements of operation times at assembly stations, an assessment of material flow, and the identification of sources of waste. An assessment of the effectiveness of the implemented improvement measures using performance indicators was also planned. The results should make it possible to determine the impact of the Lean tools used, such as 5S, work standardization, and logistical improvements, on reducing losses, increasing productivity, and improving work organization. The results confirm that even minor organizational and technical improvements can significantly increase a company’s productivity, reduce waste of time, energy, and materials, and improve the environmental impact of its operations.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the outflow of the rural population, primarily youth of working age, which leads to a labor shortage in the agricultural sector, imbalance in the distribution of labor resources, and demographic aging of rural areas. The objective is to analyze the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of internal and external migration of rural residents, identify economic and infrastructural factors that increase migration flows, and assess their consequences for employment and the stability of rural jobs. The study uses official data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods include statistical data processing and generalization of scientific literature to study absolute and relative indicators of rural population migration, analysis of state programs “Auyl Amanaty” and “100 jobs per 10 thousand population,” aimed at increasing employment in rural regions and their attractiveness through support of microbusiness and strengthening of social infrastructure, as well as examination of international experience of ASEAN and OECD countries, confirming the importance of a comprehensive and interdepartmental approach to regulating labor migration. The results demonstrate the impact of migration processes on the labor market of rural areas of Kazakhstan for 2020–2024. A stable trend of reduction in the number of employed rural residents and an increase in interregional imbalance in their movement has been identified. The obtained data confirm the need for systemic modernization of public administration mechanisms in the context of demographic mobility and economic activity, focused on long-term balanced rural development. Conclusions emphasize the importance of a systemic and integrated approach to migration policy in the republic. It is important to stimulate the process of return migration of residents to rural areas. For this purpose, it is necessary to create jobs, opportunities for career growth, and conditions for earning higher income

Protection of human rights is one of the key institutions in the development of civilization. A historical perspective on the formation and development of the institution of labor rights protection will allow us to correctly address pressing issues in the modern period and forecast possible future challenges in the development of the labor law system as a whole, as well as identify key areas for their effective resolution. This work draws on historical and legal documents from the 1970s. The study aims to analyze regulatory material related to the protection of labor rights through appeals to labor dispute commissions, higher-level bodies, district (city) people's courts, and trade unions. This material represents an update of a number of published original studies on the history of labor protection and regulation in Russia during various periods in the development of the theory and practice of labor relations.

Pension policies are an increasingly important topic in British elections. This paper discusses what the first year under a Labour government has meant for pension policy, drawing on the Labour Party’s pre-election pledges, before critically considering future directions of pension policy and areas not currently addressed by the Labour government, or where policies could go further. The paper argues that structural inequalities in the labour market and the pension system persist, with consistent evidence of gender and ethnic inequalities in labour market participation, the nature of such participation, pension outcomes, and a range of financial and non-financial wellbeing indicators. Placing adequacy and fairness at the heart of Labour policy can send a strong message on the government’s part of understanding the complex interactions of opportunities and costs across the lifecourse for individuals from diverse backgrounds, and anticipating further demographic and socio-economic changes in the British society and economy.